CZ25407U1 - System of instrumented measurement of indenter indentation parameters - Google Patents

Description

Technical field

The technical solution relates to a system of instrumented measurement of indentor induction parameters, comprising a test mechanism loading mechanism and a measuring device equipped with a displacement sensor and a load sensor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional methods of measuring mechanical properties of materials are time-consuming and expensive, requiring the production of special test specimens. The most widespread mechanical tests are the tensile test, the bend impact test and the hardness test. The usual output of these tests are graphical dependencies between stress and strain of the tested material. There are non-destructive methods and devices for performing rapid evaluation of material properties with sufficient accuracy, including methods of automated indentor indentation. These methods are used to develop new materials and equipment, to evaluate and timely estimate possible variations in their performance during operation. The basic properties to be investigated are hardness, modulus of elasticity, yield strength, yield strength, as well as the elastic and plastic deformation energy, hardening exponent and grain size.

The hardness measurement is based on the indentation process, where the indentor enters the surface of the sample under investigation and the hardness number is then determined by the geometric indentation parameters, depending on the applied load. The basic geometrical parameters are the indentation diameter - according to Brinell, the diagonal - according to Vickers, or the depth of indentation - according to Rockwell. Techniques that determine the correlation between hardness number and basic mechanical properties are well known in engineering practice and have been standardized, eg, GOST 18835-73, GOST 22762-77. Theoretical and experimental studies show that the indentation test provides the most objective results of the determined mechanical properties of materials and coatings, using not only one value of hardness at a given load, but by continuously recording the parameters of the load and unloading process, the load-depth curve [Anisimov Evgeniy, Puchnin Maxim : Reduction of Elastic Module of Titanium Alloy Ti-6A1-4V by Quenching, in Book of Abstracts, Local Mechanical Properties, 2012, Slovak Republic, ISBN 978-80-553-1163-0, Puchnin Maxim, Anisimov Evgeniy: The Method of Accounting of Elastic Deformation Occur During The Automated Packages Iindentation Test, in Conferrence Proceedings, COMAT, 2012, Czech Republic, ISBN 978-80-87294-34-5]. This method is called instrumented material indentation testing. The load-depth curve then describes the characteristic behavior of the material under the influence of elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic deformation [ASTM WK381, US 6,718,820 (Kwon) 13.04.2004].

The measuring device used for indentor indentation testing includes a load cell, a displacement sensor [PCT / KR02 / 01351 (Lee) 18.07.2002, PCT / IB2005 / 002275 (Beghini) 01.08.2005, US 2009/0107221 AI (Ernst) 30.04. 2009], There are various methods of loading indentor, such as hydraulic [US 4,059,990 (Glover) November 29, 1977], pneumatic [US 4,182,164 (Fohey) January 8, 1980, US 2,839,917 (Webster) June 24, 1958, US 4 534 212 (Targosz) 13.08.1985], electromechanical [US 4 611 487 (Krenn) 16.09.1986, US 6 718 820 (Kwon) 04.04.2004, PCT / IB2005 / 002275 (Beghini) 01.08.2005, US 7 066 013 B2 (Wu) 27.06.2006, US 2011/0132078 AI (Wu) 09.06.2011] using geared electric motors [US 4 635 471 (Rogers) 13.01.1987] or belt drive [US 5 616 857 (Merck) 01.04.1997], electromagnetically or piezoelectric elements [US 4 304 123 (Ashinger) 08.12.1981, US 6 026 677 (Bonin) 22.02.2000], mechanical using weights [US 3 367 174 (Afin) 06.02.1968, US 4,103,538 (Stóferle) August 1, 1978], crank and lever mechanisms [US 4,435,976 (Edward) March 13, 1984, US 4,535,623 (Gilberto) August 20, 1985, US 4,182,164 (Fohey) January 8, 1980, US 2009/0107221 AI (Ernst) 30.04.2009, EP 2,345,884 A2 (SAW) 06.01.2011]. Hydraulic [US 4 059 990 (Glover) 29.11.1977] and spring [US 4 312 220 (Borgersen) 26.01.1982] Load gauges, piezoelectric elements [US 6 026 677 (Bonin) 22.02.2000], Capacitive [US 7 066 013 B2 (Wu) 27.06.2006, US 2011/0132078 AI (Wu) 09.06.2011] and strain gauges [US 3 934 463 (Vandeqagt)

