DE102004017434A1 - Fuel cell stack for cold start in motor vehicle internal combustion engine, consists of polymer electrolyte membranes with channel structures for guiding process gases and coolant - Google Patents
Fuel cell stack for cold start in motor vehicle internal combustion engine, consists of polymer electrolyte membranes with channel structures for guiding process gases and coolant Download PDFInfo
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- DE102004017434A1 DE102004017434A1 DE102004017434A DE102004017434A DE102004017434A1 DE 102004017434 A1 DE102004017434 A1 DE 102004017434A1 DE 102004017434 A DE102004017434 A DE 102004017434A DE 102004017434 A DE102004017434 A DE 102004017434A DE 102004017434 A1 DE102004017434 A1 DE 102004017434A1
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- stack
- fuel cell
- cells
- cooling medium
- cell stack
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
- H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04768—Pressure; Flow of the coolant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/249—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft Stacks aus Brennstoffzellen mit Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membranen (PEM). Derartige Stacks werden beispielsweise für Fahrzeugantriebe oder zur Bordstromversorgung (APU) eingesetzt.The The invention relates to stacks of fuel cells with polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM). Such stacks are used, for example, for vehicle drives or for On-board power supply (APU) used.
Die Anforderungen an die Startzeit eines Brennstoffzellenstacks für den automobilen Einsatz orientieren sich an der Startzeit eines Verbrennungsmotors. Daraus ergibt sich eine Startzeit von wenigen Sekunden.The Demands on the start time of a fuel cell stack for the automotive Use are based on the start time of an internal combustion engine. This results in a start time of a few seconds.
Beim Starten einer Brennstoffzelle besteht dabei das Problem, dass die PEM erst bei Erreichen einer bestimmten Betriebstemperatur volle Leistung bringen kann. Die Ursache dafür liegt an dem physikalisch andersartigen Funktionsprinzip der Brennstoffzelle im Gegensatz zum Verbrennungsmotor. Während beim Verbrennungsmotor die Zündfähigkeit des Brennstoff/Gasgemischs nur wenig durch die Temperatur beeinflusst wird, ist die Reaktionsfähigkeit der PEM stark abhängig von ihrer Temperatur. Bei Temperaturen von 0°C oder darunter ist nahezu kein Protonentransport möglich und die elektrochemische Reaktion findet nur in sehr geringem Umfang statt. Steigt die Temperatur an, steigt auch der Stoffumsatz, bis über die Reaktionswärme die Betriebstemperatur erreicht wird. In dem Bereich der Betriebstemperatur gibt es ein Fenster, in dem die Reaktion sehr gut stattfindet. Wird dieser Temperaturbereich überschritten, kann es bei der PEM-Brennstoffzelle durch Wassermangel zu einem erhöhten Innenwiderstand der PEM kommen. Bereits im mittleren Temperaturbereich (zwischen Umgebungstemperatur und Betriebstemperatur) kann von der Zelle elektrische Leistung abgegeben werden. Diese entspricht zwar nicht der Maximalleistung, nähert sich dieser aber mit steigender Temperatur immer mehr an.At the Starting a fuel cell is the problem that the PEM full only when reaching a certain operating temperature Can bring performance. The reason for this is due to the physical different operating principle of the fuel cell in contrast to the internal combustion engine. While in the internal combustion engine the ignitability of the Fuel / gas mixture only slightly influenced by the temperature is, is the responsiveness the PEM strongly dependent from their temperature. At temperatures of 0 ° C or below is almost no Proton transport possible and the electrochemical reaction takes place only to a very limited extent. As the temperature increases, the metabolic rate also increases, beyond the heat of reaction the operating temperature is reached. In the range of operating temperature There is a window where the reaction is very good. Becomes exceeded this temperature range, It can be a lack of water in the PEM fuel cell increased Internal resistance of the PEM come. Already in the middle temperature range (between ambient temperature and operating temperature) can be determined by the Cell electric power are delivered. This does not correspond the maximum power, approaching However, this more and more with increasing temperature.
