CZ2014983A3 - Filter for removing both inorganic and organic substances from contaminated water - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a filter with an adsorbent material based on modified clay minerals, in particular vermiculite and smectite, intended for the purification of water contaminated with inorganic and organic substances.

Description

FILTER FOR REMOVAL OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES Z

CONTAMINATED WATERS

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present invention relates to a filter with adsorption material based on modified clay minerals, especially vermiculite and smectites, intended for the purification of water contaminated with inorganic and organic substances.

STATE OF THE ART

Solutions for cleaning water contaminated with inorganic and organic substances have already been patented for different types of adsorption materials and different arrangements of the filter unit.

Patent U^^35^01 describes an apparatus and method for removing oils, hydrocarbons, and other organic materials from water, especially from industrial wastewater, rainwater collected on the coast near oil wells and production platforms, by adsorption on an oil adsorbent, while the condition of the adsorbent is monitored electrically, with an appropriate probe to determine when the adsorbent needs to be replaced. Water is delivered to the device via a U-shaped water pipe from an outlet located at the bottom of the settling tank. Water begins to flow through the device only after reaching a certain gravitational force caused by the height of the water column. The settling tank contains a float valve inside and an oil intake hole at the top. The float valve is located inside the inner housing and is connected to the pump to pump the oil into the storage tank. An important feature of the described device lies in the downward-extending part of the water pipe, which is operatively connected to cleaning units containing oil adsorbent, especially organophilic clay. The separated water flows by gravity through the water pipe and is transported to the aforementioned purification unit with organophilic clays. Organophilic clay adsorbs hydrocarbons, oils and other organic substances that are entrained with the water flowing through the pipeline, it is suitable for complete removal of hydrocarbons, especially less than 10 ppm. The cleaned water drains by gravity through the outlet opening in the cleaning unit back into the ocean.

-2 The invention application GB(1^1^715 further describes a device that relates to the removal of oil from water in operation, where oil-contaminated water is obtained as waste, for example after washing tankers, in oil refineries, etc. Device for removing oil from of water contains three oil beds, which is where the oil is captured, then a settling zone downstream of the beds, and a filter that is placed in front of the beds. The beds can contain anthracite, charcoal, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, vermiculite, or sand. The filter can include cellulose acetate fiber on a polypropylene core.

The invention application CN103991915 describes a device that is used for water purification and that includes two chambers, at least one of which contains inorganic particles suitable for water purification and at least one of which contains a biocide. Inorganic particles are, for example, porous ceramic particles, smectite clay, perlite, vermiculite, zeolite, or combinations thereof. Filtration equipment ensures the transformation of polluted water into potable water. The first stage of filtration contains inorganic particles and the second stage of filtration contains a biocide. At least 95 percent of the inorganic particles pass the 20,000 micron sieve and at least 95 percent do not pass the 20 micron sieve. Inorganic particles have a cationic capacity from 1 to 200 milliequivalents per 100 grams.

In the invention application $(. JPH07310295, an invention is described, which mainly relates to a method for removing inorganic substances and oils in the process of paper recycling. The method of processing waste paper, oils and inorganic substances requires the use of organoclay as a treatment agent in the waste water system. Effect of organoclay effectively removes the aforementioned oily and inorganic components in the waste water system. Ammonium salts, used to create organoclay in situ by reacting with the cation released from waste paper, are used for pulping the paper. The organoclay is allowed to react for 30 min at 65 °C and then added on the surface active substances Organoclays generated in situ are composed of various ammonium salts and are advantageously used to capture a significant proportion of oil contamination contained in waste paper.

The current state of the art deals only with columns filled with one type of adsorbent, intended especially for the removal of one type of petroleum and oil substances, and possibly other organic pollutants.

-3 From the Czech invention application PV 2008-462, a method of modifying vermiculite into an adsorptive material is known, which can be used to capture unwanted substances from wastewater or other ecologically polluted waters and from waste gases. Adsorption material for the retention of toxic pollutants consisting of microfiber and nanofiber two-phase textile material containing phyllosilicate, e.g. vermiculite, its filtering and adsorption properties and its use for adsorption of chemical and/or biological warfare agents are described in the Czech invention application PV 2013-451. Furthermore, a protective composite system is also described here, which contains an adsorptive material and which is used for the production of clothing or covers.

The goal of the invention is the design of a broad-spectrum filter for the simultaneous removal of various types of inorganic and organic substances from contaminated water.