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January 27, 1976, US 4,304,123 (Ashinger) December 8, 1981, US 4,611,487 (Krenn) September 16, 1986, US 6,718,820 (Kwon) April 13, 2004, US 2011/0132078 Al (Wu) June 9, 2011] are used to measure the load value. Laser Optical Methods [US 5 616 857 (Merck) 01.04.1997, US 6 026 677 (Bonin) 22.02.2000, PCT / KR02 / 01351 (Lee) 18/07/2002, PCT / IB2005 / 002275 (Beghini) 01.08. 2005, US 6,755,075 B2 (Nagashima) 29.01.2004] and electro-optical drives [US 4 312 220 (Borgersen) 26.01.1982], Capacitive [US 7 066 013 B2 (Wu) 27.06.2006, US 2011/0132078 Al (Wu) 09.06.2011], potentiometric [EP 2 390 649 Al (Sakuma) 18.01.2010] electromagnetic [US 4,159,640 (Lévéque) July 3, 1979, US 4 182 164 (Fohey) January 8, 1980, US 4,435 976 (Edward) March 13, 1984, US 4,534,212 (Targosz) August 13, 1985, US 6,718,820 (Kwon) April 13, 2004, US 4,034,603 (Leeb) July 12, 1977], piezoelectric [US 6,026,677 (Bonin) ) 22.02.2000] and strain gauges [Degtyarev VL, Lagveshkin V.Ya. Perenosnaya tenzometricheskaya golovka dlya opredeleniya mehanicheskih svoystv metallov vdavlivaniem, Izmeritelnaya tehnika, 1982, nomer 5, USSR, ISSN 0368-1025] are often used to record the depth of penetration, or the current linear displacement of the indentor during the indentation test, or the current linearentent. .

The accuracy of measuring the total linear displacement of the indentor depends on the sensitivity of the indentation depth sensor, which has its resolution and allows the recording of a definite number of values at a given displacement. Problems of recording accuracy of small indentor shifts are usually solved by laser optics or electromagnetic systems. The accuracy of the measurement depends not only on the confidentiality of the reading, but also on the distance between the sensor and the indentor. A larger number of elements between the sensor and the indentor increases the measurement error, since the measurement itself is then influenced by the stress-strain states of these elements depending on the load conditions, the number of cycles and atmospheric parameters, especially pressure and temperature. The displacement transducer is often part of the load mechanism, and during the identification process the process of correct interpretation of the results is complicated [US 2,839,917 (Webster) June 24, 1958, US 4,159,640 (Lévéque) July 3, 1979, US 4,435,976 (Edward) March 13, 1984 US 3,367,174 (Affri) 06/02/1968, US 4,245,496 (Napetschnig) January 20, 1981, US 4,312,220 (Borgersen) January 26, 1982, US 4,534,212 (Targosz) August 13, 1985, US 6,755 075 B2 (Nagashima) 29.01.2004, US 7 066 013 B2 (Wu) 27.06.2006], Existing devices that implement an instrumented indentation method with high accuracy and repeatability of the measurement process have larger dimensions [US 5 616 857 (Merck) 01.04 .1997, US 2011/0132078 Al (Wu) 09.06.2011], are often limited by the load range used [US 4,159,640 (Lévéque) July 3, 1979, US 4,304,123 (Ashinger) December 8, 1981, US 4,611,487 ( Krenn) September 16, 1986, US 6,026,677 (Bonin) February 22, 2000, PCT / KR02 / 01351 (Lee) July 18, 2002, US 6,718,820 (Kwon) April 13, 2004, US 2009/0107221 Al (Ernst) 30.04 .2009] or indentor dimension [US 4,534,212 (Targosz) August 13, 1985, US 4,535,623 (Gilberto) August 20, 1985, PCT / KR02 / 01351 (Lee) July 18, 2002, US 6,755,075 B2 (Nagashima) 29.01 .2004], measures the total linear displacement of the indentor. There are also known difficulties in identifying failure initiation parameters from load-depth and stress-strain dependencies when measuring coating properties [PCT / US00 / 09940 (White) 13 Apr 1999, N.H. Faisal, J.A. Steel The Use of Acoustic Emission to Characterize Fracture Behavior During Vickers Indentation of HVOF Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Vol. 18 (4), pp. 525-535, (2009), Markus G.R. Sause, Daniel SchultheiB. Acoustic Emission Investigation of Coating Fracture and Delamination in Hybrid Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Structures, Journal of Acoustic Emission, 26, p. 1-13, (2008)], solved by acoustic emission sensors [US 4,856,326 (Tsukomoto) 15.08 .1989].