Will man einen ganzen Stack aus derartigen Brennstoffzellen starten, so müssen die einzelnen Zellen erst auf Temperatur gebracht werden, damit die elektrochemische Reaktion in Gang kommt und volle Leistung abgegeben werden kann. Für diese Aufheizphase ist normalerweise eine externe Energiequelle notwendig. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass die Einzelzellen so in dem Stack verteilt sind, dass sie nicht separat aufgeheizt werden können, so dass der ganze Stack insgesamt erwärmt werden muss.Want you start a whole stack of such fuel cells, so must the individual cells are first brought to temperature so that the electrochemical reaction gets underway and delivers full power can be. For This heating phase is usually an external source of energy necessary. To make matters worse, that the individual cells in so distributed throughout the stack, that they are not heated separately can, so the whole stack has to be heated up.
In
der
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein System zum schnellen Starten eines PEM Brennstoffzellenstacks zu entwickeln, das ohne die Verwendung unterschiedlich aufgebauter Stacks auskommt.task The present invention is a system for fast starting to develop a PEM fuel cell stack without the use of differently structured stacks.
Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch einen Brennstoffzellenstack mit den charakterisierenden Merkmalen des Hauptanspruchs 1. Weitere Details und vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.This Task is solved by a fuel cell stack with the characterizing features of the main claim 1. Further details and advantageous embodiments The invention are the subject of the dependent claims.
Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungen und die darin aufgeführten Bezugszeichen näher erläutert.The Invention will be described below with reference to the drawings and the ones listed therein Reference numerals closer explained.
Dabei zeigtthere shows
Grundidee der Erfindung ist es, zunächst nur einen ersten Teil des Stacks zu starten und dann die restlichen Teile nach und nach auf Reaktion zu bringen. Dies kann abschnittsweise in gleichen (einzelne Zellen) oder unterschiedlichen (Zellengruppen) Stufen, aber auch stufenlos geschehen. Dieses Prinzip kann mit einer Reihe von zusätzlichen Maßnahmen kombiniert werden, um zu einem noch besseren Ergebnis zu gelangen. Eine der Maßnahmen kann z.B. die Entnahme des Kühlmediums in der Startphase sein. Dies hat den Effekt, dass lokal die thermische Masse reduziert wird um ein schnelleres Aufheizen zu ermöglichen.The basic idea The invention is, first just start a first part of the stack and then the rest Gradually react on parts. This can be done in sections in equal (single cells) or different (cell groups) Steps, but also stepless happen. This principle can be combined with a Series of additional Measures combined to get to an even better result. One of the activities can e.g. the removal of the cooling medium to be in the starting phase. This has the effect of causing local thermal mass is reduced to allow a faster heating.
Erfindungsgemäß ist der Brennstoffzellenstack mit einer Vorrichtung ausgestattet, die es ermöglicht, zunächst nur einen Teil der im Stack vorhandenen Zellen (z.B. nur eine erste) mit Kühlmittel durchströmen zu lassen und dann schrittweise weitere Zellen bzw. Zellengruppen. Dies kann beispielsweise realisiert werden, durch einen Mechanismus, der im Anfangszustand den Einlassport des Kühlmittels so weit verschließt, dass nur die erste Zelle durchströmt werden kann. Im weiteren Verlauf wird dieser Mechanismus dann so verschoben, dass auch die anderen Zellen vom Kühlmedium durchflossen werden können. Die Verschiebung kann z.B. mit Hilfe einer Gewindestange, eines pneumatisch oder hydraulisch betrieben Zylinders oder mit einem anderen Aktuator geschehen.According to the invention, the fuel cell stack is equipped with a device which makes it possible to initially only a part of the cells present in the stack (eg only a first one) with coolant to flow through and then gradually more cells or groups of cells. This can be realized, for example, by a mechanism that closes the inlet port of the coolant in the initial state so far that only the first cell can be flowed through. In the further course of this mechanism is then shifted so that the other cells can be traversed by the cooling medium. The displacement can be done for example by means of a threaded rod, a pneumatically or hydraulically operated cylinder or with another actuator.
