CZ22671U1 - System of means for determining energy flows in atmosphere ground layer - Google Patents

Description

Technical field

The technical solution relates to a device consisting of a system of means which, on the basis of measurements, are highly likely to describe the distribution of the incident solar radiation on the Earth's surface and are useful for absolute and comparative determination of energy flows at different habitats and, above all, for assessing the effect of the water regime on redistribution of energy. flows in the ground layer of the atmosphere. The subject of the technical solution is especially intended to compare the distribution of temperatures and consequently the energy flows in different habitats and thus to understand the response of the habitats to human activities.

Background Art

For the needs of meteorology, cartography and the classification of ecological burdens, remote sensing means, especially satellites and satellite images taken in different spectral areas, are commonly used. There are established procedures and means for calibrating the acquired physical quantities from these substrates. Due to the orbit height of 350 to 750 km, satellites are capable of delivering global area data with a resolution of 1 pixel 30 to 1000 m. Data density is sufficient to affect regional ecosystem behavior and description at tens of km.

The disadvantage of the aforementioned known devices and devices for determining the relationship between water and vegetation in local conditions and its contribution to the understanding of the energy flows at the earth's surface and the ground layer of the atmosphere consists in its low resolution and in particular in the time correlation between the measurement itself and the delivered results. A major disadvantage is the low operability and impossibility to influence the flight time over the measured area and ensure its periodicity for recording the dynamics of phenomena in the studied ecosystem. Another disadvantage is the limitation of the applicability of the method and the equipment at both high and medium clouds and, last but not least, the high cost of capturing images and the difficult interpretation of pixel calibration due to its large size and the resulting considerable variability of the pixel area being monitored. (In addition to the water surface, it is very difficult to find a homogeneous area of about 100 χ 100 m).

Other known devices also have similar disadvantages, for example, in separate measurements made from other remote sensing means, such as airplanes or airships.

Furthermore, the meteorological conditions in the ground layer of the atmosphere are normally determined by means of stationary or transportable measuring stations, referred to as weather stations. These weather stations are equipped with sensors for temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind force, fallout of snow, solar radiation and others, and are individually remotely connected by means of data transmission with a central workplace for evaluation and further processing of measured values.

E.g. EP 1610156 discloses a weather station which serves as an alarm device for assessing the risk of torrential rain or floods. The device uses a statistical database of hydrological and meteorological data for the monitored area, compares it with the currently measured values, and classifies the impending risk.

The disadvantage of weather stations is that they cannot be used for systemic energy flow detection in the ground level atmosphere atmosphere, as they are discrete measurement points, even if these weather stations are connected to a sufficiently dense measuring network covering the measured site , it would not be possible to obtain data from the network created in this way that could be used for the determination of energy flows. In addition, building a sufficiently dense measuring network at each measured location is not realistic for construction, legal or financial reasons.

The need to measure and compare energy flows in the landscape results from the fact that a measurable radiant flux - energy - falls directly from the Sun to the area in the landscape. Part of the energy is reflected in the visible spectrum, but the greater part heats the crop, the soil, then radiates back to the sky at

Time-shifted thermal infrared regions, part goes into latent heat of vapor, evaporates from the surface of the earth and plants (evapotranspiration) and a small part is chemically bound by photosynthesis.

The external manifestation of all these phenomena is the temperature at a given time in a given location. Only here it is possible to capture large-area images using thermal imaging cameras and similar measuring devices. The task of the technical solution is to create such a device consisting of a system of means for the detection of energy flows in the ground layer of the atmosphere, which would allow measurement and analysis of individual components of energy flows, across the region, in order to map and forecast the development of energy flows in this particular region .

The essence of the technical solution

The above drawbacks are largely eliminated by a system for detecting energy flows in the ground layer of the atmosphere according to the present invention.

The energy flow detection system in the ground layer of the atmosphere includes digitized visual images taken from at least one remote sensing means provided with at least one Earth surface imaging device in the infrared region of the measured area. The essence of the technical solution is that the remote sensing means consists of an airship equipped with an avionics for controlling the movement of the device along a pre-programmed path at a desired height above the measured area and a stabilized platform of the Earth surface imaging device, and the system further includes electronic surface temperature map data made of digitized visual images from the remote sensing means and electronic data from at least two calibration ground measurement stations located in the measurement area and provided with at least one energy flow measuring means. The essence of the operation of the system is that it combines point measurements on a network of calibration ground measuring stations with a surface temperature map and visual images obtained from a sophisticated controlled airship.

