CZ2010526A3 - Piston sealing for rotary-piston machine and rotary-piston machine with such a sealing - Google Patents

Abstract

The machine (1) (e.g., compressor, pump or motor) is provided with a rotary piston (2) defining working spaces with varying volume. The piston (2) has at least two vertices (3, 3 ') and is disposed in the cylinder (4) both rotatably about two parallel axes (9, 10) parallel to one another and slidably in two directions perpendicular to each other and to the axes (9, 10) rotation. The essence of the invention lies in the piston seal, which consists of at least one pair of sliding slats (11, 11 ') arranged in the region of the first piston top (3) and at least one other pair of sliding slats (12, 12') arranged in the second region. the top (3 ') of the piston (2), the distance (L) between the tops of the working surfaces (14) of the slats (11) and (11´) and the slats (12) and (12´) in the respective pair being greater than or equal to the width (s) the inlet (7) and the outlet width (s ') (8), and the pair of slats (11, 11') and (12, 12´) are arranged to simultaneously enclose the inlet (7) and outlet (8) between the slats (11, 11 ') and (12, 12') in the respective pairs.

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a device for the use of stopper bait intended for the study of seed predation by invertebrates in laboratory (Petri dishes) and field (protective cage) conditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are several methods to determine the amount of seeds consumed by predators (invertebrates, vertebrates) in both laboratory and field conditions. One of them is the bait. A commonly used stopper bait is made of a crown cap filled with white plasticine (Jovi® Barcelona) to the brim and seeds of the species of interest (PUV 2010-22198) are pressed into the smooth plasticine surface. The whole bait is then pushed into the substrate so that its edge is parallel to the surface of the substrate.

In selective experiments where, for example, the consumption of seeds of several species of the same family similar to each other in shape and size (eg, plant species from Asteraceae) is monitored, the use of a method where the seeds are loosely spilled onto substrate / filter paper is totally inappropriate.

Due to the large number of repetitions of both laboratory and field experiments, it is necessary to quickly and efficiently ensure a large number of baits and ensure that the seeds do not fall out of the bait and at the same time are easily extractable by the predator. This is unattainable under the current conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The aforementioned drawbacks are eliminated by the device for use of the bait bait according to the invention, which consists in that for laboratory use the device consists of a petri dish, the bottom of which is poured by a substrate into which the bait bait is pressed, cages, in which stopper baits are located, as well as from the roof where the cage and the roof are connected to each other by a simple coupling.

The aid for the use of the stopper bait according to the invention is characterized in that for laboratory use the substrate is constituted by sieved sterile soil free of live seeds.

The device according to the invention is further characterized in that for laboratory use, the bait baits are pushed into the substrate so that their upper edge is aligned with the plane of the surface of the substrate.

The device according to the invention is also characterized in that for laboratory use the Petri dish is filled with a substrate up to a height of v / 2.

The device according to the invention is also characterized in that, for field use, the cage is of wire mesh and is anchored by pushing the ends of the mesh into the ground.

The device according to the invention is further characterized in that, for field use, the canopy is sheet metal and is connected to a wire mesh cage by a wire connector.

The laboratory aid according to the invention is used such that stopper baits (in number according to the conditions of the experiment) are placed in glass Petri dishes filled with substrate. Baits are pushed into the substrate to the brim (classic way). Depending on the scope of the experiment, instead of Petri dishes (up to 28 stopper baits), eg plastic cups (2 to 3 stopper baits) may be used.

Stopper baits in laboratory experiments make it possible to carry out both non-selective and selective (preferential) experiments - in this case it is possible to detect seeds of similar shapes and dimensions. The number of bait baits depends on the nature of the experiment. It is easy to carry out an experiment with aids for laboratory use according to the invention, as shown in the attached figures (Figs. 1A and B).

The principle of the invention for field use of bait plugs is that they are vertebrate before handover, breakage or relocation.

«• · ·· protected by a wire mesh cage with rain cover to prevent seed washout.

The use of a wire cage to protect plug baits under field use conditions of the device of the invention makes it possible to monitor the exposure of exposed seeds while preventing vertebrate access. The preparation of the wire cage for field conditions is simple, as shown in the attached figures (Figs. 2A and B).