Ebenso können die Kühlmittelwege über Ventile gesteuert werden. Mechanische Regler oder Ventile könnten beispielsweise durch thermomechanische Aktuatoren (Bi-Metall) an den Zellen direkt auf Temperaturunterschiede reagieren.As well can the coolant paths via valves being controlled. For example, mechanical regulators or valves by thermomechanical actuators (bi-metal) on the cells directly react to temperature differences.
Auch elektrisch gesteuerte Regler oder Ventile können eingesetzt werden. Hierbei könnte durch eine externe Steuereinrichtung der Kühlmittelfluss in dem Stack variabel verändert werden, d.h. bei unterschiedlichen Betriebsbedingungen (z.B. andere Umgebungstemperatur) kann der Kühlmittelfluss entsprechend verändert werden. Die Steuereinrichtung kann beispielsweise als Mikroprozessoreinheit ausgeführt sein, die verschiedene Betriebsparameter speichern und in Abhängigkeit von aufgenommenen Messgrößen (Umgebungstemperatur, Zellentemperaturen) unterschiedliche Steuerprogramme ausführen kann.Also electrically controlled regulators or valves can be used. in this connection could by an external control device, the coolant flow in the stack variably changed are, i. under different operating conditions (e.g., others Ambient temperature), the coolant flow changed accordingly become. The control device can, for example, as a microprocessor unit accomplished be that store different operating parameters and depending recorded measurements (ambient temperature, Cell temperatures) may execute different control programs.
Beim Start des Stacks werden dann nur einzelne Zellen (z.B. nur eine erste) aufgeheizt, bis sie eine Temperatur haben, bei der Leistung abgegeben werden kann. Hierzu kann z.B. vorgewärmtes Kühlmittel in einen ersten Teil des Stacks einge leitet werden. Alternativ kann auch das Kühlmittel aus diesem Teil des Stacks entfernt sein, damit diese (zunächst nicht vom Kühlmedium durchflossenen Zellen) sich entsprechend schnell aufheizen.At the When the stack is started, only individual cells (for example, only one first) heated until they have a temperature at the power can be delivered. For this, e.g. preheated coolant in a first part of the stack are turned on. Alternatively, the coolant can be removed from this part of the stack so that these (initially not from the cooling medium flowed through cells) heat up accordingly fast.
Im zweiten Schritt wird dann die Abwärme aus diesem Bereich in einen weiteren Bereich des Stacks übertragen. Dieser Vorgang wird solange weitergeführt, bis alle Bereiche des Stacks auf Betriebstemperatur sind. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an kann dann die volle Leistung aus dem Stack entnommen werden. Die Kühlmittelführung wird dann wieder konventionell durchgeführt, d.h. die Reaktionswärme des Stacks wird zum Kühler abgeführt. Die maximale elektrische Leistung steht zur Verfügung.in the second step is then the waste heat from this area in one transferred further area of the stack. This process is continued until all areas of the Stacks are at operating temperature. From this point on can then the full power is taken out of the stack. The coolant guide is then again conventionally performed, i. the heat of reaction of the stack becomes a cooler dissipated. The maximum electrical power is available.
In
In
In
Die
Prozessgasversorgung der Zellen wurde bei
Eine andere Möglichkeit ist, den gesamten Stack mit Prozessgasen zu versorgen. Die Reaktion findet dann jeweils in den Zellen statt, die bereits genügend erwärmt sind. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass auch bei Teilerwärmung der Zellen – und demzu folge nur geringer Reaktion – schon Abwärme abfällt, es hat aber auch den Nachteil, dass ein großer Teil der Gase ungenutzt durch den Stack strömt und dass es daher eventuell Probleme mit der Austrocknung der MEA geben kann, wenn die Gase nicht ausreichend durch das Produktwasser der Reaktion befeuchtet werden.Another possibility is to supply the entire stack with process gases. The reaction then takes place in each case in the cells, which are already sufficiently heated. This has the advantage that even with Teilerwärmung the cells - and thus follow only low reaction - already waste heat drops, but it also has the disadvantage that a large part of the gases flows unused through the stack and that there may be problems with dehydration of the Can give MEA, if the gases are not sufficiently moistened by the product water of the reaction.