The essence of the invention

The aim of the invention is achieved by a filter for the removal of inorganic and organic substances from contaminated water consisting of a shell equipped with a lower bottom and a removable lid, as well as a water inlet and a water outlet, inside which is placed a cartridge with an adsorptive material based on modified clay minerals, the essence of which is that , that the adsorption material is arranged in layers that include at least one layer of modified clay mineral with organic cations of different chain lengths and at least one layer based on natural clay mineral or clay mineral in sodium form.

For the preparation of layered adsorptive materials, any clay minerals belonging to the group of smectites and vermiculite can be used with advantage, while the mixed adsorptive material is defined by the size of the particles and the amount and type of exchanged cations in the structure of the original clay mineral. The size of the particles is given in patent PV 2008462. By the type of cations we mean - the monoionic sodium form of vermiculite (the interlayer contains mainly sodium cation^, and organic forms of vermiculite containing organic cations with long hydrocarbon chains, with aromatic nuclei, with short hydrocarbon chains, etc.

-4- ·'*. '· : : : · ·

For the capture of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example oils and petroleum substances, it is advantageous if the adsorbent material comprises a layer of clay mineral modified with aliphatic organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C12-C18, wherein ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium can be used, but also pyridinium or piperidinium cations having at least one long hydrocarbon chain.

For the capture and removal of organic substances of a more polar nature, e.g. lower chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenol derivatives, etc., with a _Kow value of around chains (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl).

This invention is based on the premise that one of the characteristic properties of adsorbent materials based on clay minerals, including vermiculite and smectite, is the cation exchange capacity, which indicates the amount of cations in the interlayer of layered structures of clay minerals.

Clay minerals are a very cheap natural material that is very readily available and harmless to health, the modification is a simple, undemanding process, the modifiers are also cheap. In addition, the waste material can be treated and, depending on the contamination, can be designed for further use after the disposal process

For the organic modification of clay minerals, especially vermiculite, various amounts of organic cations can be used, which are exchanged for inorganic cations, in the range of % of the cation exchange capacity. At 20% cation exchange, theoretically 20% of the original inorganic cations should be exchanged for organic cations and 80% of the original inorganic cations should remain in the interlayer.

Modification of clay minerals can be done in a variety of ways using various organic cations and inorganic cation exchange. The exchange of cations can be carried out to a different degree, but the exchange is optimal only to a certain degree, otherwise the effectiveness of the adsorbent decreases and the resistance of the filling to contaminated water arises. A modification in the range of at least 1 (^p0% of the value of the cation exchange capacity of the clay mineral used appears to be advantageous.

-5 Modifiers are organic cations and any can be used for modification, for example ammonium, pyridinium, piperidinium, phosphonium or sulfonium cations with different lengths of hydrocarbon chains. They have an effect on organoclay sorption properties such as sorption capacity and sorption mechanism. The resulting adsorption and organophilic clays are the same at first glance, but they differ in the nature of the interaction. It is known that organic cations with short hydrocarbon chains (tetramethylamphyonium or trimethylbenzylamb|onium) form so-called adsorptive organoclays, which are characterized by high sorption capacity and competitive adsorption of substances according to the Langmuir or Freindlich isotherm. Organic cations with long hydrocarbon chains (hexadecyltrimethylammonium, hexadecylpyridinium, dioctadecyldimethylarr^onium) form organophilic organoclays, and the sorption of organic substances from water is described by a linear isotherm in a wide range of concentrations, they are characterized by high sorption efficiency and non-competitive sorption. Sorption corresponds to a partitioning process in which organic cations form a quasi-lipophilic phase in which organic substances accumulate.

Organic cations with short hydrocarbon chains (e.g. tetramethylammonium) are mutually isolated in the interlayer space and surrounded by a siloxane surface. The siloxane surface between organic cations forms the primary adsorption sites for aromatic hydrocarbons. Organic cations with long hydrocarbon chains (e.g., hexadecyltrimethylammonium) fill the interlayer space, and this hydrophobic space is a partitioning medium for nonpolar organics. Adsorption organoclays with short hydrocarbon chains are effective adsorbents for substances with a lower Kow> value, while organophilic organoclays with long carbon chains are effective adsorbents for organic substances with higher Kow values. The combination of differently modified clay minerals in a column arrangement will increase the efficiency of the decontamination process with regard to possible occurrence of both inorganic and organic substances. However, the adsorbent can also be used for a single type of contamination.