Due to the large number of repetitions of both laboratory and field experiments, it is necessary to quickly and efficiently ensure a large number of baits and ensure that the seeds do not fall out of the bait and at the same time are easily extractable by the predator. In addition, the bait baits in the devices of the invention allow for easy reading of the consumed seeds, the predator remains in the plasticine when the seed is withdrawn, and darker seeds on the stopper are easy to count. The evaluation of the experiments is fast and accurate, as shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, Fig. 1 is an overall schematic view of a device according to the invention for laboratory use, wherein view A shows the device from above, view B is a side view. Fig. 2 is an overall schematic view of a device according to the invention for field use, wherein view A shows a top view in an exploded state, view B is a side view of a collapsed device

The following examples illustrate the device according to the invention for use in laboratory and field conditions without limiting it in any way.

Examples

Example 1 · · A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Aids for laboratory use of the stopper bait (Figs. 1A and B) consist of a glass Petri dish 1 (diameter β = 25 cm, height v = 5 cm), which is filled to a height (vz) with a layer (usually vz = 2 cm) sieved sterile soil (substrate 2) without live seeds. Based on the way of life of model species of invertebrate predators (ground beetles, terrestrial isopods, etc.), it is possible to modify substrate 2 to moistened filter paper or the bottom of tray 1 can be poured with gypsum.

Stopper baits 3 are pushed into the substrate 2 or laid loosely on the above modified surfaces. They are placed in the quantity and arrangement that is given by the design / design of the selection / non-selection experiment. Up to 28 stop baits 3 can be placed in 25 cm diameter Petri dishes 1.

Example 2

In the field utility, the bait 3 is pushed into the ground so that its upper edges are level with the ground surface and the seeds are easily accessible to predators. In case of need for screening of vertebrates (rodents), placed bait baits 3 are protected by a wire mesh cage 4 (mesh size 1 x 1 cm). The top of the cage 4 is covered with a metal canopy 5, preferably a metal plate that protects it from rain and prevents the seed from flooding out of the bait bait 3. To prevent mechanical removal of the canopy 5 by wind or predator, the canopy 5 is attached to the cage 4 with a wire connector 6.

The device according to the invention can also be made of other materials, such as wood or reinforced plastic, but the metal has proven to be the best.

The device according to the invention has been successfully tested by the inventors in experiments at the Research Institute of Crop Production, v.v.i. in Prague, CZ. The results of the experiments are summarized in the following Table 1 (aids for laboratory use) and Table 2 (aids for field use).

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Table 1: Five-day seed consumption (in 4 repetitions) of 28 plant species of Harpalus distinguendus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the laboratory

rank i semínko j consumption I s1 consumption ............... s2 consumption s3 consumption s4 1: Crepis biennis | ¹² ' 14 8 ⁹ 2 ' Campanula trachelinum 43 22nd ²⁵ 19 Dec 3! Descurainia sophia j ¹⁴ I 7 3 11 4 I Matricaria inodora ¹⁶ I 47 ^{15 Dec 58 5} i Galinsoga parviflora 26: and 45 14 39 ⁶ i Potentilla argentaea 7 ^{18 8} I 15 Dec .....................................--- .....-.....................-...................... ... — .............................................. ...........................- ................................................ ’ .......................................... i ...............................................; ............... ... J 7 \ Arenaria serpyllifolia ⁶ i ⁹ 2 4 ^G I Lepidium ruderale 13 ¹⁶ 39 10 ⁹ \ Thlaspi arvense 28 ^{16 3} 18 10 Galium aparine 0 0 0 0 ¹¹ 1 Cirsium arvense 131 106 114 112 -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------— "" J L ......—------------------- j L ................................................. . .................................................. ..ΐ .............. J 12 i t Viola arvensis - | ^{79 14} 62 ¹³ \ Leonurus cardiaca ¹¹ í 7 30 14 14 i Stellaria media ³¹ I 23 ¹² 11> ¹⁵ ! Capsella bursa-pastoris 34 ’ ... ............_........ j ¹⁴ 14 12 ^16! Arctium lappa 6 í ^{0 0} 1 ¹⁷ I Amaranthus retrofíexus 44 I 19 Dec 27 Mar: ¹⁷ i ¹⁸ I Taraxacum officinale i 108 I 108 7θ 41 ¹⁹ i Melandrium album 68 ²⁵ 25 17 20 i Lapsana communis i 22nd 9 13 14 21 I Consolida segetum 8 4 1 4 22nd Bidens tripartita 2 2 10 8 23 Urtica dioica I ¹³ 27 Mar: 19 Dec 4 24 Melilotus officinalis I ¹ 0 1 1 25 Fumaria officinalis 0 0 0 0 26 Cichorium intybus 34 21 12 ³⁷ 27 Mar: Chenopodium album 17 14 5 17 28 Sisymbrium loeselii 8 11 1 ......................................... 8

