CZ201256A3 - Method of monitoring vertical shifts of terrain, especially on stockpiles and rubbish dumps - Google Patents

Abstract

After exploring the terrain of the dump or dump, a stabilized polygon session is first established, which is based on the observation point of a known and stable elevation outside the measured dump or dump, and other observed dots are on the measured dump or dump. The polygon session ends at another observation point, which consists mainly of a zulu landmark, a well-known and stable elevation outside the measured dump or landfill. Then, a zero measurement phase is performed by the geodetic total station, at which the horizontal angles and the horizontal lengths and the elevation of the entire polygon consultation are measured. The obtained data are recorded, the calculation of the position of individual observed points and their altitudes by the trigonometric leveling method is performed. At the specified time intervals, the vertical observations of the observed points are repeatedly monitored. If some of the observed points are not damaged or destroyed, only the elevation and the horizontal length are measured by the geodetic total station, from which the actual elevations of the observed points are determined, where the number of measuring stages and the interval between them are determined by the magnitude of the detected vertical displacement of the hopper or landfill. If only one observed point is damaged before the next measurement, it is necessary to do the entire basic focus of all the observed points.

Description

Method of monitoring vertical terrain shifts, especially in dumps and landfills

Technical field

The solution relates to a technological procedure which enables repeated geodetic monitoring of vertical displacements in dump areas by means of a modified geodetic method of trigonometric leveling verified by the author.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The inventors are not aware that monitoring of vertical displacements of dumps (resulting from the movement of large amounts of soil during surface mining of brown coal) by terrestrial geodetic methods to the extent covering the entire dump profile. Generally, vertical displacements of monitored objects are performed by the method of precise or very accurate leveling using precise leveling instruments. The same applies to landfill measurement. These methods have a high accuracy (0.001 m and 0.0001 m respectively), but this is unnecessarily high when monitoring the vertical displacements of dumps. The time-consuming vertical monitoring of displacements by the method of precise or very precise leveling is unnecessary in the case of usually large hopper range (even several kilometers) with an elevation of many tens of meters. The same difficult movement on the hopper body (collapsing and muddy terrain) makes it difficult to achieve good results with both methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The aforementioned drawbacks are eliminated by the method of monitoring vertical displacements of the terrain, in particular on dumps and landfills, according to the invention, which is based on the fact that after exploring

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A stabilized polygonal program based on an observation point of known and stable altitude outside the measured dump or landfill, and the other observed points are on the measured dump or landfill, wherein the polygonal program is terminated at another observation point, which in particular constitutes a granite landmark, of known and stable altitude outside the measured dump or landfill. The geodetic total station is then used to perform the zero measurement stage, measuring the horizontal angles and horizontal lengths and elevation of the entire polygon program, recording the data, and then calculating the position of each observed point and its altitude using trigonometric leveling. At specified time intervals, the vertical shifts of the observed points are repeatedly monitored, and if some of the observed points are not damaged or destroyed, it is sufficient to measure the geodetic total station only the elevation and horizontal lengths, from which the actual altitude of the observed points is calculated. and the interval therebetween is determined by the magnitude of the detected vertical shifts of the hopper or landfill. If only one observed point is damaged before the next measurement, it is necessary to do the whole basic survey of all observed points.

The method according to the invention is characterized in that in repeated measurements with damage to even a single observation point, the horizontal angles, horizontal lengths and elevation at the substitute observation point of the polygonal sequence are again measured and the new position and altitude are calculated. substitute observation point, will be based on the original designation of the observation point with one after the decimal point.

The method according to the invention is further characterized in that the polygonal sequence consists of a set of fixed observation points, which form a thick-walled iron pipe of at least 0.5 m long, which is driven to ground level, concreted to a depth of 0.3 m. and marked with a red reflective color, and to facilitate the finding of a fixed point, a wooden peg with a number of the respective observation point, which is also marked above with a red reflective color, is hammered at a distance of 0.3 m from the pipe. If necessary, a protective rod mark consisting of a two-meter red-white iron rod in a concrete foot is placed at a distance of 0.75 m from the pipe, with an enameled warning sign at the upper end of the pipe where the protective rod mark is placed in one to three pieces. depending on the magnitude of the threat to the observed point.

