DE102004018493A1 - Zero emission vehicle and power aggregate, comprising solid oxide fuel cell and gas separation unit - Google Patents

Zero emission vehicle and power aggregate, comprising solid oxide fuel cell and gas separation unit Download PDF

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Publication number
DE102004018493A1
DE102004018493A1 DE102004018493A DE102004018493A DE102004018493A1 DE 102004018493 A1 DE102004018493 A1 DE 102004018493A1 DE 102004018493 A DE102004018493 A DE 102004018493A DE 102004018493 A DE102004018493 A DE 102004018493A DE 102004018493 A1 DE102004018493 A1 DE 102004018493A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
gases
gas
reformer
fuel
water
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DE102004018493A
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German (de)
Inventor
Reinhard Leithner
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LEITHNER, REINHARD, PROF. DR. TECHN., DE
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Technische Universitaet Braunschweig
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Priority to DE102004018493A priority Critical patent/DE102004018493A1/en
Publication of DE102004018493A1 publication Critical patent/DE102004018493A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H01M8/0668—Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

The power to be used for driving a vehicle is created by transforming the fuel in a steam gasifying unit using the waste heat of a solid oxide fuel cell. A transformation with fifty percent efficiency is obtained. Because approximately forty percent of the energy of the fuel has additionally be used in the shape of heat approximately seventy per cent of each power and waste heat are produced by the solid oxide fuel cell of which thirty percent can be used.

Description

Zum Schutz der Umwelt oder in geschlossenen Räumen ist es wünschenswert, Kraftfahrzeuge und andere Anlagen emissionsfrei zu betreiben. Dies ist heute bereits möglich, wenn man reinen Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff als Brenngas bzw. Oxidationsmittel in Brennstoffzellen verwendet; deren Herstellung ist aber selbst sehr energieaufwändig, und die elektrischen Wirkungsgrade von Brennstoffzellen entsprechen heute noch bei weitem nicht den theoretisch möglichen Werten. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, mit den üblichen in Fahrzeugen und stationären Aggregaten verwendeten Brennstoffen wie Erdgas, Benzin, Diesel oder festen Brennstoffen mit hohem Wirkungsgrad Strom für einen Antrieb ohne Emissionen zu erzeugen. Erfindungsgemäß wird dies dadurch erreicht, daß die Brennstoffe in einer Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformierung mit der Abwärme einer SOFC-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell im Wesentlichen in CO und H2 umgewandelt werden. Die SOFC wandelt CO und H2 mit einem Wirkungsgrad von ca. 50% in Strom und Abwärme um. Da aber für die Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformierung ca. 40% der Energie des Ausgangsbrennstoffs an Wärme zugeführt werden müssen und dann entsprechend im CO und H2 ca. 140% Heizwert des ursprünglichen Brennstoffes enthalten sind, produziert die SOFC ca. 70% Strom und 70% Abwärme (jeweils bezogen auf den ursprünglichen Brennstoff), von der 40% zur Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformierung verwendet und nur 30% teilweise weiterverwendet bzw. nach außen abgegeben werden (vereinfacht dargestellt).To protect the environment or indoors, it is desirable to operate motor vehicles and other facilities without emissions. This is already possible today when pure hydrogen and oxygen are used as fuel gas or oxidant in fuel cells; However, their production is itself very energy-intensive, and the electrical efficiencies of fuel cells today are still far from the theoretically possible values. The invention has for its object to generate with the usual used in vehicles and stationary units fuels such as natural gas, gasoline, diesel or solid fuels with high efficiency electricity for a drive without emissions. According to the invention, this is achieved by converting the fuels in a steam gasification / reforming with the waste heat of an SOFC solid oxide fuel cell essentially into CO and H 2 . The SOFC converts CO and H 2 into electricity and waste heat with an efficiency of approx. 50%. However, since about 40% of the energy of the starting fuel has to be supplied to heat for the steam gasification / reforming, and accordingly approximately 140% calorific value of the original fuel is contained in the CO and H 2 , the SOFC produces about 70% of electricity and 70%. Waste heat (in each case based on the original fuel) of which 40% is used for steam gasification / reforming and only 30% partially reused or discharged to the outside (shown in simplified form).

