CZ20002408A3 - Actively controllable multifocal lenses - Google Patents

Abstract

The active multifocal optical lens has a first optical element (12), which provides the first optical power that corrects, for example, myopia, and the second optical element (14), which providing a second optical power, the latter being the optical element (14) is a volume holographic optical element that was programmed to focus the incoming lights. The biocompatible holographic element can be made from of a crosslinkable or polymerizable prepolymer where this prepolymer crosslinks or polymerizes to form a non-fluid biocompatible optical element during up to 5 minute irradiation with ultraviolet light source, whereby the prepolymer is a functionalized copolymer of vinyl lactam a CO. second vinyl monomer.

Description

Technical field,

_The invention herein relates to multifocal. lenses containing a " holographic element " and providing at least two optical powers. - _r

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

At present, bifocal ophthalmic lenses of various designs are available that are placed in or on the eye. an eye to correct vision effects, such as contact lenses or intraocular lenses. One of the common constructions of ophthalmic lenses is a type design

Concentric simultaneous vision. Concentric simultaneous bifocal lens for two optical zones that are concentric to each other. These concentric alternating optical zones have different radii of curvature in order to achieve two different optical powers - for near-images and for long-range images, and thus for focusing near and far images in the / common focal region. 'I .When concentric šTmultáhh "I""BTFbkáTní' ^{and 's'} of the lens ⁼ it ⁼ Z ⁼ available"^'= ™ after a certain' ^even údobŮ7 "prevent their practical application in a wide měřítku.Důvodem -is it,. that the images projected onto the retina by a concentric bifocal lens are composed of both near and far images, and the overlap of these images results in. that neither near nor distant images are clear. So, for example, if it is over a concentric • eee e eee e e β, ¾,. ·· .- ··········· · · 99. 99 99 in 2 simultaneous bifocal lens observed distant object, there are also images of nearby objects that veil or fog the image. of a distant object. In addition, since light entering the concentric bifocal lens is divided into two optical zones, bifocal vision is detrimental. contrast, and the intensity of vision of the focused object, which is

- particularly pronounced in low light conditions.

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Another concept of a conventional bifocal ophthalmic lens is a concept of diffractive simultaneous vision. These lenses have a diffractive optical element and a refractive optical element and use both optical elements to simultaneously project a distant and proximal image on the retina. Like a concentric simultaneous bifocal lens, a 'diffractive' simultaneous bifocal lens splits light entering the eye into a near and distant image and projects these images simultaneously on the retina. As a result, it is neither entirely clear nor close nor.

. remote Image> which again results in a problem related! with insufficient contrast and brightness of the observed objects, which is again undesirable in particular for. '' poor lighting conditions. . _L _ ¹

Yet another concept of conventional bifocal ophthalmic lenses is the translational-type concept. Translational bifocal constant lens. generally copies the concept of conventional bifocal lenses. The translation lens has two differently localized sections of vision that have different optical powers. The position of the bifocal lens on the eye must shift from one position to the other when the lens wearer wishes to see objects that are located at a distance different from the distance at which the focused objects are located. The main problem inherent in conventional. Translational bifocal ophthalmic lenses is the difficulty the wearer has to face when trying to change the position of the lens on the eye. The lens must move a relatively large distance on the eye in the event of a change from seeing through one section to seeing through the other section, and the shift from one section to the other section - the vision must be completely completed before. clear vision can be realized.

. An actively controllable concept has recently been proposed to achieve bifocal lens function. An example of such a concept is a simultaneous bifocal lens having a v. thermochromic coatings. This bifocal lens is. designed to activate the thermochromic coating on the optical zone of the distant vision lens when the wearer looks down to focus on a particular nearby object. The thus activated thermochromic coating on the remote vision section blocks the light passing through the remote vision section, thereby. preventing the image of the observed nearby object from being 'veiled or' obscured by the image of distant objects. However, this concept is not very practical, since commercially available thermochromic coating materials are not activated. And " do not deactivate sufficiently quickly for practical application of the concept. Another concept uses a lens that changes its focal length by a switchable bate _; river or photocell. This concept is also not very practical, since the electrical circuit and the electrical source must be small enough to be placed in an ophthalmic lens, while at the same time being reliable and durable. _ _________, ___________

In view of the above, it is clear that there is still a demand for ophthalmic lenses that would reliably provide the multifocal function of multifocal lenses of the art. Besides, and yet. have not had the drawbacks of the prior art there is still a need for optical materials that are easy to process to obtain a holographic optical element.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, a multifocal lens comprising a volumetric holographic is provided. an element having an optical power. The lens has more than one optical power, one of which may be. actively and selectively regulated by the wearer of the lens to allow the wearer to see clear and unpaired images. This lens is suitable for various optical lenses, such as contact lenses, spectacle lenses and intraocular lenses)

In one embodiment, the invention provides. a multifocal optical 'lens' having a first optical element and a volumetric holographic optical element, the first optical element providing a first optical power in the first focus and:. holographic optical element or holographic, optical. the element in combination with the first optical element provides a second optical power in the second focus. _'In another embodiment, the invention provides a multifocal lenses having a volume HOE'

an element, wherein the holographic optical element has a programmed activating angle, and the optical element provides a first optical power, for example, a corrective optical power, for light entering the optical element below. 'that is. out of range . and a second optical power for light entering the optical element at an angle falling within the range of the activating angle.

The invention also provides a method of correcting vision defects. The method comprises the steps of positioning the multifocal lens on the eye and moving the multifocal lens on the eye so that the focus is situated at the focal point of the eye. The multifocal lens may be characterized by having a first optical element and a volumetric holographic optical element, the first optical element providing a first optical power at the first focus and a holographic optical element or a holographic optical element ^- in combination with the first optical element providing a second optical, cardinality in the second. In another embodiment. of the invention, said multifocal lens may be characterized by having a holographic optical element having a programmed activating angle, the optical element providing a first optical power for the light entering the optical element at an angle that is outside the activating range and a second optical power for the light entering the optical element at an angle that is in the range of the activating angle.

The multifocal lens of the present invention is a. a high-performance, correction lens, which does not have the disadvantages of simultaneous vision lenses and conventional translation lenses. Within the scope of the invention, there is provided a biocompatible holographic element produced from a crosslinkable or polymerizable P? Tgdp polymer. The prepolymer is selected from crosslinkable or polymerizable optical materials capable of forming a non-liquid or solid biocompatible optical element for up to 5 minutes by irradiation with an ultraviolet light source. The cross-linking or polymerization time is measured by depositing the prepolymer between the lower and upper quartz glasses and irradiating the prepolymer with an ultraviolet light source which is a 200 W medium pressure mercury lamp positioned 18 cm above said quartz glass. Preferably, the biocompatible holographic element is a transmission bulk holographic element. The invention also provides a hydrogel holographic element which is made of said prepolymer. In addition, the invention provides a method of making a holographic element from a liquid prepolymer or monomer composition.

The holographic element may be used as a medical device, for example, as an optical lens or. eye lens. Such an optical and ophthalmic lens having said holographic l‘ element is relatively easy to manufacture and very suitable for correcting various ametropic states.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the attached drawings:

Fig. 1 shows an active ophthalmic lens according to the invention;

Fig. 2 shows the diffraction function of a holographic optical element for an active lens according to the invention;

Fig. 3 shows an active ophthalmic lens according to the invention;

•. . Figure 4 shows the transmission function of a holographic optical element; -,. Fig. 5 shows the diffraction function of the holographic optical element when the optical element is activated;

Fig. 6 shows an exemplary method of manufacturing a holographic optical element;

Fig. 7 shows the optical power of a holographic optical element; Figures 8 to 8B show the optical element according to the invention and the combination of holographic figure 9 shows the spectacle lens composite. according to the invention.

The invention provides active multifocal ophthalmic lenses. The invention further provides active multifocal lenses for glasses. Furthermore, the term optical lens will refer to both ophthalmic and spectacle lenses, unless expressly stated otherwise. The active optical lenses of the invention provide more than one optical power. More specifically, these lenses provide at least one optical power and at least one additional optical power that can be activated. In contrast to the prior art bifocal lenses, the active multifocal lenses of the invention can be actively and selectively regulated to achieve only a single time at a given time. optical power, without or substantially free of optical interference with other optical power lenses.

Said optical lens comprises a holographic optical element (HOE), wherein the suitable holographic optical elements for the 'active optical lens' are 'transmission holographic optical' lenses. elements. The bulk holographic optical element 'contains' interference scattering structures that are programmed 'or' recorded as a periodic change in the refractive index of the optical material. Tafo 'periodic

The change of -I-n-dex-l-omu creates the planes of maximum index. iom, i.e., the bulk lattice structure, in the optical material. These planes of the interference lattice structure in the holographic optical element will be described below.

Giant. 1 shows an exemplary active bifocal lens 10 according to the invention. It should be noted that the invention is described herein for illustrative purposes using a bifocal optical lens, although the active optical lens of the invention may have more than two optical powers. The active bifocal lens 10 is a contact lens having a first optical element 12 and a holographic optical element 14. This holographic optical element 14 is encapsulated in the first optical element 12 to form a composite active bifocal lens 10 in such a way that it is. the holographic optical element 14 moves together with the active bifocal lens 10. The first optical element 12 provides a first optical power to be corrected. ametropia, such as myopia (myopia). Alternatively, the first optical element may be a flat lens having the function of a carrier for the holographic optical element 14. As regards the holographic optical element for modifying the path, the light enters 14 'below the front.

