CZ13859U1 - Layered structure increasing heat emission from a heated surface and apparatus for heating - Google Patents

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a layered structure enhancing the emission of heated surfaces of materials composed of a metal or metal alloy and an infrared emitting material. High surface radiation can thus be achieved independently of the properties of the base material. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Heat transfer always takes place in the direction of temperature reduction. Convection heat transfer is a process in which heat is exchanged between a liquid or a gas and a solid surface by moving particles of a liquid or gas. The heat transfer by radiation (radiation) takes place without contact by the environment from one surface to another without heating the environment, which can be eg air.

The surface of each body heated to a certain temperature exchanges radiant energy with the surroundings. The amount of radiated energy is described by Stefan-Boltzmann's law and the energy distribution of radiation is described by Planck's radiation law. The largest amount of radiant energy resulting from the conversion of thermal energy is provided by an absolutely black body. Its emissivity, defined as the ratio of the radiant intensity of a thermal radiator to that of an absolutely black body at the same temperature, is thus equal to 1.

The body's ability to reflect incident electromagnetic radiation is called reflectance. This quantity indicates the ratio of reflected radiant flux to radiant flux, and can therefore be between 0 (absolutely black body) and 1 (total reflection).

Increasing or decreasing surface radiation is discussed in a number of publications.

For example, Japanese Patent JP 63 270 771 discloses a coating providing high radiation, impact resistance, and good adhesion to a glass or ceramic substrate, which coating is comprised of a resin binder, an infrared radiator based on metal oxides and ceramic powders, e.g. ZrO ₂ , and glass frits; pigment.

WO 0240601 provides a titanium dioxide heat-radiating coating in a reduced state. This material is used for interior walls of heating equipment with silicon carbide or chromite surfaces. The material is resistant to high temperatures, has a high emissivity in the infrared range and has a high resistance to corrosion by acids, alkalis, solvents and various components of fuel gases.

GB 871375 discloses a fiber brightness enhancement material, such as indirectly heated electron fiber, which is based on the addition of chromium, titanium or vanadium oxides, or iron or cobalt oxides. The coating has high resistance to high temperatures.

Nowadays, great efforts are being made to save materials and energy, to increase the efficiency of heat transfer with a small temperature gradient, and to dissipate large amounts of heat with the smallest possible surface area. It is also advantageous, for example, to use infrared heaters which allow local space heating. Thermal radiation heats the objects it strikes and heats the air. If the heaters are correctly positioned, 90% of the heat is transferred mainly to objects and only 10% of the air.

For example, Russian Patent RU 2147177 discloses a method for producing heating radiant panels in which an electrically conductive layer and a protective layer are applied to a dielectric or metal substrate provided with a non-conductive surface. This electrically conductive layer is heated by the passage of electric current and emits infrared radiation with high efficiency.

The binder of the electrically conductive layer used is a flame retardant polycarbonate dissolved for application to a concentration of 5% by weight in methylene chloride. Electrically conductive carbon black with a particle size of less than 50 microns, which is present in the suspension in an amount of 30% by weight, is used as filler. The thickness of the layer depends on the required electrical resistance.

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The layers are very easy to manufacture and have a high heat transfer coefficient compared to the layers used hitherto. The operating temperature is 40 to 250 ° C and the maximum wavelength of infrared radiation is 5.4 to 9.2 µm.

As another example, a dry blend used as an insulating coating is disclosed which comprises an electrically nonconductive carbon black sieved through a 50 µm sieve and a polyamide copolymer having a melting point of 70 ° C with a particle size of 50 to 70 µm. The mixture is applied to a metal backing or heating metal layer on a backing in the form of a powder and then baked at 240 ° C. The amount of carbon black in the mixture is 30% by weight. However, it has been found by further experiments that this arrangement does not provide technically useful optimum surface radiating properties.

WO 02/091801 discloses a method for producing heating radiator panels which make it possible to achieve a desired temperature field by spatially disposing an electrically conductive coating and lead electrodes deposited on a dielectric substrate.

Until now, however, it has not been possible to achieve satisfactory radiation efficiencies on the surface of any material at low production costs. Moreover, in some cases, the black color of the surface was an obstacle.