The method according to the invention is also characterized in that the actual surveying of the polygon sequence is carried out by a geodetic total station, where horizontal angles are measured by the method in rows and groups, horizontal lengths and elevations are measured in both positions of the telescope always back and forth. of measured quantities.

The method according to the invention is also characterized in that, in order to refine the stabilization of the observed points in terms of height, fixed calibrated flat bodies are consistently laid on the tubes to be measured, which are also used for precise centering of the geodetic total station.

The method according to the invention is further characterized in that the data obtained are recorded in a length and elevation log.

The method according to the invention is further characterized in that the calculation of trigonometric leveling is carried out in a special form for the calculation of trigonometric leveling.

The essence of the invention is to use another terrestrial geodetic method which would be suitable just for repeated observation of vertical displacements in the profile of the whole hopper. This method is a modified trigonometric leveling method.

The basic prerequisite for the application of this method is a modern electronic measuring device - geodetic total station (GTS). This device allows you to measure horizontal and vertical angles and oblique lengths. GTS allows to perform with measured * ♦ 1 4 1 4 «r * i i« t i «<t« * 4 «t t <

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- 4 values of various mathematical operations while registering the measured information in the internal GTS memory. A light phase rangefinder is usually used to measure the inclined length.

The second prerequisite for the application of this method is to maintain the required accuracy of tracking vertical displacements on dumps of 10 ' ² m. This condition was solved by modifying the method of trigonometric leveling and testing this methodology in determining of the University of Agriculture in Prague in the framework of bachelor and theses.

On dumps, which were created by shifting large amounts of soil during surface mining of brown coal, with minimal or no compaction of the material transported, it can be assumed that they will fall vertically. With regard to possible future construction on reclaimed dumps, it is necessary to find out how the terrain of the dump behaves in terms of the height of the dump with respect to the stable surroundings outside it in relation to the time interval of monitoring vertical shifts.

One of the ways how to determine the expected dumps of the dump terrain is to create a polygon program based on an observation point of known and stable altitude located outside the dump. The next points will be the points observed on the hopper. The polygon show will end at an observation point of known and stable altitude located outside the dump. The observation of vertical displacements of the hopper will be determined by the elevation of the individual observed points involved in the polygon program at specified time intervals. This provides a continuous series of observations that unequivocally demonstrates the magnitude and temporal sequence of vertical shifts.

Recognoscation of the dump terrain, selection and stabilization of the observed points must precede the actual geodetic measurement. When reconstructing the dump terrain, it is necessary to select the location of the observed points of the polygon program so that there is a direct visibility between neighboring points and that it does not occur in the following years The distance between the individual observation points can vary from 50 m to 1 km, and it is also advisable to place the observation points in different parts of the dump.

A thick-walled iron pipe of min. 0.5 m long, which is driven to the ground level, concreted to a depth of 0.3 m with a mixture of washed stones and concrete and marked with a red reflective color. To make it easier to find it, it is advisable to hammer a wooden pin at a distance of 0.3 m from the pipe with the number of the relevant observation point, which is also marked with a red reflective color from above (see Fig. 1). If the spot is to be placed where it is highly likely to be damaged or destroyed in the future, a rod bar (OTZ) should be placed within 0.75 m. Depending on the nature of the hazard observed from one to three pieces of OTZ. Protective rod sign means a two-meter iron red and white rod in a concrete foot, at the top of which is located enameled warning sign.

The geodetic total station is used for surveying the polygon program, which connects the observation point outside the dump through the observed points on the dump to the observation point again outside the dump. Horizontal angles are measured by the method in rows and groups. Two groups need to be used for more accurate measurements. Horizontal lengths and elevation must be measured back and forth in both telescope positions. The result will be the arithmetic mean of the measured quantities. When calculating the y, x position coordinates of the polygon sequence, the criterion for the main polygon sequence according to the equation must be fulfilled

Δ _ρ = 0.011 x / Zs + 0.12 [m], where Is is the sum of all pages in the polygon program.

i 1 r r i t 1 «·« * 4 lit * t t 4 * <1 · F f t | t

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The altitudes of all observed points are determined by trigonometric leveling with a stricter criterion according to the equation

A _h = 2.10 ' ⁵ xyr [km], where r is the length of the elevation.