The procedure for cleaning wastewater from organic or inorganic substances modified with clay minerals includes the following steps. In the first step, the contaminated water is passed through at least one column, in which at least one layer of adsorbent based on organoclay and one layer based on natural

-6 clay mineral or clay mineral in sodium form and in the next step passes through a membrane permeable to water, but not to organoclays and clay minerals, so that it is freed from clay material and can be used for harmless use.

The filter consists of a shell preferably made of plastic or metal material for industrial use, into which a cartridge filled with adsorptive material can be inserted according to the desired effect. The size of the filter is determined by the area of use, for example for household, industry, etc.

In general, the filter consists of a screen that removes coarse impurities and impurities, and must be easily removable and cleanable, and also consists of a ceramic filter, for example, based on cordierite ceramics, which captures solid particles, with a pore size of max. 1 pm, and the following layers of modified clay material, the last layer consists of natural clay material or clay material in sodium form due to the capture of possible released organic cations, and at the end of the filter cartridge there is again a ceramic filter, e.g. based on cordierite ceramics, capturing particles of clay material, this time with a pore size 0.200.8 pm. The flow of purified water can be conducted from above or countercurrently, but the individual layers of the filling must be arranged accordingly, while at the outlet there is always a layer of pure clay mineral, in this case it is vermiculite, for water purification.

The filter housing can be advantageously made of such a material and in such a shape that it also fulfills the function of a membrane and does not pass particles of organoclay and clay mineral, but only particles of water. The process of introducing and separating the organoclay from the contaminated water is thus facilitated by means of a replaceable case.

With the filter arrangement indicated above, the organoclay particles and the clay mineral particles in natural or sodium form remain virtually in the same place, while the flow of liquid, in this case contaminated water, flows through all the layers of organoclay and unmodified clay mineral. Such a design of the filter prevents the problem of clogging and pressure drop.

Clarification of drawings

The invention is further illustrated with the help of drawings, where Fig. 1 shows a view of the filter, Fig. 2 shows a cartridge filled with an adsorbent consisting of a mixture of variously modified vermiculites and supplemented with natural vermiculite or

-7- .·'.*· : : : · · ”*· with vermiculite in sodium form, Fig. 3 shows a cartridge containing an adsorbent placed in a filter, Fig. 4 shows a filter with a case designed as a membrane, inside which the adsorbent filling is placed , Fig. 5 shows another form of the filter and Fig. 6 shows one of the possible connections of the filters.

Exemplary implementation of the invention

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below and shown in the attached figures.

The invention deals with a filter 1 consisting of a shell 2 equipped with a lower bottom 4 and a removable lid 6, as can be seen from Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. A bottom 4 provided with an outlet 8 of water and a removable lid 6 equipped with an inlet 7 of water, through which water enters water, organic and inorganic substances into the filter 1, while the separated water is removed via the water outlet 8.

In the casing 2, the inlet 7 is advantageously located on the cover 6 and the outlet 8 on the lower bottom 4 of the casing, which causes a natural water fall downwards. Inside the casing 2, between the inlet 7 and the outlet 8, a cartridge 3 is placed, in which the adsorptive material 10 is arranged according to the desired effect. Such a material can be, for example, a mixture of variously modified vermiculites, supplemented with natural vermiculite, which is defined by the size of the particles and the amount and type of exchangeable cations in the structure of the original vermiculite.

Furthermore, the filter 1. consists of a sieve 9, which removes coarse impurities and dirt and must be easily removable and cleanable, and also consists of a ceramic filter 13, for example, based on cordierite ceramics that captures solid particles, while the pore size is max. 1 pm. Individual layers of modified clay mineral, especially vermiculite, with various organic cations are arranged inside the cartridge 3, the last layer also consists of pure vermiculite in order to trap possible released organic cations. And at the end of the filter, a ceramic filter 13 (e.g. based on cordierite ceramics) is placed again, capturing vermiculite particles this time with a pore size of 0.^^,8 pm. The flow of purified water can be conducted from above or countercurrently, but the layers must be arranged accordingly, while at outlet 8 there is always a layer of pure clay mineral, in this case it is vermiculite, for water purification.

-8 The cartridge 3 can be replaced by a sleeve 31, which is loosely inserted into the jacket 2. The sleeve 31 can take any shape, which is either perforated or porous in the form of a net or the like. Adsorption material 10 containing a certain amount of organoclay, i.e. a reaction product after modification of clay mineral, especially vermiculite, is placed in the case 31.

According to the present invention, for example, the adsorbent material 10 mentioned above is placed in at least one replaceable housing 31, which is permeable to liquids, but not to organoclay particles, allowing the flow of water.