14) is the light holograj this only o keno optical element - determined - in the case where

an optical element at a programmed angle, i.e., at an activating angle, that activates said optical element. Accordingly, in the case of "when light enters, at an angle that" is outside the activating angle, the holographic optical element 14 transmits completely - or substantially completely - the incoming light without significant modification of the light path, or for any modification of the light path.

Alternatively, the holographic element may act as a flat lens, except when the incidence angle of incoming light falls. to range: pre-programmed activation angle. When the holographic optical element 14 is activated, the scattering structures or the bulk grating structure programmed in the holographic optical element 14 modify the path of light to provide an optical power that is * fc e «fc

different from the first optical power of the active bifocal lens 10. In addition to the inactivable optical power, the holographic optical element 14 may also provide an optical power resulting from the shape of the holographic optical element 14 and the refractive index of the holographic optical material. element 14. Such additional optical power complements the material of the first optical element to provide the first. the optical power of the active bifocal lens 10 in the event that it is. coming light. enters the active bifocal lens 10 at an angle that does not activate the holographic optical element 14. ,

The term activating angle herein refers to the incidence angle of incoming light, which is defined as the angle clamped between the direction of incoming light direction and the normal to the surface of the holographic optical element 14 it satisfies. Bragg condition, so that the incoming light is scattered by an interference scattering lattice. the structure in the holographic optical element 14, which will be explained in greater detail below. It should be noted that the activating angle does not have to be a single value but can be a range of angles. The Bragg condition is well known in the art and is, for example, defined in Coupled Wave Theory for Thich Hologram Gratings, H. Kogelnik, The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol.48, No.9, pp.2909-2947 (December 1969). This Bragg condition can be expressed as, cos (φ-θ) = Κχ'23 .......

where K = 2π / λ, where λ is the lattice period of the interference, scattering structure, Θ means the 'incidence' angle of the incoming light, φ is the angle. slope, grid and B is the mean, propagation constant,. which can be expressed as B = '' '- j' ' .

• · io

2πη / λ, where n is the mean refractive index and λ is the wavelength of light. When the Bragg condition is met, up to 100% of the incoming light can be coherently bent.

Giant. 2 further illustrates the function of the 'homologous optical' element 14 of the active bifocal lens 10 of FIG. The z-axis, which is perpendicular to the planar surface of the optical element 14, and the direction of propagation of the incoming light R forms an angle of incidence σ with the z-axis. In the case where the incoming light R enters the homologous optical element 14 at an angle which falls within the range of the activating angle of the homologous optical element 14, then. the incoming light R is bent by a pre-programmed interference scattering structure, i.e. a volumetric lattice structure, of the optocoupler 14 as an outgoing light S with an output angle q which is different from the incidence angle σ.

Figure 3 shows another embodiment of an active bifocal lens of the invention. The bifocal active lens 16 is a composite lens having a first optical lens 17 and a homologous optical lens 18. Alternatively, the hygroscopic optical lens 18 may be sized. that only covers the pupil of the eye. The first optical lens 17 and the holographic optical lens 18 may be. produced separately and then bonded, e.g. using an adhesive. or, thermally. Alternatively. they may be the first optical lens 17 and the optical lens

The lographic ophthalmic lens 18 is made equally or simultaneously to one another such that the 'article' is a composite lens. This sequential or simultaneous concept is. particularly suitable when. the first optical lens 17 and the homologous optical lens 18 are made of one base material or two chemically compatible materials. Although the bifocal active lens 16 is formed in the embodiment shown, it includes a first half as the inner half.

β ·· «•:

• · · · · · · · · · φ φ. In the present invention, other combinations of different optical elements can be made within the scope of the invention.

Yet another embodiment of an active bifocal lens is a non-composite active holographic bifocal lens. In this embodiment, the active holographic bifocal lens is made of an optical material that forms a holographic optical element. The combination of the shape of the active lens and the refractive index of the material from which the holographic optical element is made provides a first optical power and the programmed bulk grating structure in the holographic optical element provides a second optical power. 'This. An embodiment of a non-composite active holographic lens is particularly suitable, wherein the material of the holographic optical element used is a biocompatible material which thus does not undesirably interfere with the eye tissue of the eye.

The term biocompatible material refers herein to a polymeric material that does not appreciably degrade or induce a significant immune response or unwanted reaction of the ocular tissue, such as a toxic reaction or significant eye irritation, while the material is implanted in biological tissue. the patient or when placed in contact with the biological tissue of the patient. Preferably, the biocompatible material does not appreciably degrade and does not induce a significant immune response or unwanted ocular tissue response during at least 6 months, more preferably for at least one year, and most preferably after. - at least 10 years. Suitable biocompatible optical materials are highly light-crosslinkable and light-polymerizable materials. Suitable biocompatible materials include derivatives and copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine or polyvinyl alcohol. polyvinylamine. Exemplary biocompatible materials,

• 9

9'99

9-99 99 • 9 99 which are particularly suitable for the production of the holographic optical element according to the invention are described in US Patent 5,508,317 and in International Patent Application

PCT / EP96 / 0O246. 'j » ¹

Holographic programmed so optical. has one of the activating angles at which the feature of the invention is the activating angle or range, respectively. wherein the holographic optical element is activated and the holographic optical element bends the incoming light to focus the light at the desired location.

1 and 5. illustrate the function of the holographic optical element 21 of a composite active lens. 20 that includes a holographic optical element 21 that is programmed to focus light coming from a short distance. When light coming from a distant object enters the lens below. an angle that does not activate the holographic optical element. 21, is. the light 20 is focused in accordance with the optical power of the first optical element of the composite active lens 20 in combination with the optical power of the crystalline lens of the eye (not shown) to. focal point 21 located. on the retina. more specifically, at a point of no vision. '

For example, the first optical element 23 may have a correction power in the range between + 0 diopters and -20 diopters. It should be noted that holographic. the optical element 21 may have an intrinsic optical power which is derived from the shape of the holographic optical element. 21 and the refractive index of the material, which is holographic. optical element made. As a result, said holographic optical element 21 may contribute to refraction. optical powers • · '»9 4 · φ 9 999 999 9 9 999 9 4 ₉ 9 ··. * · 9» 4 4 4 · ·

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 · 4

However, this intrinsic optical power of the holographic optical element 21 will be neglected in order to simplify the illustration of the diffractive function of the composite active lens according to the invention, since said intrinsic power may otherwise be easily evaluated within the scope of the invention. *

In case the holographic optical element 21 is not activated, it does not prevent the holographic optical element. However, when the light enters the holographic optical element 21 at an angle that activates the holographic optical element 21 (i.e., enters at an activating angle), it is bent by the holographic optical element. 21.

IN

It can be seen from FIG. 5 that when the incoming light enters the active lens. 5. At an angle that activates the holographic optical element 26, the lens together with the first optical lens 27 and the crystalline lens of the eye will focus the light on the retina. more specifically. instead of the sharpest vision (fovea). For example, light 28 from a proximal object 29 forms an image 30 at the point of sharpest vision when light enters the holographic optical element 26 at an angle that is within the programmed activation angle.

The angle of incidence of the incoming light relative to the active bifocal lens, more specifically to the holographic optical element of said lens, can be varied in various ways. For example, an active lens. it can be inclined to change the incidence angle of incoming light, which means that the lens wearer can change the incidence angle of light by tilting the view down while maintaining the head position. Alternatively, the active lens may have a position control mechanism that can

9 «9 99 be actively regulated by the wearer of the lens using one or more muscles in the eye. For example, the active lens may be shaped such that its movement can be regulated by the lower eyelid. It should be noted that the activating angle of the active lens 25 shown in FIG. 5 is too much to be easily explained in order to easily explain the nature of the invention. and thus the activating angle of the active lens should not be as large as the inclined angle shown in FIG. In fact, holographic optical elements suitable for use in the invention may be programmed to have a wide range of different activating angles that are consistent. with programming techniques known in the holographic field. Accordingly, the amount of movement necessary to transmit an active lens from one optical power to another can be easily varied depending on the design criteria and needs of each particular wearer of the lens. Even if the active lens according to the invention provides more. This active lens creates visible images that are 'focused at each time' by only one optical power. As a result, this active lens does not produce unlike conventional bifocal lenses such as. for example, concentric simultaneous bifocal lenses, - blurred and hazy images. Turn attention again to Fig. 5-. When the lens is active. 25 is positioned to observe the proximal object 29 (i.e., when the angle of incidence of light coming from the proximal object 29 is in the range of the activating angle of the holographic optical element

6) then the light coming from the proximal object 2 9 is focused by the holographic optical element 26 together with the first optical lens 27 and the crystalline lens of the eye at the retina 30 to the point of sharper vision. At the same time from the distant objects within the activating angle of the active lens 25. Accordingly, the path of light coming from the · 90

0 distant objects are modified holographic _{with the} optical element 26, while the path of light coming from nearby objects is modified, ie. bent, the first optical lens 27 and the crystalline lens of the eye. Light coming from distant objects is therefore focused such that it forms an image in an area 31 that is located outside the most acute vision area (outside the fove). Consequently, the focused images of near and distant objects are not concentrically or axially aligned. It has been found that an image that is formed outside the area 31 is not clearly perceived by the wearer 25 and is readily unregistered by the active wearer region 25 and thus included in the peripheral vision. As a result, the wearer of the lens 25 is able to clearly observe the proximal object 29 without the proximity image. The subject has been blurred due to interference. light from distant objects.