Die SOFC-Membran ist nur für Sauerstoffionen durchlässig, so daß auf der Kathodenseite O2-arme Luft an die Atmosphäre abgegeben werden kann und nur das Anodenabgas die Abgase, d.h. CO2 und H2O enthält und in geringen Mengen weitere Schadstoffe wie NOx und SOx etc., soweit sie im ursprünglichen Brennstoff enthalten waren und unverbrauchtes Brenngas. Nach einer Kondensation des nicht für die Wasserdampfvergasung benötigten Wasserdampfes, kann das CO2 und andere Gase getrennt oder zusammen mit dem kondensierten Wasser in einen Behälter gedrückt werden, der beim Tankvorgang im Gegenzug entleert wird. Ein getrennter Wasserbehälter kann natürlich auch beim Tanken entleert werden. Die Abtrennung des für die Vergasung benötigten Wasserdampfes und der unverbrannten Brenngase kann mit bekannten Gastrennverfahren (Absorption, Adsorption, Membran, Abkühlung) ganz oder teilweise in der Anlage selbst erfolgen oder auch in Großanlagen, die das an der Tankstelle zurückgegebene Gas bzw. Gas-Wasser-Gemisch aufarbeiten. Bei Verwendung z.B. von Methan als Brennstoff entsteht durch die Verbrennung des Methans das gleiche Volumen an CO2, so daß ein Tank mit 2 Kammern mit verschieblicher Wand (Kolben) verwendet werden kann, wobei bei der Nutzung des Methans der Kolben die Methankammer verkleinert und die CO2-Kammer um das gleiche Volumen vergrößert und beim Tanken dieser Vorgang umgekehrt abläuft.The SOFC membrane is permeable only to oxygen ions, so that on the cathode side O 2 -marble air can be released to the atmosphere and only the anode exhaust gases, ie CO 2 and H 2 O contains and in small quantities more pollutants such as NO x and SO x etc., as far as they were contained in the original fuel and unused fuel gas. After condensation of the water vapor not required for steam gasification, the CO 2 and other gases can be separated or forced together with the condensed water into a container, which in turn is emptied during refueling. A separate water tank can of course be emptied when refueling. The separation of the water vapor required for the gasification and the unburned fuel gases can take place with known gas separation processes (absorption, adsorption, membrane, cooling) wholly or partly in the plant itself or in large plants, the gas returned at the gas station or gas water Work up the mixture. When using, for example, methane as fuel produced by the combustion of methane, the same volume of CO 2 , so that a tank with 2 chambers with sliding wall (piston) can be used, with the use of methane, the piston reduces the methane chamber and the CO 2 chamber increased by the same volume and when refueling this process is reversed.

Claims (4)