In order to achieve the largest possible contact area, the above-mentioned housing 31, as shown in more detail in Fig. 4, can be made, for example, in the shape of a longitudinal bag, which is located inside the outer casing 2, for example in the shape of a cylindrical cylinder.

In this case, a space ϋ is formed between the organoclay filling 10 and the casing 2, which allows the organoclay to swell and which ensures that the mixture of water and organic or inorganic particles can penetrate into the casing 31 through all external and internally formed surfaces.

The cartridge 3 is further provided with an inlet/outlet 12 for the admission of polluted water and the discharge of purified water, which in this case is connected to the outlet 8, whereby the outlet 8 can be connected to the drainage pipe or to another inlet 7 of the jacket of another filter 1, as shown in Fig. 6.

Filter 1 according to the invention works simply and the cleaning method is as follows. Through the inlet 8*, the polluted water is fed into the shell 2, in which a substantial part of the impurities are adsorbed in contact with the adsorptive material located in the case 31 or in the cartridge 3, in which the adsorptive material 10 is located, through which the purified water flows.

To eliminate organic substances, low-molecular and high-molecular types of chlorinated hydrocarbons - chlorinated ethanes and ethenes, persistent organic pollutants, cartridge 3 is filled with an adsorbent containing vermiculite modified with organic cations with short carbon chains and long carbon chains. Advantageously, the mixed adsorbent can be arranged in the cartridge 3 or the case 31, as can be seen in Fig. 3.

For the removal of organic substances and metals, the cartridge 3 is equipped with an adsorptive material 10 based on modified vermiculite with organic cations with different long chains and unmodified vermiculite ¹

To remove organic substances and metals and pathogenic microorganisms, the cartridge 3 is equipped with an adsorption material 10 containing modified vermiculite with organic cations of different chain lengths and unmodified vermiculite.

The adsorption material 10, which is used as a filling in the cartridge 3, can form the following layers:

Layer 101 — vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with at least one long carbon chain (number of carbon atoms at least 12 to 18 - C12 —Cis), modification in the range of at least 10^-50% cation exchange capacity, possibly even more , in the case of higher cation exchange, it is advisable to use a mixture of modified clay mineral and inert material (e.g. Liapor expanded clay) to allow the flow of contaminated water, because the modified clay has a hydrophobic surface. In particular, aliphatic hydrocarbons with long chains - oils, petroleum substances and substances with an affinity for layer 2 - are captured.

Layer 102 - includes vermiculite modified with organic cations with at least one long C12-C18 carbon chain and at least one aromatic nucleus, especially pyridinium or piperidinium cations, but ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium cations having at least one hydrocarbon chain containing an aromatic benzene nucleus can also be used (tetraphenylphosphonium, benzyltrimethylammonium) modification in the range of at least 1^0% of the cation exchange capacity, possibly even more. In the case of higher cation exchange, it is advisable to use a mixture of modified clay mineral and inert material, e.g. Liapor expanded clay, to allow the flow of contaminated water, because the modified clay has a hydrophobic surface. In particular, more complex polycyclic aromatic compounds - hydrocarbons, or their derivatives containing various heteroatoms carrying a free electron pair, as well as lower aliphatic derivatives of hydrocarbons carrying various heteroatoms - are captured. Also effective for removing nitrate, perchlorate, chloride, sulfate, chromic, phosphate and other anions and for removing drugs, dyes and pesticides from wastewater or surface water, as well as for anionic radionuclides (Tc and iodine). The effectiveness of this layer is determined by the presence of an aromatic nucleus in the structure of the organic cation.

-10 Layer 103 includes - vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains, e.g. tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, etc., to remove organic substances of a more polar nature (lower chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenol derivatives, etc.) with a K _ow value of around 2^ Also suitable for medicines, pesticides, etc.

Layer 104 - vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations. Since the effectiveness of vermiculite for inorganic anions is low due to its negative charge on the layers inside its structure, for this reason the effectiveness of this layer can be increased by using a mixed layer of vermiculite in sodium form with clay minerals, characterized by a positive charge on the layers, such as hydrotalcites, which can be modified with corresponding organic anions (dodecyl sulfates, etc.). Mainly inorganic cations Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and radionuclides Ni, Eu, Th, U, Cs and Sr and hydrophilic substances without a charge are removed , as well as polar medicines, pesticides and surfactants.

Layer 105 includes a layer of activated carbon. Can be used for cleaning and capture of possible leakage of low molecular weight substances and released organic cations with a layer of activated carbon.