Ashinger [US 4 304 123 (Ashinger) 08.12.1981] describes the possibility of using strain gauge sensors that are connected to a flexible arm to register low load values and indentor displacements. Measurement of higher indentation parameter values is described [Degtyarev V.I., Lagveshkin V.Ya. Perenosnaya tenzometricheskaya golovka dlya opredeleniya mehanicheskih svoystv metallov vdavlivaniem, Izmeritelnaya tehnika, 1982, nomer 5, USSR, ISSN 0368-1025]. Napetschnig [US 4,245,496 (Napetschnig) January 20, 1981] suggests the vertical location of a flexible arm. In the Fohey apparatus [US 4,182,164 (Fohey) 08/01/1980], a short displacement measuring circuit is realized, where only the indentor holder and indentor are loaded, which is the lowest number of elements that are deformed between the sensor and the indentor. Borgersen [US 4 312 220 (Borgersen) 26.01.1982] realizes the load parameter reading by means of a lever mechanism.

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The essence of the technical solution

The aforementioned drawbacks are largely overcome by an instrumented indentor indentation measurement system comprising a test sample loading mechanism and a measuring device provided with a displacement sensor and a load sensor according to the present invention. In essence, the measuring device comprises a housing in which a spring adapter and displacement sensor and a load cell provided with a cylinder and rod extending from an indentor disposed in the holder to the displacement sensor are disposed, the load sensor being a replaceable dynamometer with a tensometric motion cylinder. sensors and strain gauges are connected to an analogue amplifier and a computer.

The loading mechanism may be a Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell hardness tester, a universal tear-off machine, a lever mechanism with its own load source, or a piezoelectric element.

The measurement system is based on an indentor indentor automatically loaded under load, which has a reliable, easy to manufacture and operable adapter to measure the main indentation parameters such as load (P) and depth (h). The measuring device, due to its design, does not load the displacement transducer, intended to record the indentation depth (h) when indenting the indentor, and allows the indentation parameter (mV) to be recorded with greater accuracy compared to devices having a longer measuring circuit. The measuring device is compact and can be used in conjunction with various measuring systems, such as a shredder and hardness tester, expanding their capabilities and optimizing the identification process. The determination of mechanical properties is performed on the basis of the indentation parameters. Various indenters are available, such as Brinell, Vickers, Knoop, Berkovich, Rockwell. The graphical load dependence depth indicates the deformation behavior of the material during the load cycle.

The measuring system allows continuous measurement of electrical signals (mV), which corresponds to changes in the measured indentation depth (h) and applied load (P) parameters during indentation where the hardness number is evaluated according to the load-depth and strain-strain dependencies obtained from the registered signals. other mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, yield strength, yield strength, as well as elastic and plastic deformation energy, reinforcement exponent, grain size.

Clarification of the figures in the drawings

The technical solution will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In FIG. 1 shows an exemplary instrumented measuring system. In FIG. 2 shows an exemplary measuring device. In FIG. 3 is a dynamometer of the cylindrical type. Giant. 4 (a) illustrates a variant of the load of the measuring device by means of a hardness tester. Giant. 4b) illustrates a variant of the load of the measuring device by means of a shredder. Giant. 4 (c) illustrates a variant of the load of the measuring device by means of a piezoelectric element. Giant. 4 (d) illustrates a variant of the load of the measuring device by means of a load mechanism with lever transmission. Giant. 5 illustrates a typical load-depth indentation curve comprising load (N) and depth (mm) values.

Examples of technical solutions

Objectives and advantages of the present technical solution are described in detail in the following text and supplemented with pictorial documentation.

The instrumented measuring system comprises a computer 1, an analog signal amplifier 2, a test sample 3, a measuring device 4 and a load mechanism 5. The measuring device comprises a housing 6, an adapter 7, a spring 8, a capsule 9, strain gauges 10, a deformation band Π. , dynamometer 13, deformation strap 14, cylinder 15, rod 16, indentor holder 17, indentor 18, housing cover 19, acoustic emission sensor 20, 2U test pattern

In FIG. 3 is a cylindrical type load cell dynamometer 13 which includes strain gauges 10.