Ein Nullemissionsauto und ein Nullemissionsstromaggregat, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß sie über folgende Komponenten verfügen: a) Eine Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformer für einen kohlenwasserstoffhaltigen Brennstoff, b) eine Solid Oxide Fuel Cell – SOFC, bei der Kathoden- und Anodenabgas nicht zusammengeführt werden, sondern nur das Kathodenabgas (O2-arme Luft) an die umgebende Atmosphäre abgegeben wird, während aus dem Anodenabgas in einer c) Gastrennanlage (durch eine Membran, durch Absorption, Adsorption oder Abkühlung) die brennbaren Restgase und der für die Wasserdampfvergasung benötigte Wasserdampf, sofern er nicht bereits durch direkte Rückführung von Anodenabgas oder wiederverdampftem, kondensiertem Wasser zur Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformer zur Verfügung gestellt wurde, abgeschieden und in den Wasserdampfvergaser/Reformer und/oder direkt zur SOFC recycelt und d) in einem Kondensator der Wasserdampf auskondensiert und mittels e) eines Verdichters das verbleibende CO2 einschließlich weiterer Restgase in einen f) Behälter gedrückt werden, während das Kondensat in einem g) eigenen Behälter gesammelt wird und ferner beim Betanken des Fahrzeuges bzw. der Anlage das CO2 einschließlich weiterer Restgase und das kondensierte Wasser abgegeben und anschließend weiter aufbereitet und wieder verwendet bzw. deponiert werden.A zero emission car and a zero emission power generator characterized by having the following components: a) a steam gasification / reformer for a hydrocarbonaceous fuel, b) a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC, where cathode and anode exhaust gas are not combined, only the Cathode exhaust (O 2 -marble air) is discharged to the surrounding atmosphere, while from the anode exhaust gas in a c) gas separation plant (by a membrane, by absorption, adsorption or cooling) the combustible residual gases and the water vapor required for the steam gasification, if he did not was already provided by direct recycle of anode exhaust gas or reboiled, condensed water for steam gasification / reformer, separated and recycled into the steam / gasifier / reformer and / or directly to the SOFC and d) condensed in a condenser of water vapor and by means of e) a compressor remaining CO 2 including further residual gases are pressed into a f) container, while the condensate is collected in a g) own container and also given the refueling of the vehicle or the system, the CO 2 including other residual gases and the condensed water and then further processed and reused or be deposited. Fahrzeuge und Anlagen nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das CO2 einschließlich Restgasen und das kondensierte Wasser in einem gemeinsamen Behälter gespeichert werden.Vehicles and installations according to claim 1, characterized in that the CO 2 including residual gases and the condensed water are stored in a common container. Fahrzeuge und Anlagen nach Anspruch 1 oder 2 gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß auf eine Abtrennung der unverbrauchten Brenngase und damit auf die unter 1c) genannte Gastrennanlage verzichtet und zur Wasserdampfversorgung der Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformers Anodenabgas und/oder wieder verdampftes, kondensiertes Wasser zur Wasserdampfvergasung/Reformer und/oder direkt zur SOFC zurückgeführt wird und statt der Abtrennung der unverbrauchten Brenngase das an der Tankstelle zurückgegebene Gas bzw. Gas-Wassergemisch aufgearbeitet wird, wobei zumindest die brennbaren Gase und gegebenenfalls das Wasser abgetrennt und einer Verwertung zugeführt, während die restlichen Gase deponiert werden können.Vehicles and systems according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that on a separation of the unused fuel gases and thus on the under 1c) mentioned gas separation plant and the water vapor supply steam gasification / reformer anode exhaust gas and / or vaporized, condensed water for steam gasification / reformer and / or is returned directly to the SOFC and instead of the separation of the unused fuel gases at the Gas station returned Gas or gas-water mixture is worked up, at least the combustible gases and optionally the water separated and a Recycled, while the remaining gases can be dumped. Fahrzeuge und Anlagen nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3 gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß der Behälter/Tank aus 2 Kammern mit einer verschieblichen Wand (Kolben) besteht, wobei in der einen Kammer der Brennstoff und in der anderen das CO2 etc. oder CO2 etc. und das kondensierte Wasser gespeichert werden.Vehicles and installations according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the tank / tank consists of 2 chambers with a displaceable wall (piston), wherein in one chamber the fuel and in the other the CO 2 etc. or CO 2 etc and the condensed water are stored.
DE102004018493A 2004-04-14 2004-04-14 Zero emission vehicle and power aggregate, comprising solid oxide fuel cell and gas separation unit Withdrawn DE102004018493A1 (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013009244A1 (en) 2013-06-01 2014-12-04 Ulrike Krewer Zero emission drive with fuel cell and CO2 capture
WO2018210761A1 (en) * 2017-05-15 2018-11-22 Cfd Consultants Gmbh System comprising a redox flow battery
DE102020122080A1 (en) 2020-08-24 2022-02-24 Audi Aktiengesellschaft Fuel cell stack for a solid oxide fuel cell device

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013009244A1 (en) 2013-06-01 2014-12-04 Ulrike Krewer Zero emission drive with fuel cell and CO2 capture
WO2018210761A1 (en) * 2017-05-15 2018-11-22 Cfd Consultants Gmbh System comprising a redox flow battery
DE102020122080A1 (en) 2020-08-24 2022-02-24 Audi Aktiengesellschaft Fuel cell stack for a solid oxide fuel cell device

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Owner name: LEITHNER, REINHARD, PROF. DR. TECHN., 38124 BR, DE

R081 Change of applicant/patentee

Owner name: LEITHNER, REINHARD, PROF. DR. TECHN., DE

Free format text: FORMER OWNER: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET BRAUNSCHWEIG, 38106 BRAUNSCHWEIG, DE

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Effective date: 20110415