In order to improve the stabilization of the observed points from a height point of view, fixed calibrated flat bodies (see Fig. 2), especially CZK 10 coins, were consistently placed on concrete tubes and granite milestones. Coins of CZK 10 have proved their worth even in the accurate centering of the geodetic total station.

Another improvement during the measurement was the use of a contrasting red and white target placed behind a corner prism (see Fig. 3), which is protected by the Czech utility model UV 21632 “Aids for geodetic measurements”. Without this aid, high-altitude measurements at distances exceeding 500 m would be almost impossible.

In some cases, when direct visibility between adjacent observation points is prevented during repeated measurement stages, it is advisable to use another Czech utility model UV 22974 "Aid for geodetic measurements". It is a rod of light metal material with a net length of 1 meter, which is screwed onto a telescopic pole used under the reflective corner prisms for electronic length measurement using a geodetic total station. This will increase the position of the reflective corner prism above the terrain by one meter (using two bars by two meters). The rod is red-white colored in 0.2 m sections for better visibility.

Horizontal angle measurements should only be performed at the initial zero phase of vertical displacement tracking. In the subsequent stages, if some of the observed points are not destroyed, it is sufficient to measure only the polygon height and only distances and elevation can be measured.

The elevation must be measured at the best possible quality for all stages and the following conditions must be observed:

1) determine the cant using a total station, «·. 7 -

2) the start and end points of the altitude meeting must have a verified altitude and be located outside the hopper area;

3) measure the cant in principle back and forth (the average of absolute values is added, followed by the sign appropriate in the direction of the height order),

(4) a minimum time should elapse between the measurement of the cant back and forth;

5) measure the height of the total station above the point with an accuracy of 0.001 m by means of a comparative rolling meter,

6) to adjust the height of the corner prism to the nearest 0.001 m by means of a comparative roll-up meter,

7) place the telescopic rod with the corner prism in the vertical pole position by means of a box level when measuring the elevation

8) to calculate the correction of the elevation from the curvature of the Earth (unless the correction is automatically introduced by the geodetic total station) according to the equation q = D ² / 2R, where D is the horizontal distance, R = 6 380 000 m,

9) after the inequality o _h < _{h h,} it is possible to make corrections of individual elevations in the height order directly proportional to the horizontal distance between the points (the greater the distance D, the greater the correction v), the equation Σν = o _h must apply.

_{H h} = 2.10 ' ⁵ * Vr [km], where r is the length of the elevation.

For the measurement of horizontal lengths and elevation, a GTS length record and elevation record was created (see Fig. 4), and a form was created for trigonometric leveling (see Figures 5 to 7).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, FIG. 1 photograph of stabilization of observed points by thick-walled iron tube by min. length of 0.5 m, which is driven to the ground level, concreted to a depth of 0.3 m with a mixture of washed stones and concrete «I>« <«1 4« <t • 4 * tt t «1« i · <«iia * »« ·· «* '

and marked with red reflective color. For ease of finding, a wooden peg with a number of the respective observation point, which is also indicated by a red reflective color from above, is hammered in at a distance of 0.3 m from the pipe. 2 is a photograph of a coin of 10 CZK placed on a stabilized observation point; FIG. 3 is a photograph of the use of a contrasting red and white target placed behind a corner prism. Giant. 4 is a sample filled length and elevation recorder of the measured GTS; and FIG. Figures 5 to 7 form the completed forms for the calculation of trigonometric leveling for the zero, first and second stages.

The following example illustrates the invention without limiting it in any way.

Examples

Example 1

The method according to the invention has been verified by monitoring vertical displacements at the Radovesice dump in Northern Bohemia, between 2010 and 2011.