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In FIG. 4 (a) - (d), various load variations of the measuring device 4 are shown by means of a hardness tester 26, a tearing machine 22, a piezoelectric element 28 and a load mechanism 30 with lever transmission 29.

In FIG. 5 shows a typical load-depth indentation curve comprising load (N) and depth (mm) values.

As shown in FIG. 1, the measuring system is intended to carry out the indentation test and comprises a test sample 3, tested by a measuring device 4, which generates signals during the indentation process under the load generated by the loading mechanism 5 registered by the analog signal amplifier 2 and stored in computer I.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, when the load is applied to the adapter 7 by the load mechanism 5, the adapter 7 begins to move in the housing 6 of the measuring device 4. The housing 6 is pressed against the sample to be examined 21 by a spring 19 cover. pushes the indentor 18 through the indentor holder 17 into the surface of the test sample 21. The rod 16 moves together with the indentor 18 and causes the deflection strip 11 to be deflected by the lever 12 of the multiplier. In the initial position when the indentor 18 lies on the surface of the sample 21, the rod 16 is pressed against the indentor 18 by the deformation band 11 over the lever 12 of the multiplier. The lever 12 has in its lower part a spherical cup 22 for centering the rod 16. The rod 16 is provided with a guide rim that limits its axial movement, thereby protecting the content of the capsule 9 and preventing the rod 16 from falling out during the replacement of the indentor 18.

At the beginning of the indentation process, in the area of low load values, the deformation strips 14 of the dynamometer 13 deform elastically first, further the elastic deformation is transferred to the stiffer dynamometer element 13 - the cylinder 15. Higher loads are then registered by the strain gauge sensors 10 of the cylinder. 10 is recorded by an analog signal amplifier 2 and stored in a computer 1. The opening in the upper part of the dynamometer 13 serves for positioning the capsule 9 and provides the necessary space for moving the parts of the measuring device 4 during the indentation process. The dynamometer 13 is of a cylindrical type, has a simpler design and is intended mainly for measuring higher loads. The strain gauges 10 are in this case placed on its outer surface.

The displacement sensor capsule 9 is intended not only for measuring the displacement of the indentor 18 and preventing mechanical damage to its contents, but also captures the dynamometer 13 even after unloading the measuring device 4 and during replacement of the indentor 18. The capsule 9 is a separate element of the measuring device 4 content, repair or replacement in the event of damage. The signal of the strain gauges 10 connected to the lever type strain tape 11 is generated by deflection of the strain tape 11 under load and is continuously registered by the analog signal amplifier 2 and stored in the computer 1.

The measuring system is used together with a load mechanism 5 which is connected to the measuring device 4 by means of an adapter 7. In FIG. 4 (a) shows a variant of using a hardness tester 26 as a loading mechanism 5. FIG. 4 (b) shows a variant of using the shredder 27 as a loading mechanism 5. FIG. 4 (c) shows a variant of using a piezoelectric element 28 as a load mechanism 5. FIG. 4 (d) shows a variant of the load mechanism 5 with lever transmission 29. For example, an electric motor can be used as the load mechanism itself.

Industrial applicability

The measuring system for inductor indentation non-destructive testing according to this invention will find application in testing laboratories, laboratories and the like.

Claims (1)

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS A measuring system for inductor indentation non-destructive testing, comprising a test mechanism (5) load mechanism (5) and a measuring device (4) provided with a displacement sensor (9) and a load sensor (13), characterized in that the measuring device (4) includes a case 5 (6) in which a spring adapter (7) and a displacement sensor (9) and a load sensor (13) provided with a cylinder (15) and a rod (16) extending from the indentor (18) located in the holder 17) to a displacement transducer (9), the load transducer (13) comprising a replaceable dynamometer (13) with a motion cylinder (15) with strain gauge transducers (10), the strain gauge transducers (10) being coupled to an analog signal amplifier (2) and computer (1). The measuring system according to claim 1, characterized in that the loading mechanism (5) is formed by a Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell hardness tester (26), a universal tearing machine (27), a lever mechanism (29) with its own load source or a piezoelectric element (28).