Layer 106 includes an inert material by which the individual layers are separated from each other. This inert material can be diatomaceous earth, Liapor, etc.

Examples of the arrangement of individual layers of adsorptive material 10 in cartridge 3 usable for water purification are described below.

• For the treatment of wastewater from the coking industry, adsorbent material 10 inert material, the following layers: layer 101 of vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with at least one long carbon chain, layer 102 of vermiculite modified with organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C12- C18 and at least one aromatic core, layer 103 of vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains, layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations, layer 105 activated carbon and a layer 106 of inert material;

• For the treatment of wastewater containing inorganic substances and a low degree of pollution by organic substances, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain Ci ₂ -Ci ₈ and at least one aromatic nucleus, a layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains and layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations;

• For the treatment of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain Ci ₂ -Ci ₈ and at least one aromatic core, a layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium ) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains, layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations and layer 105 of activated carbon;

• For household wastewater treatment, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ and at least one aromatic nucleus, a layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains, layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for the removal of inorganic cations;

• For the treatment of wastewater from the oil industry, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 101 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with at least one long carbon chain, a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C ₁₂ - C ₁₈ and at least one aromatic core, layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains and layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations;

• For the treatment of wastewater from the metallurgical industry, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C12-C18 and at least one aromatic core, a layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains, layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations;

• For the treatment of wastewater from the chemical industry (organic solvent contamination), the adsorbent material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 101 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with at least one long carbon chain, a layer 102 of vermiculite modified by organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C12-C18 and at least one aromatic core, layer 103 of vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains and layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural especially for removing inorganic cations;

• For the purification of water contaminated by pathogenic organisms, the adsorption material 10 includes the following layers: a layer 101 of vermiculite modified with organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with at least one long carbon chain, a layer 102 of vermiculite modified with organic cations with at least one long carbon chain C12-C18 and at least one aromatic core, layer 103 of vermiculite modified by organic cations (ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium) with short hydrocarbon (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) chains and layer 104, vermiculite in sodium form or natural, especially for the removal of inorganic cations.

Antibacterial effects are mainly manifested in layers 101 and 102, with layer 102 generally showing higher effects.

-13 Modified vermiculites are resistant to pH 2/12 depending on the organic cation used. E.g. ammonium cations are resistant in practically the entire pH range, pyridinium cations only in the pH range 4/10, which is important to consider when treating wastewater with a low pH. In such a case, cations containing an aromatic benzene ring can be used instead of pyridinium cations.

The sorption capacity is determined in tens to hundreds of g per kg of sorption material. Water flow: approx. 0.1 l/s, minimum ability to clean at least 155 m ³ per 70 kg of material.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The filter is suitable for cleaning surface, underground or waste water, contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, for the disposal of old ecological loads and also for ridding the water of pathogenic microorganisms. Water purification can be carried out both in households and on an industrial scale.

Claims (8)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. A filter for the removal of inorganic and organic substances from contaminated water consisting of a casing (2) equipped with a bottom (4) and a removable lid (6) as well as an inlet (7) and an outlet (8) of water, inside which is placed a cartridge (3) with by an adsorption material (10) based on modified clay minerals, characterized in that the adsorption material (10) is arranged in layers that include at least one layer of modified clay mineral with organic cations of different chain lengths and at least one layer (104) based on of natural unmodified vermiculite or a layer of vermiculite in sodium form. 2. Filter according to claim 1, characterized in that the mixed adsorption material (10) is defined by the particle size and the amount and type of exchanged cations in the structure of the original clay mineral. 3. Filter according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the adsorption material (10) comprises a layer (101) of vermiculite modified with aliphatic organic cations with a long C12-C18 hydrocarbon chain. 4. A filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the adsorption material (10) comprises a layer (1021) of vermiculite modified with organic Оť W M cations with at least one aromatic benzene corep, in particular pyridinium or piperidinium cations with a long hydrocarbon chain C12-C18, wherein in the second case, ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium can also be used, which have at least one hydrocarbon chain containing an aromatic benzene nucleus, preferably tetraphenylphosphonium and benzyltrimethylammonium. 5. Filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the adsorption material (10) further includes a layer (103) of vermiculite modified with organic cations, especially ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, with short hydrocarbon chains, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl. 6. A filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the clay minerals are selected from the group of vermiculite or smectites. 7. A filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the adsorptive material (10) further comprises a layer (105) of activated carbon. 8. Filter according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for the separation of individual layers, the adsorption material (10) includes at least one layer (106) of inert material.