In the above-mentioned Russian patent RU 2147177, the radiation of a layer emitting an infrared radiation heated by the passage of an electric current, which is applied to an insulating mat, is used. However, if an infrared emitting layer is applied to an insulating underlay of, for example, plastic, fiberglass or glass, it is possible to achieve an emission value that is insufficient for many applications without the passage of electric current.

Thus, there is still a lack of material in the prior art which can achieve high emissivity values on all surfaces of dielectric and conductive, metallic and non-metallic materials. At the same time, the demand for low cost, available raw materials, easy preparation and simple application to the substrate are crucial for industrial use. In addition, the requirements for ecological properties and complete health safety must be met.

All these properties were achieved in the layered structure according to the present invention.

The essence of the technical solution

Surprisingly, it has been found that by applying a layered structure composed of a high-reflectance metal or metal alloy layer and a layer of infrared emitting material to a non-metallic base material, a significant increase in surface radiation can be achieved.

It has further been found that as a material for the metal layer or metal alloy, a high reflectance metal such as aluminum is preferred, with which high radiation values can be achieved.

Further, it has been found that by applying an infrared emitting mass to a metallic base material, it is possible to increase the emission of any metallic base material.

Surprisingly, it has been found that a further increase in surface radiation is achieved if a metal base material other than aluminum is additionally provided with a high reflectance metal or metal alloy layer, such as aluminum, prior to applying the infrared emitting layer.

Obviously, if aluminum or other high reflectance material is used as the metal base material, it is no longer necessary to use an additional metal or metal alloy layer, since the layered structure of the invention is formed simply by applying a layer of infrared emitting material onto the surface of aluminum or other material. with high reflectivity.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a layered structure with enhanced surface radiation consisting of a layer of metal or a high-reflectance metal alloy and a layer of infrared emitting material.

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The infrared emitting mass comprises 5 to 95% by weight, based on solvent-free, carbonaceous material or carbonaceous material in admixture with the silica material, and the remainder to 100% by weight of a polymeric binder from the group of thermoplastic, thermosetting and carbonizing polymers. x

Preferably, a metal selected from the group of aluminum, copper, silver, chromium, nickel and zinc is used as the material of the metal or high-reflectance metal layer forming the layer structure according to the invention. According to the invention, it is also possible to use a metal alloy. It is important that the material of the metal layer or metal alloy has a high reflectance of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. higher than 0.80, preferably higher than 0.85 and most preferably higher than 0.93.

The thickness of the metal layer or metal alloy in the layered structure according to the invention is not critical. Particularly important are the mechanical requirements, for example flexibility and corrosion resistance. For materials where bending cannot be excluded, for example, the metal or metal alloy layer must be thinner. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the thickness of the metal layer or metal alloy will also depend on the coating technology used. The metal or metal alloy layer preferably has a thickness of 1 to 25 µm.

The deposition of the metal layer or metal alloy in the layered structure can be carried out by any method known to the person skilled in the art, eg electroplasmatically. However, if necessary, the application of a layer by chemical, galvanic, adhesive bonding or a combination of different coating processes is not excluded, and the particular method used must be suitable for the base material used.

The amount of carbonaceous material contained in the infrared emitting mass will affect both the radiating properties of the surface as well as the mechanical properties of the infrared emitting mass layer and the properties of the infrared emitting mass composition, in particular its viscosity. The viscosity of the mixture must correspond to the method of application. Preferably, dipping, spraying, brushing or rolling, or any other suitable technology such as glazing, rolling, and the like are used to apply the composition.

It has been found that increasing the amount of carbon in the infrared emitting mass increases the surface radiation. At the same time, its mechanical properties also deteriorate. The preferred amount of carbonaceous material in the composition is therefore 30 to 60% by weight, based on the solvent-free infrared emitting mass.

The carbonaceous material used is technical carbon, graphite, carbon black, or any other natural or man-made form of carbon with similar physical properties. According to the invention it is also possible to use a mixture of carbon with a siliceous material, preferably for example shungite.

Sungit is a natural material that is mined in Russia. It contains crystalline silicate particles in an amorphous carbon matrix. The rocks have an average composition of 30% by weight of carbon and 70% by weight of silicates. This mineral is characterized by chemical stability and electrical conductivity. It can be used in industry in metallurgy, in radiation shielding materials, for filtration, as a filler in rubber and as a pigment in paints. The advantage is its ecological safety, favorable price and large inventory.

