DE10133803A1 - Examination of objects, particularly biological and medical objects, using focussed radio waves, whereby the width of the radio wave beam is smaller that the wavelength of radio waves propagating through an examination object - Google Patents
Examination of objects, particularly biological and medical objects, using focussed radio waves, whereby the width of the radio wave beam is smaller that the wavelength of radio waves propagating through an examination objectInfo
- Publication number
- DE10133803A1 DE10133803A1 DE2001133803 DE10133803A DE10133803A1 DE 10133803 A1 DE10133803 A1 DE 10133803A1 DE 2001133803 DE2001133803 DE 2001133803 DE 10133803 A DE10133803 A DE 10133803A DE 10133803 A1 DE10133803 A1 DE 10133803A1
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- radio
- radio frequency
- objects
- wavelength
- radio waves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
- A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf die ortsaufgelöste Untersuchung von Objekten mittels fokussierter Radiowellen. Radiowellen werden von Materie absorbiert, reflektiert und gestreut. Radiowellen-Impulse werden in ihrer Laufzeit durch das Objekt in Frequenz und Phasenlage verändert. Das Ziel ist die Messung von zweidimensionalen Schnittbildern, Projektionsbildern und dreidimensionalen Bildern des Objektes. Hierbei sollen die Radiofrequenz-Eigenschaften des Objektes, d. h. die Absorption, Reflexion, Streuung oder Laufzeitunterschiede, in Form ihrer räumlichen Verteilung im Objekt ermittelt werden. Die bevorzugte Anwendung dieses Verfahrens wird im Bereich der medizinischen Diagnostik und Biologie (Untersuchungen von Organen, Tieren, Geweben, Zellen und Pflanzen) liegen. Der bevorzugte Frequenzbereich liegt zwischen 0.1 MHz und 1 GHz, wobei in Einzelfällen dieser Bereich auch erweitert werden kann. The present invention relates to the spatially resolved examination of objects by means of focused radio waves. Radio waves are absorbed, reflected and matter scattered. Radio wave impulses are propagated through the object in frequency and Phase position changed. The goal is the measurement of two-dimensional sectional images, Projection images and three-dimensional images of the object. Here, the Radio frequency properties of the object, i. H. the absorption, reflection, scattering or Differences in transit time can be determined in the form of their spatial distribution in the object. The preferred application of this method is in the field of medical diagnostics and Biology (examination of organs, animals, tissues, cells and plants). The preferred frequency range is between 0.1 MHz and 1 GHz, with this in individual cases Range can also be expanded.
Bei diesem Verfahren wird das Objekt aus verschiedenen Richtungen mit fokussierten Radiowellen durchstrahlt, wobei das Objekt im Nahfeld des Radiosenders plaziert ist. Radiostrahlung kann im Fernfeld mit Arrays von Radiosendern fokussiert werden. Im Nahfeld fehlte bisher eine technische Realisierung zur Fokussierung eines Radiostrahls: Seit Kurzem werden in der Literatur Materialien mit negativem Brechungsindex vorgestellt, die in der Lage sind, eine perfekte Linse, d. h. eine perfekte Fokussierung eines Radiostrahls, auch im Nahfeld eines Radiosenders zu erzeugen (D.R. Smith, et al., "Phys. Rev. Letters", Vol. 84(18), 4184-4187 (2000); D.R. Smith, et al., "Phys. Rev. Letters", Vol. 85(14), 2933-2936 (2000); J. B. Pendry, "Phys. Rev. Letters", Vol. 85(18), 3966-3969 (2000)). Diese Materialien wurden vor wenigen Monaten erstmals verwendet, um Radiostrahlung in einem Magnetresonanz-Experiment zu fokussieren (M.C.K. Wiltshire, et al., "Science", Vol. 291, 849-851 (2001)). With this method, the object is also focused from different directions Radio waves radiate through, the object being placed in the near field of the radio transmitter. Radio radiation can be focused in the far field with arrays of radio stations. In the near field So far, there has been no technical implementation for focusing a radio beam: recently In the literature, materials with a negative refractive index are presented that are capable of are a perfect lens, d. H. a perfect focus of a radio beam, even in the near field of a radio station (D.R. Smith, et al., "Phys. Rev. Letters", Vol. 84 (18), 4184-4187 (2000); D.R. Smith, et al., "Phys. Rev. Letters," Vol. 85 (14), 2933-2936 (2000); J. B. Pendry, "Phys. Rev. Letters ", Vol. 85 (18), 3966-3969 (2000)). These materials were released a few months ago first used to focus radio radiation in a magnetic resonance experiment (M.C.K. Wiltshire, et al., "Science", Vol. 291, 849-851 (2001)).