In a preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention, the calibration ground measuring stations are provided with a telecommunication device by means of which the measured and calculated values from the stations are transmitted to a remote central server allowing their on-line processing by at least one user station connected to the server. As a telecommunication device, a built-in GSM / GPRS module is preferably used. The sensors of the measuring station are operated by an automatic recording and control unit, which includes a universal data logger, a telemetric station with a built-in GSM / GPRS module, a programmable control automat and a power source independent of the network using solar radiation. The unit allows continuous year-round recording and data transfer to the server, where the record is available to all users.

For the ideal measurement of energy flows, it is advantageous if the calibration ground measuring station detects the incident shortwave component of the global solar radiation within the spectral range of 200 to 2800 nm by means of a sensor, and at the same time detects the reflected shortwave component of the global solar radiation in a spectral range of 200 to 2800 nm using another sensor. Furthermore, it is advantageous if the calibration ground measuring station uses a sensor to measure the energy flow between the sensor and the sky in the spectral range of 3500 to 45000 nm, while using another sensor it measures the energy flow between the sensor and the surface in the spectral range of 3500 to 45000 nm, with at least one sensor in this case it measures the temperature of the sensor body for measuring the energy flow. The measurement and calculation is based on the Stefan-Boltzman law, which indicates the radiation flow between two bodies, dependent only on their absolute temperature. In this case, the energy flow is measured upwards, ie to the sky, downwards, to the earth's surface, and the temperature of the sensor bodies. According to this law, the effective temperature of the sky and the radiation temperature of the Earth's surface can be calculated. The temperature of the sky is needed in order to subsequently calculate the energy flow for each arbitrary point of the measured area from the same temperature map according to the same law. This procedure is repeated until sufficient data on the measured area is obtained.

In addition to the sensors and sensors mentioned above, the calibration ground measuring stations are equipped with other means other than standard weather stations, which usually measure at most

Two temperatures, humidity and precipitation, sometimes also incident radiation, are significant both by the number and structure of the measured variables and by the location of the individual sensors.

In a preferred embodiment of the technical solution, the calibration ground measuring station further measures temperature and relative humidity at the stand level on the Earth's surface and above the ground level, wind speed and direction, precipitation amounts, atmospheric pressure, soil profile temperature and soil moisture content in the measured area .

At each calibration ground station, the energy of the incident and reflected shortwave global solar radiation is directly measured in the spectral range of 200 to 2800 nm. To calculate the energy flow to the soil, 8 soil temperature values and soil moisture are measured. The temperature and relative humidity at two levels above the surface are measured for the determination of vapor-transpiration.

In addition, the wind speed and direction are measured at 2m above the ground and rainfall. The incident and reflected radiation in the thermal region of 3500 to 45000 nm and the temperature of the energy flow sensors, from which the effective sky temperature for the area to be measured and the air pressure to determine the water η vapor pressure, are also measured on one calibration ground measuring station in the measured area. . To calculate the energy flow into the soil, the calibration ground measuring stations are each equipped with 10 temperature sensors to measure the temperature gradients below the soil surface and the soil moisture sensor. In order to determine the complex meteorological situation, the station is supplemented with sensors for wind direction and velocity and rainfall recording.

As a result of the operation of the system of means according to the technical solution, the surface temperature map and photo20 documentation of the current state of the monitored surface in the measured area are the result. By comparing (calibration) one can obtain a qualified estimate of energy flows in the measured area and knowledge of redistribution of incident solar radiation. This means that on the basis of the parameters obtained at the calibration ground measuring stations and according to the knowledge of the vegetation cover it is possible to estimate the events at other points of the measured area based on the surface temperature map. Therefore, the ground calibration stations sc place in characteristic habitats in the measured area.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The technical solution will be explained in more detail by means of the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a system of means according to the invention, FIG. 2 shows a schematic drawing of a calibration ground measuring station, FIG.

Examples of technical solutions

It will be understood that the specific examples of carrying out the invention described and illustrated below are presented to illustrate but not to limit the exemplary embodiments of the invention to the cases. Those skilled in the art will find or will be able to determine, using routine experimentation, a greater or lesser number of equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention specifically described herein. These equivalents will also be included within the scope of the following protection claims.