Similarly, when the active lens is positioned to observe a distant object, for example, as in the situation shown in FIG. 4, light 22 coming from the distant objects enters the lens at an angle that is outside the range of the activating angle of the holograph. optical element 21.

Therefore, the path of this light is not affected by the holographic optical element 21,. it is only influenced by the first optical element 23 and the crystalline lens of the eye, resulting in an image of the distant object in the focus 24,

... i.e. in the area of the netting: - roof irritation. At the same time - the time the light from a near object focus and bent HOE 21 ^and: promítnuto- to -. The area of the retina that is, outside the sharpest vision. Accordingly, the lens wearer observes a clear image of the distant object without significant disturbing interference.

J.

··· · ···. ··· eeee with β * «· *« and i

Advantage of ‘blurred image provided by active.

The lens of the invention results from the construction of this 'active 1' lens that utilizes the inherent anatomy of the eye. It is known that the concentration of retinal receptors outside the fovei region is drastically lower than the concentration of retinal receptors in the fovei region. As a result, each image is not substantially out of focus. The region is clearly perceived since this image is optically undersized in terms of the number of retinal receptors that capture the image, and the lens wearer's brain perceives such an image as being included in peripheral vision. In fact, it has been found that the visual acuity of the human eye drops to about 20/100 in the case of objects which are already only 8 °. out of line of view. In the above-described concept of active control, the active lens of the invention provides clear images within one optical power while utilizing the inherent anatomy of the eye. By utilizing the inherent retinal receptor anatomy and the ability to program different ranges of -activating-angles in the holographic optiocular lens element, the active lens of the invention provides a clear one. images of objects / located at different, distances. Unlike different simultaneous bifocal lenses, the active lens of the present invention provides undisturbed, clear images, and unlike translational bifocal lenses, the active lens of the present invention can be easily designed to selectively observe images from different. only a small lens movement is needed.

Holographic _? The optical elements according to the invention can be made, for example, from polymerizable or crosslinkable materials, in particular from a liquid optical material. Suitable polymerizable and crosslinkable materials for the holographic optical element are described below. For the sake of simplicity, only the term polymerizable material will be used, and the term will include both polymerizable and non-polymerizable materials

4

9 99 • 4

No. 9,994, unless otherwise specifically stated.

An exemplary method of manufacturing a holographic optical element according to the invention is illustrated in Fig. 6. The light 33 from the point source is. projected onto a light-polymerizable optical material 33 (ie, a light-polymerizable holographic element), wherein a collimated reference light 34 is projected onto the light-polymerizable material 33 at the same time so that the electromagnetic waves of the light 32 areferential light 34 interfere scattering Optically, the optical-optical polymer is light-forming in the light and is projected toward the material 33, the structures being recorded in the material after it. polymerization, thereby polymerizable. Optical material 33. The light-polymerizable material 33 is a light-polymerizable material that is polymerized by both light 32 and light. Preferably, the light 3.2 and the reference light 34 originate from a single light source whose light is split by the light beam splitter. Both, ·. the splitted portions of the light with the light-polyrerizable · light path 32 is modified to produce a point 32 light source. The point light 32 can be generated, for example, by positioning a conventional convex optical lens at a distance from the light-curable optical material. 33 such that the light is focused to a desired distance from the light of the polymeric optical material 33. The preferred light source is a laser source or more preferably a source of ultraviolet radiation. Although suitable wavelength of light. resources. depends on the type. light-directional optical material, preferably wavelengths of 30Ό to 600nm are used. When. the light-polymerizable optical material 33 is fully exposed and polymerized, then the resulting holographic optical element. Comprises a modulated refractive index structure, i.e. a volumetric lattice structure of a holographic polymerizable liquid optical element. whereas

35. In addition, when a liquid optical material is used to produce an optical element, it ^: converts the light source material into a solid holographic optical in-process; by this conversion, said volumetric lattice structure 35 is formed.

It can be seen from Fig. 7 that the polymerized holographic optical. the element 36 has a focus 38 that corresponds to the position of the point light source 32 of Fig. 6 when the light. . 39 enters the holographic optical element 36 from the opposite side to that of the said focus. wherein the light follows or substantially follows the reverse path

- collimated. 6 of the reference light 34 of FIG. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 illustrate an exemplary method of making a holographic optical. element having a positive correction power. Is evident/

that, with the application of minor modifications, the above-described method can also be used to produce holographic optical elements having a negative, corrective power. Thus, for example, to produce a holographic optical element having a negative correction power, a convergent light source can be used instead of a light source. which forms the focus on the other side of the holographic optical element than on which

..se ·, the light source is located. Within the scope of the invention, active multifocal lenses having different correction powers can be easily and simply manufactured. and designed for the 'correction' of -. ýc h 'ame. trop them ... states, such as eg ad.1 myop. hyperopia, prebyopia, regular astigmatism, irregular stigmatism, and combinations thereof. '

For example, correction powers. The holographic optical elements may be. by changing the distance, position, and / or path of the point light source, whilst activating the 4. .49. 9 «• 4 · e · eee ee

4 · ·

The angle of the holographic optical elements can be varied by changing the position of the point light source .a. reference light.

Within the scope of the invention, suitable holographic optical elements can be made of polymerizable and crosslinkable optical materials which can be relatively rapidly polymerized or crosslinked by light. The rapidly polymerizable optic material makes it possible that a periodic change in the refractive index can be created in the optical material and as a result is formed during the course of the process. polymerizing the optical material to convert it into a solid optical material with a bulk grid structure. Preferably, the suitable polymerizable and crosslinkable optical materials are selected from biocompatible optical materials, and preferably the suitable optical materials are selected from liquid, biocompatible optical materials that they polymerize. or crosslink to form a non-fluid. - stiff optical. Maj-enhancing .prvku- - defined shape during to- -a <-5 minutes or less than ⁵ minutes, more preferably within 3 minutes or less than 3 minutes, and the ještě- preferably within 1 minute, or less than. 1; minutes, and most preferably within 30 seconds or less,

30 'seconds, for example, during. The duration of the crosslinking or polymerization is determined by depositing the crosslinkable or polymerizable optical material between the two silicon. slides that have '. The dimensions of the microscope slides are spaced apart at a distance of 10-0 μτη by a spacer.

Sufficient quantity is deposited on the first silica glass.

an optical material to form a circular droplet having a diameter of approx. , 14. mra and optical, the material is covered with a second silica glass. Alternatively, a spacer may be used to create a '' cylindrical space 'between; The optical material between the two, quartz glasses, is then irradiated with 200 W medium pressure. β β βίϊ e. e e · ^ ^ ^ ^...... A mercury vapor lamp located at a distance of 18 cm above the above-mentioned silica glass;

An exemplary group of biocompatible polymerizable optical materials suitable for use in the present invention is described in US Patent 5,508,317. A preferred group of polymerizable optical materials described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 5,508,317. are. materials that .. may

1.3- diol. a base structure in which a certain percentage of 1,3-diol units have been modified to

1.3. A dioxane having the position; 2 a radical which is polymerizable but unpolymerized. The polymerizable optical material is preferably a polyvinyl alcohol derivative having a mass. an average molecular weight M _w of at least about 2000, having about 0.5 to about 80% by weight of the polyvinyl alcohol hydroxy units of the units of formula I

ve κr e rém '. '' ™,

R represents a lower alkynene group containing up to 8 carbon atoms,

.Znamená ^R1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical and R ² is an olefinically unsaturated, .elektrony attractant

a copolymerizable group having preferably up to 25 carbon atoms, wherein R ^{z is,} for example, olefinically. an unsaturated acyl group of formula R ³ -CQ-; which ->

R ^J is oleíinicky-unsaturated copolymerizable radical having 2 to 24 carbon atoms ..., particularly preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms ..

Exemplary olefinically. unsaturated copolymerizable group _and includes a group -ethenylovou · '2-propenyl, 3-propenyl, - 2-bu.tenylovou, hexenyl, octenyl and dodecane 1 verifies the _group:.

Within ž.ádoucího .provedení - group, R ² represents a group of a Formula II '. ·, · /, -.

R-CO-NH- ^(R4 -NH-CO-O) -R ⁵ -O] ^"-CC-R! Τΐΐ) wherein '·' - p is 0 or 1, preferably. 0, q is 0 or 1, preferably -O,

· R ⁴ and ^R each independently represent a.-Lower alkyl group having 2-8 carbon atomů-, arylene "having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a saturated 'divalent cycloaliphatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, arylenealkylene' or alkylene - '>.

• ·

an arylene group having 7 to 14 carbon atoms or an arylenealkylenarylene group having 13 to 16 carbon atoms, and

R ^J is as defined above.

The lower alkylene group R preferably contains up to 8 carbon atoms, which group may be a straight or branched group. Suitable examples of this group include an octylene group, a hexylene group, a pentylene group, a butylene group. propylene group, ethylene group, methylene group,. 2-propylene, 2-butylene and 3-pentylene. Preferably, the lower alkylene group R has from 1 to 6 and most preferably up to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred lower-alkylene R groups are especially methylene and butylene. . R ¹ preferably represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group having from ¹ to 7, in particular up to R ^1, in name. represents a hydrogen atom.