Die vorliegende Erfindung nutzt die mit Materialien mit negativem Brechungsindex erzeugten, fokussierten Radiostrahlen, um zwei- und dreidimensionale Bilder von Objekten aufzunehmen, d. h. die Radiofrequenz-Eigenschaften eines Objektes ortsaufgelöst zu bestimmen. The present invention utilizes the materials generated with negative refractive index materials focused radio beams to take two- and three-dimensional images of objects, d. H. determine the radio frequency properties of an object in a spatially resolved manner.
Jeder Radiostrahl beim Durchgang durch das Objekt wird abgeschwächt. Die Abschwächung wird für mehrere Radiostrahlen aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen aufgezeichnet. Danach wird aus den Daten mit Hilfe der "Projection Reconstruction" ein Bild errechnet. Diese Methode wird üblicherweise bei der Röntgen-Computertomographie eingesetzt (A.M. Cormack, "J. Appl. Phys.", Vol. 35, 2908-2913 (1964), G.N. Hounsfield, "Br. J. Radiol.", Vol. 46, 1016-1022 (1973)). Das Ergebnis wird ein Bild der räumlichen Verteilung der Absorption der Radiostrahlung im Objekt sein. Every radio beam when passing through the object is weakened. The weakening is recorded for several radio beams from different directions. After that an image is calculated from the data using the "projection reconstruction". This method will usually used in X-ray computed tomography (A.M. Cormack, "J. Appl. Phys.", Vol. 35, 2908-2913 (1964), G.N. Hounsfield, "Br. J. Radiol.", Vol. 46, 1016-1022 (1973)). The The result is an image of the spatial distribution of the absorption of radio radiation in the object his.
Zur technischen Realisierung der Erfindung ist es nötig, eine oder mehrere Radioquellen mit Materialien mit negativer Brechzahl im verwendeten Frequenzbereich zu verknüpfen und die Radiostrahlung nach dem Durchgang durch das Objekt mit einem Radiosender zu empfangen. Beispielsweise enthält jede Apparatur zur Magnetresonanz-Messung diese Radioquellen und Empfänger. Für ein zweidimensionales (2D) Bild (Querschnittsbild oder Projektionsbild) sollten mindestens 200 Radiostrahlen aus verschiedenen Richtungen durch das Objekt verwendet werden. Ein dreidimensionales (3D) Bild kann durch die Messung mehrerer 2D-Bilder oder durch zusätzliche Radiostrahlen aufgenommen werden. For the technical implementation of the invention it is necessary to use one or more radio sources Link materials with a negative refractive index in the frequency range used and the To receive radio radiation after passing through the object with a radio transmitter. For example, every apparatus for magnetic resonance measurement contains these radio sources and Receiver. For a two-dimensional (2D) image (cross-sectional image or projection image) should at least 200 radio beams from different directions are used by the object become. A three-dimensional (3D) image can be obtained by measuring multiple 2D images or can be picked up by additional radio beams.
Die Schwächung der Radiostrahlung im Objekt ist frequenzabhängig. Eine bevorzugte Variante dieser Erfindung ist somit die Messung von mindestens zwei Bildern mit unterschiedlichen Radiofrequenzen und die darauffolgende, mathematische Verknüpfung dieser Bilder. Damit lassen sich die Unterschiede im Absorptionsverhalten kontrastreicher darstellen. The weakening of the radio radiation in the object is frequency-dependent. A preferred variant This invention is thus the measurement of at least two images with different ones Radio frequencies and the subsequent, mathematical linking of these images. In order to the differences in the absorption behavior can be displayed in higher contrast.
Radiofrequenzimpulse werden beim Durchgang durch das Objekt in ihrem Frequenzinhalt und Phasenlage verändert. Dies wird verursacht durch Reflexionen an Materialgrenzen, den Doppler- Effekt bei der Reflexion an bewegten Teilchen im Objekt und der Anregung von Schwingungen und Rotationen von Molekülen im Objekt. Aus der Analyse der Frequenz und Phase der Impulse nach dem Durchgang durch das Objekt können Daten zur Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit von Teilchen im Objekt und die chemische Zusammensetzung des Objekts erhalten werden. Radio frequency pulses are in their frequency content and when passing through the object Phase position changed. This is caused by reflections at material boundaries, the Doppler Effect on the reflection on moving particles in the object and the excitation of vibrations and rotations of molecules in the object. From the analysis of the frequency and phase of the pulses after passing through the object, data on the speed of movement of Particles in the object and the chemical composition of the object can be obtained.
