CS273613B2 - Means for damaged or faulty soils reclaiming - Google Patents

Abstract

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Mittel zur Melioration geschädigter, mängelbahafteter und/oder schadstoffenthaltender Böden und Massen, bestehend aus der Kombination mindestens eines Stoffes hohen lonenaustausch-und/oder Quellvermögens mit einem mineralischen Dünger und/oder einem das lonenaustauschvermögen aktivierenden und/oder das Wasseranlagerungsvermögen regulierenden Stoffes.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a composition for the restoration of damaged or defective soils, particularly in agriculture and forestry, as well as for the restoration of other materials.

In recent years, a gradual deterioration in the growth or health of various plants has been observed. Large parts of forest stands are ill. Damage due to flushing and soil erosion is also observed.

There are already large areas of the forest in which the trees no longer show virtually any growth, leaves and pine needles disappear and without additional intervention, the trees die. The same applies essentially to agricultural areas.

Furthermore, there are soils and materials such as heaps, landfills, sludge fields and the like that contain high concentrations of harmful substances, especially heavy metal ions to be treated. On this basis, attempts have been made to investigate the causes of these damages, or to analyze these deficiencies and / or toxic components and introduce countermeasures.

There are various causes of damage to forests, including, inter alia, disturbance of the nutrient cycles as well as the supply of harmful substances from outside.

The circulation of nutrients is of considerable importance in the case of forests. Trees take the roots of vital nutrients from the soil, with some of them firmly embedded in the wood. However, a much larger part is again washed out of the shoots, needles or leaves, for example by rain, and returned to the soil. Furthermore, by the fall of leaves and needles, fruits, fruits, faded shoots, bark and the like, a considerable amount of nutrients returns to the soil surface. While it was previously believed that the need for forest nutrients is met once and for all in this way, it is now known that this assumption is out of the question for areas with poor or degraded soils, as well as for areas where the nutrient cycle has been disrupted raw humus or dust and for areas with high air pollution.

In addition, factors such as soil type, water inlet and outlet, etc. also have an impact on the circulation of nutrients. water and air evacuation influence the humus content and thus the nitrogen content of the soil very much.

Existing attempts to improve the soil quality and to correct the nutrient cycle are essentially characterized by the selection of a suitable mineral fertilizer, so that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also magnesium, calcium and trace elements are introduced into the soil.

However, due to partially strongly acidified soils (pH values between 2 and 3 are not rare), considerable amounts of fertilizer should be applied to achieve the desired pH values in the range of 4.5 to 6. Furthermore, long-term trials have shown that this mineral fertilization only a temporary increase in growth and improved health of trees. This fertilization has the error that only individual nutrients are fed.

For example, when it has been found that liming of heavily acidified soils does not generally eliminate the nutrient deficiency, it is assumed that limestone containing foreign nutrients is used instead of limestone powder.

According to a more recent proposal, liming is to be carried out together with the addition of stone flour, especially for the soils poor in weathering silicates, covered with loess (unpublished proposal by Prof. B. Ulrich, Institut für Bodenkunde und Waldernahrung, Forstliche Fakultát der Universitát Gottingen).

These proposals are also only incomplete, as they attempt to solve complex soil conditions exclusively through the external supply of nutrients, and so the vital self-cycle of nutrients can be set only partially.

The proposed method according to the invention seeks to find a way to improve or regenerate damaged, particularly excluded soils, but also soils and materials with undesirable contents of particularly toxic harmful substances and soils whose organic balance is disrupted.

The measures chosen are intended to bring about as complex a therapy as possible in the sense that on the one hand the soil recovers the necessary nutrient content, but on the other hand the nutrient cycle is again fully self-sufficient. It should also partially remove odor nuisance to the extent possible.

The aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art have been overcome by finding a composition for the amelioration of damaged, particularly leached and harmful soil-containing substances according to the invention which is based on at least one mineral fertilizer embedded in a clay mineral consisting of a mixture of clay minerals containing 5 to 30% by weight kaolinite, 20 to 60% by weight of montmorillonite, 5 to 20% by weight of serism and / or 5 to 30% by weight of illite.

When referring to amelioration according to the invention, it is also meant to be improved by a single therapy.

In a preferred embodiment, a combination of a mineral fertilizer and a substance is suitable, which has not only a high ion-exchange capacity but also a high water-holding capacity, water-holding capacity and, in addition, the ability to bind organic derivatives, in particular humic acids.

Particularly suitable for this purpose are clay minerals, i.e. layered silicates of tetrahedra, which can add water and ions, giving the clay its distinctive properties.

The binding of water increases its volume, saturated clay acts as a reservoir of water, so that not only loosening the soil and thereby better air and water conduction, but also the formation of humus and clay complexes are promoted by means of the invention. .

The use of a substance with a high ion exchange capacity, in particular a cation exchange capacity, allows the adsorption of foreign cations, for example heavy metal ions, to clay minerals.

Important for the efficacy of the composition according to the invention are not only the clay mineral components, but their interaction with one or more mineral fertilizers and humus.