Carbon atoms, whereby

As for R ⁴ and R ⁵ // then lower. alkylene R ⁴ or. Preferably, R ⁵ contains 2 to 6 carbon atoms, the group preferably being a straight carbon chain group. Examples of zéza .. group .. ™. Include a propylene group. butylene, hexylene, dimethylethylene and especially, preferably ethylene. '. ..

Arylene group. R ⁴ or R ⁵ preferably represents a phenylene group which is unsubstituted or substituted by a lower alkyl group or an alkyl group; lower alkoxy and in particular is a 1/3-phenylene group;

1,4-phenylene or methyl-1,4-phenylene. '·

A saturated divalent cycloaliphatic group R or R ⁵ 'is preferably a cyclohexylene group or a cyclohexylene (lower alkyl) ene group, for example a cyclohexylene methylene group, which is unsubstituted or substituted by a cyclohexylene methylene group. substituted with one or more methyl groups such as trimethylcyclohexylene methylene. a bivalent isophorone group. The arylerium unit of the alkylarylene, or arylene, alkylene group of R ⁴ or R ⁵ is preferably a phenylene group which is unsubstituted or substituted by a lower alkyl group or a 'lower alkoxy group, wherein its alkylene unit is preferably a lower alkylene group. such as methylene or ethylene, especially methylene-skupina. Such groups R ⁴ or R ⁼ are 'therefore preferably fenylenmethyienová group. or. methylenephenylene group. '.' ,. .

The arylenalkyleharylene group R ⁴ or R ^{5 is} preferably a phenylene en (lower alkyl) enphenylene group containing up to 4 carbon atoms. an alkylene unit, for example a phenylene ethylene phenylene group. The groups R ⁴ 'and -R' ³ each independently represent a lower alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, phenylene. a group which is unsubstituted or substituted by a lower alkyl group, a cyclohexylene group or a cyclohexylene (lower alkyl) ene group which is unsubstituted or substituted by a lower alkyl group. a phenylene (lower alkyl) ene group, a (lower alkyl) enphenylene group or a phenylene (lower alkyl) enphenylene group.

• · • ·

The polymerizable optical materials of formula (I) are prepared, for example, by reacting polyvinyl alcohol with a compound of formula (II).

R ’

AND

R

AND

O \ h

AND

RN, R (HD 'R wherein R, R ^{1 of} R A- are defined as above and R' and R are each independently hydrogen / lower "alkyl or lower alkanoyl. Group such as acetyl or -is Preferably, about 0/5 to about 80%, more preferably about 1 to about 50%, and most preferably about 2 to about 15%, of the hydroxyl groups of the resulting polymerizable optical material is replaced by a compound of Formula II, I.

Suitable polyvinyl alcohols for ^; . derivatized polyvinylalkonol according to. invention. have a weight average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 100,000, preferably from about 10,000 to about 300,000, more preferably from about 10,000 to about 100,000, and most preferably,

These polyvinyl alcohols contain less than about 50%. preferably less than about 20% of the non-hydrolyzed. . _{characterized} yla'oetácových _n ^ '''' ™ - 'j Edna-tek'.'-- ^ - ™™ NAVI ---- "^ '--- = - ^ - mQhoU" - = - ™ . polyvinyl alcohols. contain up to about 20%; preferably, up to about -5%, of one or more copolymer. units, such as ethylene units, prolene units, acrylamide units. units, ¹ methacrylamide units, .dimethacrylamide units,. - hydroxymethylacrylate - · units, methylmethacrylate units,. methyl acrylate units, vinylpyrrolidone units, hydroxyethyl acrylate units, allyl alcohol units and styrene units.

Polyvinyl alcohol derivatives are polymerized in a solvent by a light crosslinking mechanism, for example using an ultraviolet laser, to form a holographic optical element. A suitable solvent here is any solvent that dissolves polyvinyl alcohol and vinyl comonomers. Exemplary solvents are water, ethanol, methanol, propanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and mixtures thereof. In order to facilitate the light-crosslinking polymerization process, it is desirable to add a photoinitiator _; capable of initiating radical crosslinking. Examples of photoinitiators that may be suitably used in the present invention are benzoin methyl ether, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, the photoinitiator Durocure 1173 and the photoinitiator Irgacure. Preferably, about 0.3 to about 2.0% of a photoinitiator is used. based on the total weight of the polymerizable formulation.

In the context of the present invention, the invention is:. suitable concentrations of the polyvinyl alcohol derivative in the solvent in the manufacture of the holographic optical element preferably range from about '3' to about 90%. weight, more preferably between about. 5. and 60% by weight, and most preferably between about 10 and 50% by weight, in particular when it is envisaged to use a holographic optical element. contact lenses. ... _ /

Another group of exemplary biocompatible polymerizable optical materials suitable for use in the present invention is described in the patent application. US (International Patent Application

Such suitable optical materials include

08 / 875,340 (CTCT / EP96 / 00246).

polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine or polyvinylamine derivatives containing an azalactone moiety containing from about 0.5% to about 80% by weight, based on the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl alcohol or the polyvinyl alcohol; the number of imine or amine groups in polyethyleneimine, respectively; polyvinylamine, units of formula IVa, V. —Ch ₂ -ch ₂

R4 v ° i

R - <- R (TV)

-ch-ch ₂ -nc = o

I. '

R — c — R (V)

OR II I ³

NH - C - C = CH

OR II -I ³ ..

NH-C-C-CH in which. R _x a. R ₂ independently hydrogen, alkyl atoms, aryl · wherein these groups. · Substituted; ' R. means

-3 group containing 1. to methyl; , R,.

one on the other means an atom containing from 1 to 8 carbon or cyclohexyl groups, they are unsubstituted or a hydrogen atom or an alkyl

8 '' carbon 'atoms, preferably

Q. ₌ , ^ ₌ n, eb, o _iS! preferably -O- bridge. Polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylenirines and polyvinylamines suitable for use in the present invention have an average molecular weight of about 2,000. to about 1

Preferably about 10,000 to 300,000, more preferably about 10,000 to about 100,000, and most preferably about 10,000 to about 50,000.

·············· ·. · 4 »» β β β β β β. . . . · · · ··· »...» · · · ·

A particularly suitable, polymerizable optical material is a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol derivative having about 0.5 to about 80%, preferably about 1 to about 25%, more preferably about 1.5 to about 12%, based on the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl alcohol units. wherein R 1 and R ₂ are methylene groups; R ₂ is hydrogen and R ₄ is -O- (which is an ester bond).

. '.'.

The polymerizable optical materials of formulas IV and V may, for example, be prepared by reacting an azalactone of formula VI.

R.

? 3 _Z N · —c — R \ ²

CH-C-C ² \ O-C = O (VI) in which R _IR R and R ₂ have. the above meanings, with polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine or polyvinylamine at elevated temperature ranging from about 55 ° C. up to 75 ° C, ve ^; a suitable organic solvent and optionally in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Suitable solvents here are those which dissolve the backbone polymer chain, and these solvents include polar polar solvents such as formamide, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamides, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine, nitromethane, acetonitrile, nicbenzene. chlorobenzene, trichloromethane and dioxane. Suitable catalysts include tertiary amines, for example. triethylamine., and. organotin salts such as dibutyltin dilaurate.

• φ ·

· * ♦ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * »·.» ·· '· ·. . In addition to the azalactone moiety, the optical materials containing the azalactone moiety may also contain other hydrophobic and hydrophilic vinyl comonomers, depending on the desired physical. properties of the polymerized holographic optical element. Examples of suitable. hydrophobic comonomers include alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates containing, in the alkyl radical of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkyl acrylamides. and alkylmethacrylamides containing in alkyl. C 3 -C 18 radicals, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkanoates, alkenes. containing '2-18' - carbon atoms; styrene, .vinylalkylethery, - C ₂ -C ₁₀ -perf luoralkylak acrylates. and methacrylates, Ck- _C12 -perfluoroalkylethylthiocarbonylaminoethyl acrylates and methacrylates. acryloxy- and methacryloxy-alkylsiloxanes, N-vinylcarbazole, alkyl esters.

malonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and others containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety.

Examples of suitable hydrophilic comonomers include hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, acrylamide. methacrylamide, methoxylated acrylates and methacrylates, hydroxyalkyl amides.

N-vinyl succinimide, and methacrylamides, N-vinylpyrrolidone,

N-vinylpyrrole, vinylpyridine, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and the like.