The polymeric binder layer of the infrared emitting material is selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermosetting and carbonizing polymers. Thermoplastic polymers form a layer by physical processes, eg by solvent evaporation. Thermoreactive polymers contain reactive functional groups and the layer is formed by polycondensation or polymerization.

In order to easily form a continuous film with the required thickness on the surface of the object and to ensure good adhesion of the infrared emitting mass, it is preferable to use a film-forming polymer. Film-forming polymers must have the following characteristics:

1. good wettability of the surface and easy spreading, the attraction of the polymer molecules to the rigid surface (adhesion) must be greater than their mutual attraction (cohesion),

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2. good adhesion and physico-mechanical surface properties,

3. drying at normal or elevated temperature (80 to 200 ° C) for minutes or hours;

4. wetting and maintaining a stable dispersion of the particles present in the polymer;

5. solubility in technically acceptable solvents.

The most important film-forming polymers are, for example, polyamides, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride, polyimides, polyolefins, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate.

Reactive oligomers are preferred as film-forming polymers. Because of their low molecular weight, low viscosity solutions containing, for example, 30 to 50% by weight film-forming polymer can be prepared. In this way it is possible to obtain at one time a layer with good properties with a thickness of eg 15 to 35 μηι. Oligomer solutions in reactive solvents, such as, for example, polyalkylene glycol maleate, triethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate and the like, are also used. Thus, copolymer coatings with advantageous properties can be prepared.

Water-soluble synthetic oligomers such as phenol-formaldehyde and aminoformaldehyde resins also belong to the group of film-forming polymers.

Thus, non-limiting examples of film-forming polymers to be used include, in brackets, the solvents applicable to the individual polymers: alkyd resins (xylene), polyesters (styrene), urea-formaldehyde resins (butanol + xylene), phenol-formaldehyde resins (alcohol), epoxy resins (ketones, esters), epoxy esters (aromatic hydrocarbons), furan resins (acetone + ethanol), polyorganosilo20 xanes (aromatic hydrocarbons), perchlorvinyl resins (esters, ketones), copolymers vinyl chloride / vinylidene chloride (esters, ketones), copolymers vinyl chloride vinyl acetate (esters, ketones), thermoplastic acrylic copolymers (ketones), thermosetting acrylic copolymers (butanol), polyvinyl acetal (ethanol), polyvinyl acetalmelamine formaldehyde resins (ethanol + cyclohexane), polyurethane (ketones, esters), polymers of butylene acetate (xylene), xylene acetate (xylene) - styrene (aquatic) dispersion), polyvinyl acetate (aqueous dispersion) and fluorinated copolymers (ketones, esters).

It is preferred, although not necessary, for the present invention to use a polymer with a temperature resistance of at least 200 ° C as the polymer. Temperature-stable polymers include substances which can be used for a long time (more than 50 hours) at temperatures above 200 ° C, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyphenylenes, aromatic polyamides, polyimides and polybenzimidazoles. For example, polyacrylonitrile or polyimide in the form of, for example, 10-15% by weight of a solution in dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide can be used for film formation.

The properties of the mass emitting infrared radiation are largely influenced by the amount of carbonaceous material present in the mass. Therefore, any thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer can be used as the polymer. Particularly preferred polymers are those which carbonize at a higher temperature.

Carbonization is the process of increasing the carbon content of a polymer mass by the action of heat, electromagnetic radiation, or chemicals. Thermal carbonization is mostly used. Depending on the elevated temperature behavior, the polymers are divided into 1) non-carbonizing polymers which decompose macromolecules into a large number of low molecular weight compounds, including, for example, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethylene oxide and polyethylene; and 2) carbonizing in which the reactions of the substituents take place without significant breakage of the backbone polymer backbone, including, for example, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose and cross-linked polymers. Phenol-formaldehyde fibers or coal tar can also be carbonized.

Surprisingly, it has been found that the use of carbonizing polymers and the corresponding heat treatment increases the emission of the infrared emitting mass. Without wishing to be bound by theory, they assume that the increase in radiation is due to an increase in the carbon

-4GB 13859 U1 emitting infrared radiation due to carbonization. Carbonation produces a bond system due to dehydration (polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose), HCl (PVC) splitting, cyclization and dehydrogenation (polyacrylonitrile), condensation and dehydrogenation (phenolaldehyde resins). At temperature increase up to 300 ° C, cyclization to form aromatic rings occurs, at further temperature rise (up to 900 ° C), the heteroatoms (O, N and S) are separated, hexagonal layers grow and their parallel arrangement forming packets of varying thickness, and carbon enrichment (to 85-90% by weight of carbon) and further increasing the temperature to 1500 to 1600 ° C, increasing the carbon content to more than 99% by weight, depending on the starting material and method processing can produce graphite. In the case of carbonization, temperature resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity and chemical resistance increase.