Examples of mineral fertilizers are lime, limestone flour, dolomite, as well as potassium fertilizer, and double salts such as potassium and magnesium or ammonium salts are suitable. Other minerals may be added individually or as part of a fertilizer. ^;

Lime is mainly used as a means to improve the soil reaction (increase in pH) and definitely contributes to the acidification of the soil. In addition, liming the soil also increases the efficiency of other nutrients.

In alkaline soils rich in lime and poor in clays or silicates, the composition of the invention acts, for example, as a mixture with superphosphate, magnesium magnesium sulfate and ammonium sulfate, reducing the pH of the soil and improving healthy plant growth.

It has been found that not only the sum of the individual influencing factors corresponding to the individual components used is observed when using the composition of the invention, generally the overall nutrient cycle is noticeably improved, apparently due to the synergistic interaction of the components and the activated reversible ion exchange capacity. The agent acts in the short-term but also in the long-term stabilization and with water fixation.

Thus, the water supply in the soil is advantageously influenced so that the recirculation of the individual nutrients is advantageously affected. The increase in the amount of nutrient minerals present in this cycle is also due to an increase in the biological bonding of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly in humus, the weathering of minerals in the soil, and further improvement in the movement of base water. owing to their water-binding capacity and adsorption capacity, they not only allow the binding of organic and inorganic pollutants, but also make it difficult to drain the base water, which

27 CS 273613 Β2 is associated with the removal of nutrients supplied and discharged in the groundwater.

Montmorillonite clays are active. Particularly suitable are serizitic and / or illitic clays which, by their suitable mineralogical and chemical composition, themselves bring important nutrients to the soil.

Addition of ion exchange activators can further enhance the efficiency of this component.

For example, a small amount of sodium carbonate or ammonia may be added.

The above properties make it possible to use the composition according to the invention for the isolation of landfills and the like. The term insulation is to be understood here in two ways. On the one hand, it is possible to achieve the isolation of landfills against leakage of water and also to prevent the penetration of noxious substances dissolved in the water, and on the other hand the isolation can be achieved in such a way that the harmful substances, which can make them harmless.

The composition causes an increase in the strength and elasticity of the insulating layer based on the ductile flow through the activated illit / serizite mixtures. This can prevent damage due to high static pressure as well as possible mechanical damage to the soil for other reasons.

By using the mixture according to the invention, the water permeability value (K,

-10 ^£ value) less than 1. 10 cm / s already at relatively low layer thickness.

According to the invention, a mixture of limestone flour or lime-containing fertilizer, such as dolomite, with a potassium fertilizer as well as a proportion of montmorillonite, illitic and / or serizitic clay mineral is preferred according to the invention. This composition makes practically all scarcity substances available to the soil and, moreover, provides the considered advantages of adsorption of harmful ion ions.

In addition, by combining the various nutrient carriers and active ingredients in the combination according to the invention, important advantages are achieved over the known ameliorations or fertilizers, since various combinations of nutrients and active substances can be combined. This is important because each soil is different, both in terms of its nutrient composition, pH, and in terms of its water permeability, humus formation and the like. By combining the individual proportions of the composition of the invention, it is possible for each soil prepare an optimal mixture for amelioration.

The invention makes it possible to obtain a targeted inhomogeneously produced mixture of activated clay minerals with different mineral fertilizers, so that a different ion concentration in a more or less tightly bound water layer corresponding to the needs of the plants is available depending on the composition and amount. The composition is therefore universally applicable, depending on the combination of active ingredients. It is no longer necessary to choose different measures to eliminate more damage, so there are considerable cost savings.

The present invention further provides a composition for the amelioration of damaged, defective and / or harmful substances comprising soils and materials, comprising a high ion exchange and / or swelling substance with one or more of the features described above, in combination with an ion exchange activator and / or or regulating the ability to bind water.

In comparison with the above-described composition, there is no need to add a mineral fertilizer.

For this reason, the addition of an ion exchange activating agent and / or regulating the ability to bind water is necessary.

This composition has been shown to be suitable for removing poisons from soils and / or materials containing toxic harmful substances. The efficacy of the composition according to the invention is the basis for the following effects:

Initially, the addition of the highly alkaline agent causes the de-acidification of the soil or material to be treated. The ions of the harmful substances, in particular the heavy metal ions, seem to precipitate as hydroxides - especially when the pH is shifted to the neutral range or higher - further being converted to carbonates. Both hydroxides and carbonates are extremely insoluble in water. They then remain practically inert and cannot negatively affect the nutrient cycle, since plants can only accept ions.

Lime, sodium carbonate and ammonia are particularly effective in the sense of the abovementioned effect, other preferred substances which activate the ion-exchange and / or water-binding capacity are listed below.

In addition, a substantial portion of the heavy metal ions are bound in the form of sparingly soluble heavy metal sulfides.

The soil treated with the composition according to the invention or the composition according to the invention. the corresponding materials can be substantially reduced in harmful substances, and a reduction in the content of harmful substances from 80% is readily achievable.