The zero phase of monitoring the vertical displacements at the above hopper took place in August and September 2010, when the observation points were stabilized and the elevation polygon program was surveyed. 23 observation points were created, of which 21 in the hopper area, the stabilization of which corresponded to the method according to the invention. The observation points were two outside the dump area. One on one side of the hopper, the other on the opposite side. These were the points of the existing state position point field stabilized by granite landmarks, whose altitude was determined to the accuracy of 10 ' ² m by the leveling method in 2003, resp. 2008 RA Liberec. The above-mentioned altitude has been refined to 10 ' ³ m from the nearest state altitude points by its own leveling and at the same time · »· * * 4 *

4444 thus verified their long-term height stability The created polygon program, with a length of 7 780 m with an elevation of 191 m, met the required height criterion (see above). The results are recorded on the filled-in form in FIG. 5.

The first phase of monitoring the vertical displacements at the dump took place during April 2011.

The second phase of monitoring the vertical displacements at the dump took place during October 2011.

When re-measuring the height polygon program in the first and second stages of monitoring vertical shifts, the required height criterion was again met (see above). The results are recorded on the filled-in form in FIG. 6 to 7.

The actually measured height differences are recorded in the attached Table 1.

From the measurements carried out so far, it can be seen that, while observing all the points of the method according to the invention for monitoring vertical displacements on hoppers by the method of trigonometric leveling, it can be used without problems because it is very simple, fast and accurate.

Industrial applicability

The new way of tracking vertical terrain shifts significantly speeds up and simplifies the work of tracking vertical shifts on dumps or landfills compared to traditional vertical shifts by precision leveling, which would be practically impracticable in some places not yet reclaimed dumps or landfills.

Claims (7)

PATENT CLAIMS Method for monitoring vertical displacements of a terrain, in particular on dumps and landfills, characterized in that, after exploring the terrain of the dump or landfill, a stabilized polygonal program is established first, starting from an observation point consisting mainly of a granite landmark of known and stable altitude outside the measured dump or landfill, and other observation points are on the measured dump or landfill, the polygon program being terminated at another observation point, consisting mainly of a granite landmark, of known and stable altitude outside the measured dump or landfill, then to the geodetic total station. performs the zero stage of measurement, at which horizontal angles and horizontal lengths and elevation are measured for the whole polygon program, the obtained data are recorded, and then the position of individual observed points and their altitude is calculated by trigonometric leveling , and at specified time intervals, the vertical shifts of the observed points are repeatedly monitored and, in the absence of damage or destruction of some of the observed points, it is sufficient to measure the geodetic total station only the elevation and horizontal lengths. of the measurement stages and the interval between them shall be determined by the magnitude of the observed vertical displacements of the hopper or landfill. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that for repeated measurements in the event of damage to even a single observation point, the horizontal angles, horizontal lengths and elevation at the substitute observation point of the polygon program are again measured and its new position and altitude determined. 't 4 »* Λ t *' ι <teti ιι» I i «* i • i · i« ai Where the designation of the new, substitute observation point will be based on the original designation of the observation point with one after the decimal point. Method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the polygonal order consists of a set of fixed observation points which form a thick-walled iron pipe with a minimum length of 0.5 m, which is driven to ground level, encircled to a depth of 0.3 m mixture of washed stones and concrete and marked with red reflective color and for easier finding of a fixed point is at a distance of 0.3 m from the pipe hammered wooden peg with the number of the observation point, which is also marked with red reflective color from above m from the pipe he places a protective rod mark consisting of a two-meter iron red and white rod in a concrete foot, and at the top of the pipe there is an enamelled warning sign, where the protective rod mark is placed in one to three pieces. Method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the actual orientation of the polygonal sequence is performed by a geodetic total station, the horizontal angles being measured by the method in rows and groups, the horizontal lengths and the elevation measured in both positions of the telescope always back and forth. whereby the result is the arithmetic mean of the measured quantities. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, in order to refine the stabilization of the observed points from a height point of view, fixed calibrated flat bodies are consistently placed on the concreted pipes and granite landmarks, which are also used for precise centering of the geodetic total station. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the data obtained are recorded in a length and elevation recorder. «· I Method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the trigonometric leveling is carried out in a special form for trigonometric leveling.