1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, consists of a remote sensing means (DPZ) 1 made up of an airship and a network of calibration ground measuring stations 6. Each station 6 comprises measuring and recording electronics and sensors, in particular a short-wave sensor 9 of global solar radiation within the spectral range of 200 to 2800 nm, incident on the horizontal surface, and sensor 10 of the reflected short-wave component of global solar radiation in the spectral range of 300 to 2800 nm, measured in the horizontal plane. Station 6 also has a sensor 16 of relative humidity and air temperature, located in the weather enclosure at stand height, sensor 14 of relative humidity and air temperature, located in the weather enclosure at a height of 2 m above the stand, eight sensors 17 of the soil profile temperature to determine the temperature gradient to soil, sensor 15 for measuring wind direction and velocity (anemometer), rainfall sensor 18 (shuttle rain gauge) and soil moisture sensor 20. An important part of station 6 is the automatic recording and control unit 7.

- 3 CZ 22671 Ul

The automatic recording and control unit 7 includes a universal data logger, a telemetry station with a built-in GSM / GPRS module, and a programmable controller. The unit is equipped with user-friendly software, hardware is fashionable and highly resistant to adverse conditions. 32 dynamic recording channels are available for measuring and archiving all parameters. Unit 7 can monitor up to 40 binary channels. One text channel records all incidents including incoming and outgoing SMS, power outages, etc. The total recording capacity of unit 7 is greater than 400,000 values and therefore only a few years of operation will occur to fill the memory and then rewrite the oldest measured data. The DPD base board includes six current input terminals up to 4 to 20 mA and eight pulse-bin PV inputs, a RS485 serial interface, and two relay contact contacts. The special connection boards also contain inputs for the four-wire connection of the short-wave sensors 9 of the global solar radiation in the spectral range of 200 to 2800 nm and the sensors 10 of the reflected short-wave component of the global solar radiation in the spectral range of 300 to 2800 nm, as well as the serial interface SDI-12 and voltage inputs. Thanks to the built-in RS485 interface, the number of inputs and outputs can be greatly expanded and large measurement assemblies can be realized. It is possible to connect two DV input / output binary modules and 16 MAV420 / DIN output modules with galvanically isolated 4 to 20 mA current output via one RS485 interface to the maximum unit. The entire electronic part of the unit 7 including the I / O circuits and the GSM / GPRS module is enclosed in a compact metal casting which increases the resistance of the unit 7 to external adverse climatic and electromagnetic influences. This compact is enclosed in a rugged plastic housing with IP66 protection, along with a battery pack and connection plate. A sensor 19 of atmospheric pressure may also be provided within the housing, the values of which may also be transmitted to the central server 21 together with other measured values. Program power management of connected sensors and built-in GSM modem and low self-consumption of unit 2 based on modern RISC processor and 3.3V logic allow the unit 7 to be deployed in locations without power supply. The unit is equipped with a small solar panel forming an independent power source 8 and is completely energy autonomous.

It is clear from the flowchart in FIG. 3 how the measured and calculated values 23 from the stations 6 in the measured area 24 delimited by the frame 25 of the measured area 24 are transmitted to the central server 21 where they are processed and where individual user stations access them. 22. The electronic data thus obtained from the measuring stations 6 can be compared and processed simultaneously with the electronic data of the surface temperature map 2 created on the basis of digitized visual images from the remote sensing means f.

The surface temperature map 2 indicates the state of the examined habitat in terms of vegetation cover and distribution of living and inanimate objects, and also describes the external appearance of the site, which results from its current physical state (temperature, humidity, incident direct and diffuse radiation, wind direction and speed, groundwater level, etc.). Based on the measured and calculated values 23 obtained at the calibration ground measuring stations 6, the surface temperature map 2 and the knowledge of the vegetation cover of the measured area 24, the physical processes at the other locations of the measured area 24 can be qualified and quantified. characteristic habitats in the measured area 24 and serve to understand ongoing physical and biological phenomena, their interpretation and prediction of response to external habitat intervention.

1 Remote sensing means is a non-reinforced airship generally belonging to the so-called BLIMP category. The balloon consists of an inner tube (a special sandwich foil) to prevent leakage of helium and the upper shell (fabric