Im
dem Stack von
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102004017434A DE102004017434A1 (en) | 2003-05-03 | 2004-04-08 | Fuel cell stack for cold start in motor vehicle internal combustion engine, consists of polymer electrolyte membranes with channel structures for guiding process gases and coolant |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10319848.2 | 2003-05-03 | ||
DE10319848 | 2003-05-03 | ||
DE102004017434A DE102004017434A1 (en) | 2003-05-03 | 2004-04-08 | Fuel cell stack for cold start in motor vehicle internal combustion engine, consists of polymer electrolyte membranes with channel structures for guiding process gases and coolant |
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DE102004017434A1 true DE102004017434A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 |
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DE102004017434A Withdrawn DE102004017434A1 (en) | 2003-05-03 | 2004-04-08 | Fuel cell stack for cold start in motor vehicle internal combustion engine, consists of polymer electrolyte membranes with channel structures for guiding process gases and coolant |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102011109645A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-07 | Daimler Ag | The fuel cell system |
DE102015015635A1 (en) * | 2015-12-02 | 2017-06-08 | Daimler Ag | Fuel cell assembly, method for operating such a fuel cell assembly and use of such a fuel cell assembly |
Citations (7)
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DE19962681A1 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-28 | Siemens Ag | Fuel-cell arrangement e.g for road vehicle |
DE19962679A1 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-28 | Siemens Ag | High-temperature-polymer electrolyte-membrane (HTM) fuel cell e.g. for vehicle drive unit |
US6294278B1 (en) * | 1998-12-12 | 2001-09-25 | General Motors Corporation | Combination of low and high temperature fuel cell device |
US20020182474A1 (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2002-12-05 | Kazuo Saito | Fuel cell with solid polymer membrane to be moisturized , fuel cell system, and moisturizing method for fuel cell |
DE10232923A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-02-06 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system and antifreeze process therefor |
EP1147568B1 (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2003-03-12 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Volume efficient layered manifold assembly for electrochemical fuel cell stacks |
DE10236998A1 (en) * | 2002-08-13 | 2004-03-04 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Electrochemical cell especially a proton exchange membrane fuel cell or electrolysis cell has element to automatically alter the cross section of a flow channel |
-
2004
- 2004-04-08 DE DE102004017434A patent/DE102004017434A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6294278B1 (en) * | 1998-12-12 | 2001-09-25 | General Motors Corporation | Combination of low and high temperature fuel cell device |
EP1147568B1 (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2003-03-12 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Volume efficient layered manifold assembly for electrochemical fuel cell stacks |
DE19962681A1 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-28 | Siemens Ag | Fuel-cell arrangement e.g for road vehicle |
DE19962679A1 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-28 | Siemens Ag | High-temperature-polymer electrolyte-membrane (HTM) fuel cell e.g. for vehicle drive unit |
US20020182474A1 (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2002-12-05 | Kazuo Saito | Fuel cell with solid polymer membrane to be moisturized , fuel cell system, and moisturizing method for fuel cell |
DE10232923A1 (en) * | 2001-07-19 | 2003-02-06 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system and antifreeze process therefor |
DE10236998A1 (en) * | 2002-08-13 | 2004-03-04 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Electrochemical cell especially a proton exchange membrane fuel cell or electrolysis cell has element to automatically alter the cross section of a flow channel |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102011109645A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-07 | Daimler Ag | The fuel cell system |
WO2013020646A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-14 | Daimler Ag | Fuel cell system |
DE102015015635A1 (en) * | 2015-12-02 | 2017-06-08 | Daimler Ag | Fuel cell assembly, method for operating such a fuel cell assembly and use of such a fuel cell assembly |
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