Optical materials containing - azalactone. the remainder of the polymer is 1-v. the solvent by a light crosslinking mechanism, for example using an ultraviolet laser,. to create a holographic. optical element. A suitable solvent here is any solvent that dissolves the polymer backbone of optical materials. - Exemplary. ' solvents include the aprotic solvents described above for azalactone. modifications, for example, water, ethanol, methanol. propanol ,. glycols,

These three glycerols, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and mixtures thereof. In order to facilitate the course of the light-crosslinking polymer process, it may be desirable to add a photoinitiator capable of initiating radical crosslinking. Exemplary photoinitiators suitable for use in the present invention are benzoin methyl ether,

1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, Durocure 1173 photoinitiator and Irgacure photoinitiator. Preferably, about 0.3 to about 2.0%, based on the total weight of the polymerizable formulation, of the initiator may be used. Within the scope of the invention, suitable concentrations of the optical material containing the azalactone moiety in the solvent are preferably between about 3% and about 90% by weight, more preferably between about 10% and about 50%, especially at about 10% to about 90% by weight. where it is contemplated to use a optocoupler as an ophthalmic lens. '·

Yet another group of bipatable polymerizable optical materials suitable for use in the present invention is a functionalized vinyl lactam copolymer and at least one other vinyl _; a second vinyl monomer. This copolymer is functionalized with a reactive vinyl monomer. Vinyl lactams according to the invention is 5- to _7-membered lactam of having the Formula VIT

Rb

Rc

(VII) wherein <represents an alkylene bridge containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms;

atoms,,

_R² is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing 7 carbon atoms .When ,, - arylůvpu group containing up to 10 carbon, atoms, or aralkyl or alkaryl having up to 14 carbon atoms, and.

R _c represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group containing up to 7 'carbon atoms, preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group. ,.

Exemplary vinyl lacquams that are suitable for use in the invention include N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl- ^; 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,

N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-piperidone

N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-caprolactam, _i

N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-pyrrolidone;

N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-caprolactam

N-vinyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,

N-vinyl-5-methyl-2-piperidone

N-vinyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone,

N-vinyl-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pyrrolidone.

N-vinyl-5-methyl-5-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone; ,

N-vinyl-3/4 ', 5-trimethyl-3-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone;

N-vinyl-6-methyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-6-ethyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-3,5-dimethyl-2-piperldone,.

N-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-piperidone

N-vinyl-7-methyl-2-caprolactam

N-vinyl-7-ethyl-2-caprolactam

N-vinyl-3,5-dimethyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-caprolactam,

N-vinyl-3,5,7-trimethyl-2-caprolactam. and mixtures thereof.

···· ·· • * ee • ·.

Preferred vinyl lactam. are heterocyclic. Monomers of the general formula VII having 4 to 6 carbon atoms in the heterocyclic ring. More convenient. vinyllactams heterocyclic monomer having a Formula VI.I, wherein the heterocyclic ring containing 4 carbon atoms and R _a and R _c independently of one .For other hydrogen or lower alkyl groups .. Particularly suitable vinyl lactam is

N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidine. Suitable second vinyl monomers include functional vinyl monomers having a functional group in addition to the vinyl group, for example a hydroxy group, an amino group. an amino group substituted with a lower alkyl group, a carboxyl group, an esterified carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an 'epoxy group' or a sulfo group (-SO..H). This functional group in the molecule <·. 'remains, when the second vinyl - vinyl monomer ·. · · The aforesaid v. reacting a vinyl lactam .z ¹ -cílem producing useful polymeric chain and * may be used for modifying or functionalizing the polymer.

Suitable ^1- functional vinyl monomers include a hydroxyl group together. alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, ethoxylated alkyl) acrylates alkyl) acrylates substituted with acrylates and methacrylates, epoxy (lower, and methacrylates, epoxycycloalkyl (lower and methacrylates), hydroxyl group lower, alkyl acrylamides and methacrylates). (lower alkyl), vinyl ethers, amino-T-group or hydroxy-substituted- ^1- styrene, sodium ethylenesulfonate, sodiumstyrenesulfonate, acid

2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfopic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, amino (lower alkyl) a, alkylamino (lower alkyl) acrylates and methacrylates, acryloxy-

9 '9 • 9

9

3-2 methacryloxy (lower alkyl) maleimides and allyl alcohol. As used herein, the term lower alkyl refers to an alkyl group containing up to 7 carbon atoms, preferably up to 4 carbon atoms. Particularly suitable functional vinyl monomers include

2 - hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 3 - hydroxypropyl methacrylate, acrylic acid,. 4-aminostyrene,

3-methacryloxymethyl-7'-oxabicyclo [4 '.. 1.0] heptane;

N-methacryloxyethyl maleimide, glycidyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate ammonium chloride hydrochloride.

Propyl methacrylate ammonium hydrochloride.

The vinyl lactam copolymer and the second &quot; vinyl monomer &quot; in a known way. in the presence or absence of a solvent. The copolymer may be a random polymer. The method of preparing a statistical 'polymer' is described. for example in a patent document.

5,712, .35.6. A suitable solvent dissolves said monomers and. 'polymer' prepared from these. % of the monomers a 'is substantially inert towards these monomers and the polymer. Examples of suitable solvents include water, alcohols, for example, methanol, ethanol and propanol, carboxylic acid amides, for example. . dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, ethers, for example, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and diglems, and mixtures thereof. . -.

Appropriate' . the copolymers have 'average molecular weight' = Ηωρύηο.5 ^ 3.3.ί ₌ , .2 ₌ . ₌ 0.0, .0 ^ Λ.ζ_ ^ 3.ί -1—0.0..0.-0.0 preferably 10,000 to 300

000, more preferably. 10 000 to. .100,000 and most preferably 10,000 ¹ to 50,000. ·. - '. '

Said copolymer is further modified with a reactive vinyl monomer to obtain rapidly crosslinkable polymers. Suitable reactive vinyl. the monomers have in addition to

vinyl; A reactive moiety that reacts with a functional group present in the copolymer to form a covalent bond while retaining the vinyl group in the monomer. Examples of suitable reactive, vinyl monomers include hydroxy-substituted alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, hydroxy-substituted (lower alkyl) acrylamides and methacrylamides, 'hydroxy substituted'. (lower alkyl) vinyl ether, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, amino (lower alkyl) and mono (lower alkyl) amino (lower alkyl) acrylates and methacrylates, methacrylates, methacrylates containing 3 allyl alcohol, epoxy (lower alkyl) acrylates and isocyanato (lower alkyl) acrylates and vinylically unsaturated carboxylic acids of up to 7 carbon atoms, as well as the chlorides and anhydrides of these acids, amino, hydroxy. or isocyanato-substituted styrenes. and ^'' epoxycykloaíkyl (lower alkyl) acrylates and methacrylates. Preferred reactive vinyl monomers include hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate, isocyanatoethyl acrylate and methacrylate, acrylic acid chloride and methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate ammonium hydrochloride and propyl methacrylate and propyl methacrylate. - '-

The functionalized copolymer is typically crosslinked or polymerized in a solvent by a crosslinking mechanism. exposure to light, for example using an ultraviolet laser, to form a holographic optical element, although said copolymer can. be polymerized by ______________ or ______ polymerized in the absence of a solvent. A suitable solvent in the present case is any solvent that dissolves the base structure of the polymer. Exemplary solvents include water, alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, carboxylic acid amides, dimethylsulfoxide, and their process can be supported, for example, dimethylformamide and mixtures thereof. A crosslinking photoinitiator that can initiate radical crosslinking. Exemplary photoinitiators suitable for use in the present invention include benzoin methyl ether, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, Durocure 1173 and Irgácure 2959. Preferably, 0.3 to about 2.0% based on the total weight of the polymerizable formulation is used. In the present invention, suitable concentrations of functionalized vinyl lactam polymer in the solvent are preferably from about 3 to about 90% by weight in the preparation of the holographic optical element. more preferably from about 5 to about 60% by weight, and most preferably from about 10 to about 50% by weight, especially when the holographic optical element is contemplated as an ophthalmic lens.

Another group of holographic optical elements for use in the invention may be made from a conventional or other recording medium for bulk transmission holographic optical elements. Just as it was 'mentioned' in the. With polymerizable materials for holographic optical elements, the point source light and collimated reference light are projected onto. recording medium ... for holographic. optical elements, such that the electromagnetic waves of the light of the point source and the coiled reference light create interference in said medium. grid structures. These interference scattering structures forming a bulk lattice structure are thus recorded in a medium for holographic optical elements. When it is recording

........... medium. ,, pro, ho logr af ic ké. again. elements., fully ./. exposed,.

. ' The recording medium for the holographic optical elements is developed in accordance with the holographic optical element development method known per se. Suitable recording media for transmission holographic optical elements include commercially. available recording materials; or. plates for holographic photography, such as bichromatic gelatin. These recording materials for holographic photography are

··. · ······························. 35 commercially available from various manufacturers including Polaroid Corporation. Other holographic media suitable for use in the present invention are, for example, described in International Patent Application PCT / US96 / 15600 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,340. If they are for holographic use. optical elements used photographic recording materials, it is necessary to consider the possible toxic effect of these materials on the eye environment. Thus, when a conventional holographic photographic material is used for a holographic optical element, it is preferable that the holographic optical element thus obtained is encapsulated in a biocompatible optical element.