SKYTEX), which keeps its shape when the pressure is high. The airship is equipped with two height stabilizing surfaces with controllable flaps and one directional stabilizing surface with flap and directional motors. Directional engines are typically used for take-off and landing at low airship speeds, with damper efficiency dropping. The propulsion of the airship is realized by two engines placed in a gondola suspended from the center of gravity under the balloon. The motors are rotatable about the pitch axis within +/- 90 ° of the vertical axis. When flying, the engines are facing forwards while they are facing upward during takeoff. During landing, the motor axis is driven as needed for the landing maneuver being performed. This configuration allows for a perpendicular take-off even in confined spaces. The airship itself is always balanced so that it is heavier than air. If the airship fails, the airship starts to descend slowly. The take-off is controlled manually via the RC set (2.4 GHz), when after climbing to a safe height, it switches to autonomous control mode via PC. Communication is provided by industrial radio modems. The air ¹ is powered by LiFe batteries. It is equipped with powerful DC-AC and DC-DC converters. It is also equipped with an inertial navigation unit with a GPS receiver. Other features include altitude measurement, engine speed, power voltage, current sensing, and battery capacity. All data is transmitted in real time to the operator's station. A part of the airship is a stabilized platform 3 with a gimbal suspension, perpendicular to the ground surface 26, carrying a thermal camera 4 and a camera 5 for sequential shooting. Thanks to an inertial navigation unit with a GPS receiver and a sophisticated control program, the airship is able to fly at pre-programmed cost at the prescribed altitude. The control software triggers the ground-based imaging device 4, 5, formed by the camera and the camera, depending on the variation of the airship trajectory, which allows the device to be used to produce map data.

Industrial usability

The system of means according to the technical solution can be used for the determination and measurement of energy flows in the ground layers of the atmosphere in the monitored habitat, and for comparison of areas with different degree and type of vegetation and conditions in the urbanized landscape. Based on measurements, energy (climatological) responses to human intervention can be predicted. The device is suitable for archiving the current habitat status and for monitoring its development in a time series.

Claims (26)

20 PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS An array of means for detecting energy flows in a ground-level atmosphere layer, comprising digitized visual images from at least one remote sensing means (1) provided with at least one earth surface scanning device (4, 5) in a measured area (26). (24) in the infrared portion of the spectrum, characterized in that the device is a (1) The remote sensing plate is formed by an airship provided with avionics for controlling the movement of the device (1) along a pre-programmed path at a desired height above the measured area (24) and a stabilized platform (3) of the carrier (4). and the system further comprising electronic surface temperature map data (2) comprising digitized visual images from the remote sensing means (1) and electronic data from at least two calibration ground measuring stations (6) located 30 in the measurement area (24) and provided with at least one energy flow measuring means. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the ground calibration stations (6) are provided with a telecommunications device for transmitting electronic data from the stations (6) to the remote central server (21) for on-line processing by at least one user station (22). ) connected to the server (21). The system of claim 2, wherein the telecommunications device comprises a built-in GSM / GPRS module. System according to at least one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the ground calibration station (6) is provided with an independent energy source (8), an automatic recording and control unit (7), a sensor (9) of the incident shortwave global component. solar radiation in the spectral range 200 to 2800 nm, and by the sensor (10) reflected shortwave components of global solar radiation in the spectral range 200 to 2800 nm. System according to claim 4, characterized in that the ground calibration station (6) is provided with an energy flow sensor (11) between the sensor (9) and the sky in the spectral range 3500 to 45000 nm, an energy flow sensor (12) between the sensor. (10) and a terrestrial peak (26) in the spectral range 3500 to 45000 nm, and a sensor (13) for the temperature of the sensor bodies (11.12). -5GB 22671 Ul System according to claim 5, characterized in that the ground calibration station (6) is further provided with a temperature and relative humidity sensor (14) above the level of vegetation on the ground surface (26), a wind speed and direction sensor (15), (16) temperature and relative humidity at stand surface level (26), soil profile temperature sensor (17), total sensor (18) 5 rainfall and a soil moisture sensor (20) in the measured area (24). 3 drawings lo Overview of reference numerals used in the drawings: 1 - remote sensing 2 - area temperature map 3 - stabilized platform of imaging device carrier 4 - Earth surface imaging equipment 5 - Earth surface imaging device 6 - ground calibration station 7 - automatic recording and control unit including data logger, telemetry station with built-in GSM / GPRS module, and programmable control unit 8 - independent power source 9 - the sensor of the incident short-wave component of global solar radiation in the spectral range 200 to 2800 nm 10 - Sensor of incident shortwave component of global solar radiation in the spectral range 200 to 2800 nm 11 - energy flow sensor between the sensor and the sky in the spectral range 3500 to 45000 nm 12 - energy flow sensor between the sensor and the earth's surface in the spectral range 3500 to 45000 nm 13 - sensor body temperature sensor 11, 12 14 - temperature and relative humidity sensor above stand level 15 - wind speed and direction sensor 16 - temperature and relative humidity sensor at the stand level 17 - Soil profile temperature sensor 18 - Rainfall total sensor 19 - atmospheric pressure sensor located in the unit 7 20 - soil moisture sensor 21 - central server 22 - user station 23 - measured and calculated values 24 - measured area 25 - Measured area frame 26 - Earth's surface.