Polyacrylonitrile or polyimide is preferably used as the carbonizing polymer. The carbonization of the polyacrylonitrile-containing infrared mass is preferably carried out in an air atmosphere at a temperature of 220 to 300 ° C for 5 minutes (higher temperatures) to 24 hours (lower temperatures).

The layer of infrared emitting material may contain, in customary amounts, conventional excipients used in the manufacture of paints.

In some cases, the natural black color of the surface of the layered structure according to the invention may be obstructed. In such cases, an optionally colored topcoat can be additionally applied to the layered structure, the color preferably being selected from the group of non-radiation-reducing colors. Such dyes are known to those skilled in the art and their use does not significantly detract from the radiating properties of the layered structure of the present invention.

The technical solution in another embodiment also relates to a surface radiation-enhancing layer structure comprising a layer of a metal or a high-reflectivity metal alloy and a layer of matter emitting the infrared radiation described above, and in addition an arbitrarily colored non-radiation-reducing top layer.

A further embodiment of the invention relates to an apparatus with enhanced radiation comprising one or two vertical flat panels and fasteners commonly used in the art and further comprising a radiator panel arranged on one side of the heating panel or panels and on the other side of the panel or a radiator panel or a reflector panel arranged in parallel, each radiator panel having a layered structure on one or both surfaces according to the invention.

Preferably, the radiating panel is of aluminum or copper. In this case, by simply applying the infrared radiation mass, a layered structure according to the invention is formed and it is no longer necessary to use an additional layer of metal or a high-reflectance metal alloy. If the radiating panel is made of steel, a layer of a high-reflectance metal or metal alloy, preferably aluminum, is provided prior to the application of the infrared radiation mass, thereby achieving a layered structure according to the invention.

Advantageously, the radiant heating device is additionally provided with a fan. The fan is preferably located at the bottom of the apparatus and may, if desired, increase the heat transfer to the environment by conduction by air.

In a further preferred embodiment, the distance 1 between the heating panels is 1/15 to 1/30 of their height. The same distance 1 is also between the heating panel and the radiating or reflecting panel.

The advantage of this device is that in comparison with the patent RU 2147177, compared to the protective net used therein, a perfectly perfect covering of the heating panel is achieved with a high infrared radiation emission efficiency.

It is thus possible to achieve directional heating or heating even when direct access to live parts such as wet areas must be prevented for safety reasons.

In this case, a low surface temperature of the radiating panel is also advantageous in such cases.

The method of bringing the base material to the working temperature is irrelevant and can therefore be effected in any manner, such as, for example, by sunlight or infrared radiation, by means of a heat transfer medium such as steam, water, exhaust gases. arising from the operation of microprocessors and other electronic components, mechanical friction, etc.

According to the prior art, applying a layer of infrared emitting material to any base material will reduce the wavelength of the emitted radiation, increase radiation and thereby lower the temperature of the base material. Thus, for example, the same heating power of radiators can be achieved at a lower surface temperature, which avoids thermal decomposition of dust, microorganisms, and a phenomenon called oxygen combustion.

If a layer of infrared radiation material is to be applied to the surface of the base material of non-metallic material, the surface of the base material must first be cleaned, degreased and dried. For example, a layer of metal or a metal alloy, preferably aluminum, with a thickness of, for example, 2 to 10 μιη is then plasma-applied to the surface treated. The thickness of the metal, preferably aluminum layer is not critical to the nature of the invention and can be determined by one skilled in the art according to the requirements for flexibility, mechanical resistance and other properties of the resulting structure and in accordance with the coating technology used.

Examples of technical solution

The following abbreviations are used in the examples:

PAN polyacrylonitrile,

DMF dimethylformamide.