-. material. Suitable biocompatible optical materials for encapsulation. such HOE 'components (including optical materials, which- .jsou suitable for the first optical element of the active lens of the present invention ,, such materials will be described below.' ·. ¹ '

As is known in the field of ophthalmic lenses, the ophthalmic lens should have a small thickness, thereby increasing the comfort level of the wearer of the lens. Accordingly, a dimensionally thin holographic optical element is preferred within the scope of the invention. However, in order to provide a holographic optical element having a high diffractive efficiency, the holographic optical element must be optically strong, which means that the light is bent more than. one plane of interference scattering structures. ways to get optically strong and. at the same time, the 'dimension-thin holographic optical element' is' ·. Programming the interference scattering structure -, -, in, direction,. ,,, ,, that is inclined. due to the length of the holographic optical element, such an inclined volume grating structure

the holographic optical element has a large angular deviation between the incidence angle of the incoming light and the exit angle of the outgoing light. But. a holographic optical element having a large angular deviation may not be particularly suitable for an optical lens. For example, when it is. such a 9 9 «

44. 44

4 4 44 4

4 · 4

4 4 4

44

A holographic optical element is used in an ophthalmic lens and when the holographic optical element is used. activated, the active line of sight is significantly diverted from the normal, straight line of sight.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, this angular limitation in the construction of the holographic optical element is solved by using ^{: a} multilayer holographic optical element, in particular a two-layer holographic optical element.

In Fig. 8, an exemplary, multilayer, holographic optic is shown. element. 40 according to the invention. Two dimensionally thin

Holographic optical elements having large angular deviations are combined in combination to provide a dimensionally thin holographic optical element having a small angular deviation. Said multilayer holographic optical element 40 comprises a dimensional dimension. the thin first / holographic optical element 42 and the dimensionally thin second holographic optical element 44. The first holographic optical element 42 is programmed to bend the incoming light in such a way. that when the light enters the holographic optical element at an activating angle of incidence and then the exiting light leaves the first holographic optical element below. Preferably, the first holographic optical element 42 has a thickness of about 10 to about 10 lc, more preferably about 2 to about 10 °. From about 0 to about 90, and most preferably from about 30 to about

... 5.0. | Lim .._... The second, hplp_graphic opopical element 44 is a preamble ^; n.

so as to have an activating angle of incidence j that is identical to the output angle β of the first holographic optical element

42., 'In addition' ^: is. second holographic. the optical element 44 programmed so that -that. focused the incoming light into focal point 4 6 when the light enters at an activating angle β. ¹ . . . .

♦ · · · · · · ·

Fig. 8B shows a second holographic element 44. Preferably, it has a second holographic. Optical element. 44 is about 20 to about 90 microns, and most preferably about 30 to about 50 microns.

When the first holographic optical element 42 is placed next to the second holographic element 44 and the incoming light. ·. .

is fed at an angle corresponding to the activating angle θ of the first holographic element 42, then the light emanating from the multi-layer holographic optical element is focused into the focal point 4.6. Using. . multilayer

a holographic optical element can be obtained with a dimensionally thin holographic optical element having a high diffraction efficiency and a small angular deviation. In addition to the benefits. . high 'diffraction ^efficiency: a small angle, deviace'poskytuje -holografického a multilayer optic has a further advantage which matches include "correction of dispersion aberration and chromatic aberration. A single holographic optical element can produce images having dispersive and chromatic aberrations since the visible light is formed by an electromagnetic spectrum. waves having different wavelengths and differences in wavelengths may cause these electromagnetic waves to be bent by a different holographic optical element

- way. It has been found that a multilayer, in particular a two-layer, holographic optical element is capable of correcting the said. . aberrations that. can _: 'be caused'. a single-layer holographic optical element. Accordingly, poses _; i »-., · * · '- multilayer. -holographic - -optical -. element ... advantageous.

The holographic optical component of the active lenses according to the invention. ; Within the scope of the invention, the holographic optical elements of the invention preferably have a diffraction efficiency of at least 70%, more preferably at least 80% and most preferably at least 0%. 0

• 0

0 '• ··

1 «

. % for all 'or substantially all wavelengths of the visible region of light. Particularly suitable holographic optical elements for use in the invention have a diffraction efficiency of 100% for all wavelengths of the visible region of light. of the invention may, however, be. Holographic optical elements having a diffraction efficiency lower than that determined above. In addition, the preferred holographic optical elements of the invention have a sharp transition angle between the activated and non-activated states, and not gradual transition angles, as a result of which activation and deactivation can be achieved only by a small movement of the active lens. There is no 'in-motion' between the activated and deactivated state. the creation of transition images or only minimal creation of transition images. . ´ • Regarding the first optical material of an active lens, 'can it' be used optical? material 'suitable for' hard 'lenses, lenses, gas permeable or hydrogel lenses. Suitable polymeric materials for the first optical element of the active ophthalmic lens include hydrogel materials, solid gas permeable materials, and solid materials which are known to be useful in the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, such as contact lenses. they typically have a crosslinked hydrophilic network and contain about 35 to about 75% by weight of water based on the total weight of the hydrogel material. Examples of suitable hydrogel materials "..... are ___________" copolymers ... '......__ containing /

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and at least one other comonomer, such as 2-hydroxyacrylate; ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinvipyrrolidor, N-vinyl acrylamide, hydroxypropyl methacrylate,. isobutyl methacrylate, styrene, ethoxyethyl methacrylate. , methoxytriethylene glycol methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, diacetone acrylamide,. vinyl acetate, acrylamide,

Hydroxytrimethylene acrylate; methoxymethyl methacrylate; acid; acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, glyceryl ether acrylate and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate. Other suitable hydrogel materials include copolymers containing methyl vinyl carbazole or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Another group of suitable hydrogel materials includes polymerizable materials such as modified polyvinyl alcohols, polyethyleneimines, and polyvinylamines that are. for example, as described in US Patent 5,508,317 and in International Patent Application. PCT / EP96 / 01265. Yet another group. Highly suitable hydrogel materials include the 'silicone copolymers described in International Patent Application PCT / EP96 / 01265. Solid gas permeable materials suitable for use in the present invention include crosslinked siloxane polymers. The network of such polymers incorporates suitable cross-linking agents such as, in particular, ethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, and acrylates or methacrylates or vinyl compounds, such as N-methylaminodivinylcarbazole. · ’

N, N'-dimethylbisacrylamide, trihydroxypropane triacrylate, other similar polyfunctional

Suitable solid materials include acrylates, for example methacrylates, diacrylates and dlmethacrylates, pyrrolidones, styrenes, amides, acrylamides. carbonates,. vinyls, acrylonitriles, sulfones and the like. Of these suitable materials, hydrogel materials are particularly suitable for use in the present invention.

In the holographic invention, the first optical element and the optical element may be laminated, or the holographic optical element may be encapsulated in the first optical element to form an active lens when a composite active lens is to be obtained. In addition, if the 'se' · • 4 ··

4 · 4 4 · 4 4 • 4 <

Producing an ophthalmic active lens using a non-biocompatible holographic optical element, said holographic optical element preferably encapsulating the first optical element such that said non-biocompatible holographic optical element does not come into direct contact with the eye environment and thus cannot adversely affect the long term 'affect health. cornea. Alternatively, in accordance with the foregoing, the active lens may be made of a biocompatible holographic optical element, so that the holographic optical element can provide both the diffractive and refractive functions of the active lens. - - ·

In FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of the invention. A bifocal spectacle lens 50 is formed here by laminating a layer of a first optical material 52 having a first optical / power that provides a first optical power and a layer of a holographic optical element 54 that provides a second optical power. The two layers are produced separately and then joined together, for example, thermally or using an adhesive agent.

The composite lenses obtained can then be machined so that they can be inserted into the lens. a rim to obtain a pair of bifocal glasses in the final form of the glasses. The first optical,. the material 52 is conventional optical

a material which is used to produce ophthalmic glasses, for example x glass ^; polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, - while the holographic optical element 54 is formed of any holographic optical material that can be programmed to focus the incoming light as described above; way. Alternatively, the bifocal spectacle lenses may be made of a shaped holographic optical element. so that the optical shape of the holographic optical element provides a refractive power when the holographic optical element is not activated, and

999

4 '· · • · · β 4 9 9 9 9 · 4 4 4 4

9 4 4 <9 5

4 · 4

4 · 9

9 9 ·

9 «provides a diffractive grating ^structure: power when the HOE is activated.

The multifocal optical lens of the invention can be actively and selectively regulated to achieve one desired optical power at a given time without or substantially free of optical interference from the other optical powers of the lens, which cannot be realized with conventional bifocal lenses. Addition. The programmable nature of the holographic optical element of the active lens makes this lens very suitable for correction of metropolitan states, which are readily corrected by conventional correlation optical lenses. The "active" lens can be programmed to have the ability to correct unevenness. or a "twisted" curvature of the iris in irradiated astigmatism, which is achieved by specifically adjusting the configuration of the point source light and the reference light in the actual production of the holographic optical element. The invention will be elucidated in the following by way of illustration.

specific examples thereof, these examples have only. illustrative - the character and 'in no way' limit the scope of the invention, - which is clearly 'defined by the claims'. .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Example 1

About 0.5 ml of the Nelfilcon A lens monomer composition is introduced into the middle portion of the lower mold half.