The composition according to the invention has further advantageous effects. When using the composition, the deposition of organic derivatives is increased, whereby the odor can be substantially reduced. In addition, the water content of the treated soil can be reduced. in the material to be treated, e.g. in sludge fields, by withdrawing more water by the composition of the invention.

The less water the deposited material contains, for example, the less the risk of leakage through the underlying layer.

The above-described composition is suitable for re-use in landfill areas, eg for treating a harmful substance containing heaps and for decontaminating eluates from landfills, heaps and / or sludge plants, as well as for treating sludge, with the advantage of being adsorptive to water-insoluble complexes, it is also possible to trap organic compounds, thereby substantially reducing odor nuisance. Drainage also occurs by the addition of the composition of the invention.

The mixture can be produced both at the manufacturer and on site.

The composition can be mass produced in various forms. It is possible to produce in powder form in order to later be spread at the destination and injected or injected. It is also possible to pour or disperse onto the soil and / or material to be treated. Granulation or retention in larger or smaller pieces is possible, unless mixing with the soil type is envisaged.

Depending on the prevailing soil conditions, or. on local requirements for the treatment of soils and materials containing harmful substances, the composition may be applied across the board, eg in layers, or applied to the treated soil or treated material, eg by spraying or spraying processes, or insulating layers may be prepared from according to the invention, eg using a landfill insulating agent or the like.

Surface coating is often preferred.

For damaged, particularly leached acid soils (pH value 3), for example, a composition according to the invention may be used having the following composition:

5 parts by weight of a mixture of activated clay minerals, 5 parts by weight of dolomite meal (possibly partially caustically baked or as a hydrate), 3 parts by weight of magnesium potassium salt (patentkali) and 2 parts by weight of ammonium phosphate.

The dosage amounts of the composition according to the invention depend on the soils or materials to be treated. Twenty percent by weight for the treatment of damaged soil can be considered a very rough exemplary value.

Example 1

The composition of the device is as follows:

montmorillonit 40 clay % by weight illit 20 May % % by weight serizit 10 % % by weight kaolinite 15 Dec % % by weight mineral fertilizer 15 Dec % % by weight As a mineral fertilizer is used here Kieserite-based fertilizer with a content of 27% by weight

magnesium oxide.

The composition made from the above mixture exhibits an ion exchange capability of 45 milliequivalents / 100 g.

Example 2

The composition of the device is as follows:

montmorillonit 25 % % by weight kaolinite 25 % % by weight illit 30 % % by weight serizit 15 Dec Ϊ % by weight mineral fertilizer 5 ΐ % by weight Mineral fertilizer the same as indicated

the ion content of this composition is 40 milliequivalents / 100 g.

Example 3

The composition of the device is as follows:

montmorillonite illit serizit kaolinite sodium carbonate dolomite

50 % % by weight 10 % % by weight 15 Dec % % by weight 10 % % by weight 2 % weight 13 % % by weight

Here, sodium carbonate serves to activate the ion exchange capacity of the composition and to increase the water binding capacity. Dolomite serves as a mineral fertilizer.

The composition has an ion exchange capacity of 55 milliequivalents / 100 g. The water-binding capacity is 120% based on the weight of the composition used.

Example 4

The composition of the device is as follows:

montmorillonit 50 % % by weight illit 10 % % by weight serizit 10 % % by weight kaolinite 10 % % by weight magnesium sulfate 3 % weight dolomite 7 % % by weight magnesite 10 % % by weight

In this case, the mineral fertilizer consists of a mixture of magnesium sulfate, dolomite and magnesite.

The ion exchange capacity of the composition is 50 milliequivalents / 100 g. The water binding capacity is about 75% based on the weight of the granular composition.

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Example 5 (comparative)

The composition of the device is as follows:

montmorillonite mineral fertilizer 50% by weight

This is the same mineral fertilizer as in Example 1.

The ion exchange capacity of the composition is only 20 milliequivalents / 100 g. The water binding capacity is limited to 50%.

Claims (7)

SUBJECT OF THE INVENTION A composition for the amelioration of damaged or defective soils in powder form or in the form of granules based on at least one mineral fertilizer embedded in a clay mineral, characterized in that it contains as clay minerals a mixture of 5 to 50% by weight of kaolinite, 20 to 60% by weight of montmorillonite, 5 to 20% by weight of serite and / or 5 to 30% by weight of illite. Composition according to Claim 1, characterized in that it comprises an ion-exchange activating agent, comprising in particular a carrier comprising alkali, alkaline earth and / or humus or other salts. 3. A composition according to claim 1, comprising a water-binding agent, in particular sodium carbonate or ammonia. 4. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the content of ion exchange activators and / or water-binding agents is up to 3% by weight. Composition according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the carrier consists of limestone, dolomite, potassium, ammonium and / or magnesium salts, singly or in combination. 6. A composition according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises a carrier comprising mineral fertilizers of alkali, alkaline earth and / or humus and other salts. Composition according to claim 6, characterized in that the mineral fertilizer consists of lime, dolomite, potassium, ammonium and / or magnesium salts.