Comparative radiation measurement - relative radiation intensity

In comparing the radiating properties of the individual surface arrangements, the following method was used: In a room maintained at a constant temperature of 25 ° C, three 400 x 400 mm square plates were arranged in parallel at the same distance of 25 mm between the surfaces. The first plate was made of 2 mm aluminum and served as a shield. The middle plate was a measured plate of various materials, which, according to the particular arrangement of the layered structure, was provided with a layer of infrared-emitting material or a layer of infrared radiation. a high-reflectance metal or metal alloy layer. This plate was electrically resistively heated while the surface temperature facing the infrared sensor was automatically maintained at 100 ± 0.1 ° C. A 50 mm diameter hole was provided in the center of the second 2 mm aluminum sheet, which again served as a shield, and an infrared sensor was positioned 25 mm from the surface of the third sheet at its axis. The measurements were performed after 30 minutes of stabilization of the parameters under the above conditions, which were maintained for all measurements.

The maximum measured output voltage of the infrared sensor that was found in the copper + electrolytically coated silver + infrared emitting 60% C / 40% PAN configuration was used as a reference and set equal to 100. All other measured values are to this reference value, they are less than 100 and are referred to as relative emission intensities.

Example 1

Preparation of an IR-emitting mass composition with a carbon: polyacrylonitrile weight ratio of 40:60

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In a 2 L spherical flask equipped with a stirrer were charged 920 g of dimethylformamide (Chimreaktivkomplekt, Kupavna) and 80 g of polyacrylonitrile fibers NITRON-D (standard TU 606-C-230-87, Polimer, Belarus, Novopolock). During 2 hours of stirring at room temperature, polyacrylonitrile dissolved to give a solution with a concentration of 8% by weight of polyacrylonitrile in DMF. 120 g of technical carbon PME-80V (standard TU 38-11518-82, Yaroslavsky factory for technical carbon production), which was previously ground in a ball mill and passed through a sieve with a mesh size, was gradually introduced into this solution while stirring at 1000 rpm. 0.3 mm, to form a slurry with a weight ratio of 40:60 carbon to polyacrylonitrile, calculated on a solvent-free mass.

The mixture is further stirred for 4 hours, filtered through a cloth and optionally adjusted by adding a solution of polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide to be suitable for application by dipping, spraying or painting.

Example 2

Preparation of 60: 40 carbon: polyacrylonitrile infrared emitting material

In the same manner as described in Example 1, a suspension with a weight ratio of carbon to polyacrylonitrile of 60:40 was obtained by adding the corresponding larger amount of carbon.

Example 3

Preparation of a mixture for the application of infrared emitting material with different carbon content and PAN j

In the same manner as described in Example 1, a suspension having a carbon content of 30, 50 and 70% by weight and a concentration of the PAN solution in dimethylformamide 2, 8 and 15% by weight respectively was obtained by adding the amounts of carbon listed in Table 1 to the corresponding PAN solutions.

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Table 1: Breakdown of the amount of components for the preparation of the PAN solution and carbon suspension at different component ratios

PAN solution concentration (all% by weight) 15% PAN to carbon mass ratio £ ‘• e —3 tf * · jc o>> ro • st · xf it 5 sř? <o. CL O it 5 ” Carbon 50% O it r- MR 50% O m T ” Carbon 70% 349.5 MR 30% O it AND 8% Weight ratio of PAN and carbon Carbon 30% 34.3 MR 70% 80 Carbon 50% 80 MR 50% 80 Carbon 70% 186.4 MR 30% 08 / 2% PAN to carbon mass ratio Carbon 30% CD oó MR 70% 20 May Carbon 50% 20 May MR 50% 20 May Carbon 70% 46.7 MR 30% 20 May Z 03 < CL Ol Carbon g / kg

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Έ. w O C: •• w O ε JC 3 O w '-WITH θ '* (0 C with: O Φ Kň > OF < 0. • 3 ': O . * "* N O L— ω O ro to- * ». C Φ O C O 15% ch O ifi 850 g and'' 00 80 g 920 g 2% 20 g 980 g 2 < 0. DMF

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Example 4

Preparation of an infrared emitting composition using polyvinyl butyral instead of polyacrylonitrile

The mixture of Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer used was polyvinyl butyral and the solvent was methylene chloride.

Example 5

Preparation of a composition for applying an infrared emitting mass using polyvinylformal instead of polyakiylonitrile

The mixture of Example 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polyvinylformal was used as the polymer and methylene chloride was used as the solvent.