«· ·

Table 2: Weekly seed consumption of selected three weed species (P.

annua, C. bursa-pastoris, S. media) predators in a field trial

seed caret position consumption Consumption: consumption consumption stoppers 1st week i Week 2 Week 3 4. week Poa annua 1 1-1 ........... 18 ........ J ............... ²³ .......... J 14 18h Poa annua O 1-2 30 28 30h 29h Poa annua ............. 1 ........................ J 1-7 4! 30h 29h 30h Poa annua ⁰ 2-8 | 11 i ............................ t 14 13 20h Poa annua 1 2-12 i W I 30 30h 30 Poa annua; 1 3-2 ³ J 30h ¹² 7h Poa annua | O 3-6 .......and . ³⁰ ........... i 28 16 24h Poa annua | ⁰ 3-8 í 27 .................... | 25 30h 30h Poa annua j 1 5-11 i 30 § 3h j - - Poa annua j ⁰ 5-12 30 30h 30 30 Capsella bursa-pastoris < ¹ 1-1 11 30 14 10h Capsella bursa-pastoris I ⁰ 1-2 ³ θ .......... 1 . 30 ...... i 28h 30 ........ J Capsella bursa-pastoris | ¹ 1-7 | 24 30h 30h 30h Capsella bursa-pastoris O 2-8 30 30 ....... J 15 [ 3 [ Capsella bursa-pastoris | 1 2-12 30 30 j 30h 30 Capsella bursa-pastoris ¹ 3-2 30 30h ¹⁴ 7 Capsella bursa-pastoris 0 3-6 i 30 30 i 4 5h Capsella bursa-pastoris 0 3-8 ²⁵ ] 30 i 28h 23h Capsella bursa-pastoris 1 5-11 j .................. <L ............ 1 26h - ___________AND Capsella bursa-pastoris I 0 5-12 - | 30h 30 30 Stellaria Media I 1 1-1 i 2 ¹² 9 10h Stellaria media i ⁰ 1-2 17 20 May 18 8h Stellaria media i 1 1-7 i 1 30h 24h 6h Stellaría media θ 2-8 8 ^{27 Mar:} 16 0 Stellaría media 1 2-12 j 30 j 30 30h 30 Stellaría media ' 1 3-2; 28 i 30h ⁰ 4 Stellaría media O ....... JS ....... J 19 i ²⁵ 0 13h Stellaría media ............. 0 i 3-8 14 ¹⁴ J 13 2h Stellaría media ¹ 5-11 0 ⁸ - - Stellaría media 0 5-12 22nd 30h ³⁰ 30

Explanatory notes to Table 2:

Stopper baits (from each type of seed) were always displayed in the indicated position, the wire cage was (1) or was not protected (0) by the canopy, h ... on plasticine, tooth marks (probably from rodents)

-. .. stopper carried by predator or retracted into soil

Claims (6)

PATENT CLAIMS A device for the use of stopper bait, characterized in that for laboratory use the device consists of a Petri dish (1), the bottom of which is poured with a substrate (2), into which the bait bait (3) is pressed, it consists of a key (4) in which the bait plugs (3) are located, a roof (5), the key (4) and the roof (5) being connected to each other by a simple coupling (6). Device according to claim 1, characterized in that for laboratory use, the substrate (2) is constituted by sieved sterile soil free of living seeds. Device according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that for laboratory use the stopper baits (3) are pushed into the substrate (2) so that their upper edge is aligned with the plane of the surface of the substrate (2). Device according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that for laboratory use the Petri dish (1) is filled with a substrate (2) up to a height of v / 2. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that for field use the cage (4) is made of wire mesh and is anchored by pushing the ends of the mesh into the ground. Device according to claims 1 and 5, characterized in that for field use the roof (5) is sheet metal and is connected to the wire mesh cage (4) by means of a connector (6) which is wire.