45 · * · *

4 4 4 4 · e e β β · 4 · 4 * 4 4 * 44 · 4 ·

4 * 4 * 4444 * 4 ·· ·· • 4 βββ whereupon the upper mold half is deposited on the lower mold half to form a lens mold assembly. The upper part of the mold is. it does not touch the lower mold part, the two mold parts being spaced at a distance of about 0.1 mm. Both. the mold halves are made of quartz and are masked with chrome except for the central circular lens portion having a diameter of about 15 mm. Nelficon monomer composition. is a cross-linkable product. modified polyvinyl alcohol containing about 0.48 mmol / g. an acrylamide crosslinking agent. Polyvinyl alcohol contains about 7.5 mol% acetate. Nelfilcon A has a solids content of about 31% and contains about 0.1% Durocure 1173 photoinitiator. The sealed mold assembly is then stored below. laser spupravu. This. the laser kit provides two coherent collimated UV-laser beams having a wavelength. 351 nm, wherein one of these beams passes through an optical convex lens such that. a focus is formed at a distance of 500 mm from the closed lens mold assembly. The 'focussed light' serves as the light of the point source. The angle between the light source paths of the point source and the reference light is about 7 °. Said laser assembly provides a holographic pptic element having an added correction power of - 2 diopters. Said monomeric composition is: exposed to 0.2 W laser beams for about 2 minutes to achieve complete polymerization of the composition while achieving inter-dispersive scattering structures. Whereas the. in addition to the central lens portion, the entire form is masked, the monomeric composition in the central circular portion of the mold is exposed to the point-source light and the reference light, and the half-step step is e. The mold assembly is then opened with the produced lens adhering to the upper half of the mold. The Nelfilcon A composition is reintroduced into the central portion of the lower mold half, whereupon about .0.06. ml of the monomeric upper mold half with the lens formed is deposited on the lower mold half. The upper and lower mold halves are separated by 0.2 mm

•.

offset. The closed mold assembly is again exposed to said laser assembly except that an optical conventional lens is removed from the illumination assembly described above. Thus, the monomer composition is re-exposed to the laser beams for about 2 minutes to achieve complete polymerization of the monomer composition and formation of a second layer of interference structures. The resolving composite lens has an optical power derived from the shape of the lens and the refractive index of the material of which it is. lens made,. and activatable.additional correction power +2 diopters ...

Example 2

110 g of polyvinyl alcohol (Mowiol 4-88, available from Hoe.chst AG and having a degree of hydrolysis of 87.7% and an Mw (g / mol) of about 31,000) are dissolved at a temperature of 90 ° C ve. 440. g of deionized water, and the solution obtained is cooled to 22 DEG C. To this cooled solution is added 100.15 g of a 0.6% aqueous solution.

Methacrylamidoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, 38.5 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid. (-37% p.a., Merck) and .44.7 g deionized water. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22 hours and then adjusted to pH 5 with sodium hydroxide solution. The solution is then diluted with 3 liters of deionized water, filtered and ultrafiltrated using a 1-KD-Omega membrane produced by the company. Filtron, whereupon the solution is concentrated. There was obtained 666 g of a 17.9% solution of methacrylamidoacetalaldehyde-1,3-acetal of polyvinyl alcohol having a viscosity of 0.210 Pa.s. NMR showed 11. . mole% of hydroxyl groups acetalized and 5 mole%, acetylated, whereby the concentration of the aqueous polymer solution under reduced pressure and air blowing gave a 30.8% solution having a viscosity of 3.699 Pa.s.

i

To this 30.8% solution was added 0.7% based on the polymer content of Durocure 1173. The resulting solution was then introduced into a transparent form. Polypropylene for the production of contact lenses having a thickness in the center of the cavity of about 100 µm, after which the mold is closed. The solution in the mold was irradiated with a 200W Oriel UV lamp at 18 cm for 6 seconds. The mold is then opened and a transparent contact lens is removed from the mold. The contact lens is biocompatible, meaning that the lens can be worn on the eye for a longer period of time without having an adverse effect on the ocular environment. The lens has a modulus of 0.9 mPa and a flexural extension of 50

O, o ·

Example-3

A. lactone-modified polyvinyl alcohol is prepared as follows. 25 g of polyvinyl alcohol (Mowiol 4-98, which is commercially available from H.oechstf. And has a degree of hydrolysis of 98.4% and Mw (g / mol) of about 27,000) are dissolved in 100 g of dimethylsulfoxide at 65 ° C in a 200 ml round-bottom flask. with a mechanical stirrer and nitrogen atmosphere. 0.5 g of (1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] -undec-7-ene) catalyst was added, followed by 7.14 g (0.05.1 mol) of 2-vinyl. The resulting mixture was then continuously stirred for 24 hours at 65 ° C.

The resulting modified polymer is precipitated in one liter of acetone with vigorous stirring. The precipitate was filtered off and dried. In the modified polymer about 9 mol. % ·. The OH groups of the polyvinyl alcohol were reacted with azalaccon. The modified polymer is. dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to obtain - about 30%. . solution, followed by the addition of a photoinitiator, Iracacure, 2959 k. obtaining a 0.1% photoinitiator solution.

. About 0.6 ml of the modified cross-linkable polymer solution is placed on a silica glass and the solution is covered.

a second quartz glass, both of which have the dimensions of a conventional microscope glass. A spacer of 100 µm is maintained between the two slides. The crosslinkable solution between the two slides is then subjected to a recording process to obtain a holographic optical element, as described in the first recording step of Example 1. The resulting holographic optical element has diffractive efficiency about 70%.

The above examples demonstrate that the polymerizable optical materials of the invention, which are selected according to the selection criteria, produce. holographic optical elements, in particular biocompatible: optical elements that can be used in a variety of applications including optical lenses, for example multifocal contact lenses. .

Claims (4)