Example 6

Preparation of mixture for application of infrared emitting material using shungite or graphite mineral instead of technical carbon

The mixture of Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that shungite or graphite in an amount of 40% by weight, calculated on a solvent-free mass, was used instead of technical carbon.

Example 7

Preparation of a composition for applying an infrared emitting mass using polycarbonate instead of polyacrylonitrile

The mixture of Example 7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polycarbonate Macrofol (Bayer, Germany) and methylene chloride were used as the polymer.

Example 8

Preparation of a composition for applying an infrared emitting mass using polysulfone instead of polyacrylonitrile

The mixture of Example 8 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer used was polysulfone Ude1 (Union Carbide Corp.) and methylene chloride was used as the solvent.

Example 9

Preparation of an infrared emitting composition using epoxy resin instead of polyacrylonitrile

The mixture of Example 9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Epikote 828 (Shell) epoxy resin with 10% by weight polyethylene polyamide catalyst was used as the polymer and toluene was used as the solvent.

Example 10

Preparation of a composition for applying an infrared emitting mass using polyamide instead of polyacrylonitrile

The mixture of Example 10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polyamide was used as polymer and industrial alcohol as solvent.

Example 11

Preparation of a composition for applying an infrared emitting mass using epoxyphenol formaldehyde resin instead of polyacrylonitrile

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The mixture of Example 11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that epoxyphenol formaldehyde resin EP-5122 according to technical standard TU 16-504.010-84 was used as the polymer and ethyl alcohol was used as the solvent.

Example 12

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on glass laminate

The glass laminate ST-ETF (GOST 12652-74, manufactured by Elektroizolit, Choťkovo) with a thickness of 2 mm with dimensions of 400 x 400 mm was degreased with petrol and dried at 80 ° C. A layer of approximately 2 µm thick aluminum was applied to this material using a VNIIAVTOGENMAŠ type KDM-4M electroplating device using an EM-14M adapter.

The infrared emitting composition of Example 2 was dipped onto this layer by dipping. The layer was dried at 80 ° C for 60 min. After drying, the layer was fired at 180 ° C.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- untreated glass laminate (comparative example) = 15

a glass laminate with a layer according to RU 2147177 (comparative example;

self - extinguishing polycarbonate in methyl chloride, 30% by weight of electroconductive carbon black) = 29

glass laminate with a layer according to example 2 (comparative example) = 30

laminated glass laminate according to example 12 = 41.

Example 13

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on glass

A glass sheet of 2 mm thickness and 400 x 400 mm dimensions was degreased with petrol and dried at 80 ° C. The same glass sheet was left to be chemically silvered by a mirror restoration specialist.

The infrared emitting composition of Example 2 was dipped onto the silver layer by dipping. The layer was dried at 80 ° C for 60 min. After drying, the layer was fired at 180 ° C.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

glass without surface treatment (comparative example) = 20

glass with layer according to example 2 (comparative example) = 32

laminated glass according to example 13 = 49.

Example 14

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on glass

A glass sheet of 2 mm thickness and 400 x 400 mm dimensions was degreased with petrol and dried at 80 ° C. 0.05 mm thick aluminum foil was adhered to this sheet with an epoxy adhesive and smoothed with a roller, and the adhesive was allowed to cure for 24 hours at room temperature.

The glued aluminum layer was degreased with petrol and dried at 80 ° C. The infrared emitting composition of Example 2 was dipped onto the surface by dipping. This layer was dried at 80 ° C for 60 min. After drying, the layer was fired at 110 ° C.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

laminated glass according to example 14 = 48.

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Example 15

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on aluminum

The 400 x 400 mm aluminum panel, 2 mm thick, was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. On this surface a layer of the infrared emitting composition according to Example 2 was dipped directly.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- untreated aluminum (comparative example) = 11

- aluminum coated according to RU 2147177 (comparative example; polyamide copolymer + 30% by weight non-conductive carbon black, powder coating method, firing 240 ° C) = 53

aluminum with a layer according to example 2 (according to the invention) = 94.

Example 16

Preparation of layered structure according to the technical solution on copper

The 400 mm x 400 mm electrolytic copper panel was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. On this surface, a layer of the infrared emitting composition according to the example was applied by dipping

2. After measurement, a layer of infrared emitting matter was sprayed with Balakom, a.s. Opava-Komárov with low radiation attenuation and further measurements were performed.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- Copper without surface treatment (comparative example) = 12

copper with the layer according to example 2 (according to the invention) = 98

- Copper with a layer according to example 2 (according to the invention) and a color layer = 89.