Bestimmte Substanzen verändern die Radiofrequenz-Eigenschaften des Objektes, wenn sie vor oder während der Untersuchung appliziert werden. Ein Beispiel ist die Injektion von Kontrastmitteln bei der bildgebenden, medizinischen Diagnostik mittels Magnetresonanz oder Röntgentechnik. Die Injektion von Nanopartikeln aus magnetischen Materialien (z. B. Fette) oder Gasbläschen wird die Radiofrequenz-Eigenschaften im Objekt verändern. Damit kann beispielsweise die Mikrozirkulation von biologischem Gewebe untersucht werden. Certain substances change the radio frequency properties of the object if they are present or applied during the examination. An example is the injection of Contrast agents in medical imaging diagnostics using magnetic resonance or X-ray technology. The injection of nanoparticles from magnetic materials (e.g. fats) or gas bubbles will change the radio frequency properties in the object. So that can For example, the microcirculation of biological tissue can be examined.
Die Abb. 1 zeigt als Schemazeichnung den Strahlengang eines fokussierten Radiostrahls in einer Apparatur zur Radiofrequenz-Abbildung eines Objektes. Das Gerät 1 sendet Radiostrahlung aus, die von einer Blende räumlich begrenzt wird. Die Randstrahlen a und b begrenzen das Strahlenbündel. In einem Abstand, der kleiner als die Wellenlänge der Radiostrahlung ist, wird ein Material (Nummer 2) mit negativer Brechzahl für die verwendete Radiostrahlung angebracht. Innerhalb des Materials werden alle Strahlen (inklusive die Randstrahlen) in einem Brennpunkt fokussiert und divergieren hinter diesem Brennpunkt. Im Bereich 3 befindet sich das Untersuchungsobjekt, in dem alle Strahlen (inklusive die Randstrahlen c, d) auf einen weiteren Brennpunkt geleitet werden. Vor Erreichen des Brennpunkts bzw. kurz nach diesem Brennpunkt befindet sich ein Radiofrequenzdetektor (Nummer 4), in dem die Radiostrahlung in Amplitude, Frequenz und Phasenlage detektiert wird. Fig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of the beam path of a focused radio beam in an apparatus for radiofrequency imaging of an object. The device 1 emits radio radiation which is spatially limited by an aperture. The marginal rays a and b limit the ray bundle. At a distance that is less than the wavelength of the radio radiation, a material (number 2 ) with a negative refractive index for the radio radiation used is attached. Within the material, all rays (including the marginal rays) are focused in one focal point and diverge behind this focal point. The examination object is located in area 3 , in which all rays (including the marginal rays c, d) are directed to a further focal point. Before the focal point is reached or shortly after this focal point, there is a radio frequency detector (number 4 ) in which the radio radiation in amplitude, frequency and phase position is detected.
Die gezeigte Einheit 1 bis 4 wird bevorzugt radial um das Objekt mehrfach wiederholt, um eine genügend große Anzahl von Projektionen aufnehmen zu können. The unit 1 to 4 shown is preferably repeated several times radially around the object in order to be able to record a sufficiently large number of projections.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE2001133803 DE10133803A1 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Examination of objects, particularly biological and medical objects, using focussed radio waves, whereby the width of the radio wave beam is smaller that the wavelength of radio waves propagating through an examination object |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE2001133803 DE10133803A1 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Examination of objects, particularly biological and medical objects, using focussed radio waves, whereby the width of the radio wave beam is smaller that the wavelength of radio waves propagating through an examination object |
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DE10133803A1 true DE10133803A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 |
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DE2001133803 Withdrawn DE10133803A1 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2001-07-11 | Examination of objects, particularly biological and medical objects, using focussed radio waves, whereby the width of the radio wave beam is smaller that the wavelength of radio waves propagating through an examination object |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013177054A1 (en) * | 2012-05-22 | 2013-11-28 | Baylor University | Method for permittivity distribution measurement with ultra-wideband (uwb)idispersion tomography |
-
2001
- 2001-07-11 DE DE2001133803 patent/DE10133803A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013177054A1 (en) * | 2012-05-22 | 2013-11-28 | Baylor University | Method for permittivity distribution measurement with ultra-wideband (uwb)idispersion tomography |
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