N O..R O K Y 1. A multifocal optical lens comprising a first optical element and a transmission bulk holographic optical element, wherein said first optical element provides a first optical power in the first focus and said holographic optical element provides a second optical power - in the second focus and the first and second focus are axially aligned. 2. Optifocal focal. the lens of claim 1. said optical lens is an ophthalmic lens and has a stabilizing mechanism. 3. A microfocal optical lens according to claim 1, wherein said holographic optical element bends up to 100% of the incoming light when it is present. - 'met. Sraggcva condition .. · 4 .... Mififocal optical lens according to. of claim 1. wherein said first optical power is selected from + 10 to -20 dioptres. - <. The multifocal optical lens of claim 4. The second optical power is a positive optical power. β V «« ft • · · ·· ··. · · · · <<, 6. The multifocal optical lens of claim 1, wherein said lens corrects myopia, hyperopia, senescence, regular and irregular astigmatism, and combinations thereof. 7. A multi-focal optical lens comprising a transmission volumetric holographic optical element having a programmed activating angle, said optical element providing a first optical power for light entering said optical element at an angle outside said activating angle. and provides a second optical power fart light entering said optical element at an angle that is the activating angle. 8. The multifocal optical lens of claim 7. characterized in that said optical lens is an ophthalmic lens and has a stabilizing mechanism. 1. . . ’ 9. The multifocal optical lens of claim 7. wherein said optical lens is a lens. . _n i a_ - ·· is contact 1Ó. The multifocal optical lens of claim 7, wherein said first optical power is selected from the range of +10 to -20 diptria. 11 _? The multifocal optical lens of claim 10. characterized in that said second optical power is a positive optical power. • · · · 12. The multifocal optical lens of claim 7 wherein said lens corrects, nearsightedness, farsightedness, age vision, &quot; regular and irregular astigmatism &quot; and combinations thereof. 13 . A method of correcting an ametropic state comprising: a) introducing a multifocal lens onto the eye, said multifocal lens comprising a first optical lens. element and transmission holographic. an optical element and said first optical element providing a first optical power in the first focus and said holographic optical element or said holographic optical element in combination with the guided 'first optical element' to provide a second optical power in the second focus, and. . (b) movement. said multifocal lens on said eye so as to be said ^; the first outbreak or - said, "second outbreak selectively" - situated at the 'point of sharpest vision on the retina of said eye. " The method of claim 13, wherein the optical lens is. and lens. a mechanism such that the lens can be moved from one position to the other. The stabilizer is to be stable 15 Dec The method of claim 13. of . 'N. characterized in that said holographic optical element bends up to 100%. of the coming light. if it is. satisfied- Bragg condition.16. 10. The method of claim 13, wherein said ametropic condition is nearsightedness, nearsightedness, age vision, regular or irregular astigmatism, or a combination thereof. ' 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said condition is age vision and said first optical power is selected from the range of +10 to -20 dioptres. ' Γ8. A method of multifocal visual correction, characterized in that it comprises ',', a) placing a multifocal lens on the eye, said multifocal lens comprising a holographic. an optical element having a programmed activating angle and said optical element providing a first optical power for light entering said optical element at an angle which is at least said; - activating angle. and providing a second optical power for the light entering said optical element at an angle that is the activating angle, and (b) moving said multifocal lens on the eye so that said first focus or said second focus is selectively situated in the eye. of the sharpest vision, on the retina. I, '·' i r. · ', P. -. : The method of claim 18. characterized in that said optical lens is an ophthalmic lens and has a stabilizing mechanism, so that said lens can be moved from one position to the other with the tablet. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein said holographic optical element bends up to 100% of the incoming light if the Bragg condition is met. . . • · 21. The method of claim 18 wherein said ametropic condition is myopia, far-sightedness, age vision, regular or irregular partigmatism, or a combination of said conditions. 2.2. The method of claim 21, wherein said ametropic state is age vision and that said first optical power is selected from the range of +10 to -20 dioptres. 23. A method for producing a multifocal optical lens for correcting ametropic states having a frontal curvature and a base curvature, comprising: (a) introducing a polymerizable optical material into an optical lens mold; and b) exposing said polymerizable. the material in said form by electromagnetic waves, said electromagnetic waves. During the polymerization of said polymerizable material, the waves form an interference scattering structure which is recorded in said lens to form. a volumetric lattice structure to form a volumetric holographic element. wherein said lattice structure is capable of bending light entering the frontal curvature of the lens and correcting said ametropic state when the lens is placed in, on or in front of the eye. . made from a pre - glymer crosslinks; or 24. A biocompatible holographic, crosslinkable or polymerizable element wherein the prepolymer polymerizes to form a non-fluid biocompatible optical element within up to 5 minutes ^; irradiation with a source of ultraviolet light, wherein the crosslinking time, or. ^51: ·· polymerization was measured by storing the prepolymer between the top and bottom slide .křemenné, 'which are spaced apart at a distance 100, and the source of the ultraviolet spectrum. 200 W medium pressure mercury lamp located 18 cm above said top silica glass. 25. The biocompatible ^x holographic element of claim 24, wherein said prepolymer is a polyvinyl alcohol derivative containing from about 0.5% to about 80%, based on the number of polyvinyl alcohol hydroxy groups, of the general formula Z. '. (and) - in which · . ' R. represents a lower alkylene group containing up to 8 carbon atoms; R ¹ represents hydrogen or. a lower alkyl group, and. R 'is an olefinically unsaturated, electron-attracting, copolymerizable group containing up to -25'carbon. educational a.toms. '' / 26th biocompatible holographic material according to claim 25, c h en characterized in that the 'R ² .znamená olefinically unsaturated acyl radical of formula ^R? -CO-, ve '. • fc fc. where R ³ is an olefinically unsaturated copolymerizable group containing from 2 to 24 carbon atoms. 27. The biocompatible holographic element of claim 26. characterized in that said olefinically unsaturated group is an ethenyl group. 2-propenyl 'J', 3-propenyl '. 2-butenyl, hexenyl, octenyl or dodecanyl. -28. A biocompatible holographic element according to claim 24, wherein said prepolymer crosslinks or the polymer is within 1 minute. . , · 29. A biocompatible holographic element according to claim 24, wherein said prepolymer crosslinks or the polymer within 30 seconds. 30. The biocompatible holographic element of claim 24, wherein said prepolymer comprises a lactalactone moiety comprising a polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine or polyvinylamine derivative. whereas . said derivative contains from about 0.5 to about 80% based on the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl alcohol or the number of imine or amine groups in the polyethyleneimine, respectively. polyvinylamine, units of formula IV or V '. ·· · * I · 4 '* 944 944 _2- ch ₂ -Ra (IV)' / R — C — R. About R. NH — C — C = CH, -ch-ch ₂ -nc = o R — C — R, (V) About R. NH — C — C = CH wherein R; and R ₂ 'independently of one another is hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl or cyclchexyl, R ₃ . represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms and R ₄ represents. bridging group '-O- or'-NH'-. , 31. A biocompatible holographic element according to claim 24, wherein said prepolymer comprises a functionalized copolymer comprising vinyl lactam and a second vinyl monomer, wherein said vinyl lactam is a 5- to 7-membered member. The lactam of formula (VII) is represented by the formula (VII) N Rb Rc (VII) in which. ’. R. represents an alkylene bridging group containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms, R. represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group or an alkaryl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing up to 7 carbon atoms, an aryl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms, or aralkyl. or an alkaryl group containing up to 14 carbon atoms, and. R _c 'represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group containing up to 7 carbon atoms. 32. A biocompatible holographic element according to claim 31, wherein said vinyl lactam is N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-caprolactam. N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-pyrrolidone N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-piperidone; '. N-vinyl-3-methyl-2'-caprolactam N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-pyrrolidone N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-5-methyl-1-piperidone, N-vinyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone N-vinyl-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pyrrolidone, ^r . . N-vinyl-5-methyl-5-ethyl-2-pyrrolidine, ... * · ··· · · · · · · · · N-vinyl-3,4,5-trimethyl-3-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone; N-vinyl-6-methyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-6-ethyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-3,5-dimethyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-2 -píperidon, ... N-vinyl 1-7-methyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-7-ethyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-3,5-dimethyl-2-caprolactam N-vinyl-4,6-dimethyl-2-caprocaltam, N-vinyl-3,5,7-trimethyl-2-caprolactam or mixtures thereof. 33. The biocompatible holographic element of claim 31, wherein said second vinyl monomer is a monomer having a vinyl group and wherein said functional group is a hydroxy group, an amino group, or a vinyl group. an amino group substituted by a lower alkyl group; carboxyl, esterified carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, epoxy or sulfo. 34. Biocompatible holographic element according to claim 32, characterized in that said functional vinyl monomer is selected from hydroxy-substituted. alkyl acrylates and ethoxylated acrylates and methacrylates, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, including methacrylates, epoxy (lower epoxycycloalkyl (lower alkyl) acrylates and methacrylates, hydroxy-substituted (lower alkyl acrylamides and methacrylamides and methacrylates) alkyl) vinyl ethers, amino- or hydroxy-substituted styrenes, sodium ethylenesurfonane, sodium sulfosulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, amino (lower alkyl) and allyl. no (lower alkyl) acrylates and methacrylates, acryloxy and methacryloxy (lower, alkyl) maleimides, and allyl alcohol. • 4 β * 4 4 ·· 4 4 « 35. A biocompatible bulk holographic element made of a crosslinkable or polymerizable prepolymer. by a process in which said prepolymer forms a volumetric holographic element when exposed to a coherent point light source and a reference light beam, wherein said prepolymer crosslinks or polymerizes to form a non-fluid biocompatible optical element for up to 5 minutes by irradiation with an ultraviolet radiation source. wherein the cross-linking or polymerization time is measured by depositing said prepolymer between a lower and upper quartz glass spaced apart by a distance of 100 µm and a source of ultraviolet radiation being a 200 watt medium pressure mercury lamp which is placed at a distance of 18 cm above said quartz glass. .- -. 36..Biocompatibilní. volumetric holographic. The element of claim 35. characterized in that it is a transmissive holographic element. 37. The biocompatible bulking element according to claim 35, wherein the bulking element is in accordance with the invention. characterized in that it is used in an application in which said holographic element is placed in or on the eye. 1 - · 38. A holographic element made of a crosslinkable or polymerizable prepolymer, said prepolymer being a liquid prepolymer and forming a holographic element when exposed to a coherent point light source and a reference light beam wherein the prepolymer crosslinks or polymerizes to form a hydrogel element at a maximum of 5 minutes of irradiation with a source of ultraviolet radiation, in which case the cross - linking time or. polymerization - measured by deposition of said prepolymer. between the top and bottom quartz glass spaced 100 µm apart, with the source / The ultraviolet light is a 200 W medium pressure mercury lamp which is located 18 cm above said top silica glass. 39. A method of manufacturing a holographic element, said method. comprising incorporating the composition. a crosslinkable prepolymer or polymerizable monomer into a mold, said prepolymer or monomer composition being a liquid composition, and use. light beams for holographic recording. wherein said liquid prepolymer or monomer is converted to a non-liquid element at most. 5 minutes. irradiation with the ultraviolet light source and the transformation time is measured by depositing said prepolymer or monomer between the lower and upper quartz glasses, the slides spaced apart from each other by a distance of 100 µm and the ultraviolet radiation source being 200. A medium pressure mercury vapor lamp located 18 cm above the top quartz glass. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein said holographic grid structure is a holographic grid structure. A volume-containing derivative of from 0.5 to about 80% of polyvinyl alcohol, The method of claim. 39, cited above. a polyvinyl alcohol prepolymer composition containing about 1% by weight. the number of hydroxy groups. of the general formula I. • · »·· ·· • · · · · · · '····» »• · · · · · · · · ··» ·· ^r .in. which means an alkylene group containing up to. 8 'carbon atoms,'. . R ¹ R ² · znamená'atom atom or a lower alkyl group and an olefinically unsaturated, electron--přitahu j ICI copolymerizable skupinu.obsahující.až .25 carbon atoms. The method of claim. 39, wherein said prepolymer composition. comprising a polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine or polyvinylamine derivative containing an azalactone moiety, said derivative comprising from about 0.5% to about 80% based on the number of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl alcohol or the number of imine or / amine-groups of polyethyleneimine, respectively; pblývlhy lamlnŮ7 '' ^! ýi ^, dnnbte'k '' generallibeh 'in y: c ⁼ ''' IV '''and''in ·· ··. · 4 · ch ₂ -ch ₂ Ra (IV) R — C— R. OR II ¹³ , NH-C-C = CH -ch-ch ₂ —n—. c = o AND R — C — R_ (V) About R. NH - C - C = CH in which R ₆ and R ₂ independently of one another are hydrogen, alkyl containing 1. R ₃ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and R ₄ represents a bridging group -O- or -NH-. 1 '. . 43. The method of claim 39, wherein said prepolymer composition comprises a functionalized copolymer comprising vinyl lactam and a second vinyl monomer, wherein said vinyl lactam is a 5- to 7-membered lactam of formula VII. · · <· <<<<* * * * * <<<<< "· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· in which.. R 6 is an alkylene bridging group containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms; R. "represents an atom. hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl, preferably lower alkyl of up to 7 carbon atoms, aryl of up to 10 carbon atoms or aralkyl or alkaryl of up to 14 carbon atoms, and R _c . represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group. containing up to 7 'carbon atoms. '