Example 17

Preparation of layered structure according to the technical solution on silver

The 400 x 400 mm electrolytic copper sheet and 2 mm thickness was galvanized to a 12 µηι layer thickness. The surface of the silver was free of impurities with technical gasoline and dried at 80 ° C. The infrared emitting mass coating layer of Example 2 was applied directly to this surface by dipping. After measurement, the infrared emitting mass layer was sprayed with a brown paint with low radiation attenuation and further measurements were made.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

silver on copper without surface treatment (comparative example) = 8

- silver on copper according to Example 17 (according to the invention) = 100

- silver on copper according to example 17 (according to the invention) with a paint layer = 94.

The above arrangement according to the invention has the highest radiation and has therefore been chosen as a reference.

Example 18

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on brass

The 400 mm x 400 mm brass panel was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. On this surface a layer of the infrared emitting composition according to Example 2 was dipped directly.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- brass without surface treatment (comparative example) = 13

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- brass with layer according to example 2 (according to the technical solution) = 80.

Example 19

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on nickel

The 400 x 400 mm nickel sheet panel, 1 mm thick, was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. The surface was galvanized to a layer thickness of 20 µm. The infrared emitting mass layer of Example 2 was applied directly by dipping to the surface. After measurement, the infrared emissive mass layer was sprayed with a green paint with low radiation attenuation and further measurements were made.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- nickel without surface treatment (comparative example) = 11

nickel with a layer according to Example 2 (according to the invention) = 64

- nickel with a copper layer and a layer according to example 2 (according to the invention) = 75

- nickel with a copper layer and a layer according to example 2 (according to the invention) and a paint layer = 70.

Example 20

Preparation of layered structure according to technical solution on steel

The 400 x 400 mm sheet steel panel, 2 mm thick, was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. An aluminum layer of approximately 10 µm thickness or a 5 µm chromium layer with a copper-nickel intermediate layer was applied to the steel surface by a VNIIAVTOGENMAŠ type KDM-4M electroplating device using an EM14M adapter. A layer of the infrared emitting composition was applied directly to this surface by dipping, spraying or brushing (the viscosity of the mixture was adjusted with DMF as needed). After measurement, a layer of infrared emitting matter was sprayed with a blue paint with low radiation attenuation and further measurements were made. The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- untreated steel (comparative example) = 13

- steel with layer according to example 2 (comparative example) = 64

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight C), dip coating = 79

- a steel with a Cr layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight C), dip coating = 71

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight C), spray coating = 77

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight of C), brushing = 79

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 1 (40% by weight of C), dip coating = 68

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Examples 4, 5, 7 to 11 (40% by weight of C), dipping (diameter) = 68 ± 2

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 6 (use of shungite) (40 wt% C), dip coating = 63

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 6 (use of graphite) (40% by weight of C), dip coating = 65

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 3 (30% by weight C), dip coating = 60

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 3 (70% by weight C), dip coating = 85

- Al-coated steel according to Example 20

13859 U1 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight C), dip coating and with a paint layer = 74.

Example 21

Preparation of layered structure according to the technical solution with carbonization of polymer on steel

The 400 x 400 mm sheet steel panel, 2 mm thick, was thoroughly cleaned, de-greased with technical gasoline, and dried at 80 ° C. A layer of approximately 10 µm thick aluminum was applied to the steel surface using a KDM-4M electroplating device from VNIIAVTOGENMAŠ using an EM14M adapter. The infrared emitting composition layer of Example 2 was directly dipped onto this surface.

After drying in air, the layer was first freed of solvent by heating to 110 ° C for 2 hours. Carbonation was then carried out by heating in an air stream at 300 ° C for 30 min.

The following relative emission intensity values were measured:

- steel with an Al layer according to Example 20 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight of C), dip coating, without carbonization = 79

steel with an Al layer according to Example 21 and a layer according to Example 2 (60% by weight C), dip coating, carbonization = 85.

Example 22

Enhanced Emitter Heating Devices'

Three panels were arranged vertically side by side in the insulator holder. The first panel served as a reflector and was made of 2 mm aluminum sheet, 80 cm wide and 40 cm high. A heating panel of the same dimensions according to RU 2141177 was mounted in parallel at a distance of 2 cm. This panel was heated by passing a 230 V electrical current. From this heating panel, an aluminum radiating panel of the same dimensions as the reflecting panel was mounted again. provided on both surfaces with an infrared radiating mass according to Example 2.

A specific power of 0.2 W / cm ^{2 of} surface was obtained at a surface temperature of 90-110 ° C.

Measured results and discussion

The results show that a significant increase in radiation can be achieved for non-metallic or dielectric materials, where, compared to the prior art (plastic + infrared emitting material), an aluminum interlayer (plastic + aluminum + infrared emitting material) is achieved. ) an increase in radiation of approximately 30%.

In addition, it has been shown that the infrared emitting mass can be used even without direct electrical heating to increase the emission of any metallic material (in most cases about a nine-fold increase in radiation).

The highest radiation was achieved in silver, copper and aluminum. It has been shown that it is possible to further increase the emission of any metal to which a high-reflectance metal interlayer of, for example, 2 to 10 μιη thicknesses is applied, for example from copper to nickel or aluminum to steel systems.

It has been found that using different polymeric materials, the emissivity values measured do not significantly differ from those of Example 1, and the polymer can be selected according to the technological requirements for the mechanical, corrosion and other properties of the finished layer.

The use of carbonizing polymers has been shown to be beneficial in increasing radiation and surface resistance.

-13GB 13859 Ul

It is also important for industrial production to find that a mixture of carbon with a siliceous material such as shungite can also be used as the carbonaceous material.

Only a few basic embodiments have been described in the examples. It will be understood that other embodiments may be practiced by one skilled in the art on the basis of the information obtained, and therefore the examples described are not intended to limit the scope of the invention defined in the claims. Industrial applicability

The layered structure according to the invention has a versatile use. For example, if radiant energy (solar energy, high temperature radiation, eg, from an electric infrared heater) is supplied from one side of the panel, air or water may be heated from the other side of the panel provided with the layered structure of the present invention.

When supplying a medium such as water, steam or contact with another material heated to a higher temperature from one side of the panel, for example, air may be heated from the other side of the panel.

The use of a layered structure according to the technical solution will also be used in coolers, heat exchangers, for example in the automotive, electrical and power industries, where it is possible to use a significantly smaller area of coolers to achieve the same temperature of the cooled object.

Claims (5)

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS CLAIMS 1. A layered radiation-enhancing structure comprising a layer of metal or a high-reflectance metal alloy and a layer of an infrared emitting mass containing 5 to 95% by weight, based on a solvent-free, carbon-free, red emission emitting mass. or a carbonaceous material in admixture with a silica material, and the remainder to 100% by weight of a film-forming polymer binder selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermosetting and carbonizing polymers. The layered structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the material of the metal layer or metal alloy is a material with a reflectance equal to or greater than 0.85, more preferably 0.90, and 25 most preferably 0.93. 3. The layered structure of claim 2, wherein the metal is a metal selected from the group of aluminum, silver, copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc. The layered structure according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the layer of metal or metal alloy has a thickness of 1 to 25 µm. The layered structure according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the metal or metal alloy layer is an electroplasmatically deposited layer. The layered structure according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the amount of carbonaceous material or carbonaceous material in admixture with the siliceous material is 30 to 60% by weight, based on the solvent-free infrared emitting material. A layered structure according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the carbonaceous material or the carbonaceous material in admixture with the siliceous material is technical carbon, graphite, carbon black or a mixture of carbon with a siliceous material such as shungite. The layered structure of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the polymer is a polymer with a temperature resistance of at least 200 ° C. -14EN 13859 Ul A layered structure according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the polymer is polyacrylonitrile or polyimide. The layered structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that an arbitrarily colored non-radiation-reducing top layer is provided on the surface. 11. An enhanced radiant heating apparatus comprising one or two vertical flat heating panels and fasteners, characterized in that it comprises a radiating panel arranged in parallel on one side of the heating panel or heating panels and on the other side of the heating panel or heating panels. a radiating panel or a reflecting panel arranged in parallel, wherein each radiating panel has a layered structure on one or both surfaces according to any one of claims 1 to 10. 12. The enhanced radiant heating device of claim 11, wherein the radiator panel is of aluminum or copper. 13. The enhanced radiant heating apparatus of claim 11 or 12, further comprising a fan.