CS243928B1 - Mixed explosives' component - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of tall oil as components of mixed explosives with an oxygen donor of the nitrate type in a quantity of 0.01 to 10% collar. the oil on the weight resulting mixed explosives. The process of the invention is useful in the manufacture of explosives type DAP, TPV, W / O and O / W and NCN.

Description

The invention relates to the use of tall oil as a component of mixed explosives.

The importance of mixed explosives in both civilian and military applications is increasing. The most widespread oxygen donor is ammonium nitrate - so the most common mixed explosives are ammonium-explosive explosives, consisting of two main groups:

I. mixtures of ammonium nitrate with fuel;

II. mixtures of ammonium nitrate, water with the addition of a plasticizer, and a substance of an explosive nature or sensitizer.

Explosions of the first group may be produced by stable technological equipment, but more often on site (ie in mobile mixers or in boreholes). Ammonium nitrate is mixed with a fuel, which may be a wide variety of organic compounds - but most commonly paraffins, fuel oils or diesel are applied. These mixtures have an approximate zero oxygen balance, which corresponds to a content of 94% by weight. % ammonium nitrate and 6 wt. diesel or fuel oil in an explosive; said fuel content will increase the value of the explosive heat from 1470 kj. kg ^-1 for ammonium nitrate up to 3,738 kj. kg ¹ , which is proportional to the increase in the working ability of the explosive over ammonium nitrate alone. Explosives of this type are known in the Czech Republic under the code designation DAP. Abroad, similar mixtures are called ANDK (in GDR), ANC (in Germany), Igdanit (in USSR, ANFO or ANBA (in Anglo-American literature)).

When the fuel is particulate, metal powder, and the like, these mixtures are also called nitrocarbonate and are referred to as NCN code.

Ammunition explosives of the second group are characterized by relatively simple and unpretentious production technology.

In our country they are known as TPV (water-plasticized explosives); in the United States and Canada, they are called "Slurry Explosives" for slurry consistency. Currently, the most widely used explosives of this type are as follows:

(a) 'Slurry Explosives' (code SE) which are sensitized by an additive of an explosive nature (trinitrotoluene, hexogen, nitroesters, alkanol or alkylamine nitrates, hydroxyalkyl nitrates, etc.);

(b) 'Slurry Blasting Agents' (SBA code) which do not contain explosive additives and are sensitized by non-explosive components, most commonly aluminum dust (eg Soviet Aquanals) and / or other substance (fuel oil, fibrous cellulose, polyvinyl chloride dust, sulfur, paraffin) , hexamethylenetetramine, polyols, sugars and others) or aerating additives (expanded perlite, glass chippings, glass hollow beads, cork, polystyrene, propylated ammonium nitrate, etc.) or gas-releasing substances (peroxides, nitrites, carbonates, l, 5-endomethylene-3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane and others).

The invariance of physical stability, i.e. the separation of the components of these subgroups of "slurry" explosives, while maintaining the fluidity or plasticity of the composition, is assured by the addition of a gelling agent (plasticizer) such as guar gum and its alkyl derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium or ammonium carboxymethylcellulose oxyethylcellulose, polyacrylamide and others.

The youngest kind of "slurry" explosives are water-in-oil emulsion compositions coded W / O, or oil-in-water emulsion compositions coded O / W; the production of W / O compositions consists of introducing aqueous solutions of explosive components into a hydrophobic liquid (fuel oil, diesel, etc.), and the production of the O / W compositions is reversed. These emulsions are stabilized with dispersants, such as fatty acid salts (especially stearic or oleic), fatty acid esters (e.g. deca-glycerin decaoleate, decaglycerin deca-stearate), partially esterified with polyols with fatty acids (e.g. monostearate, monooleate, monopalmitate, sorbite tristearate) - or diglycerides of fatty-forming fatty acids), further alkylphenyl sulfonates, soybean lecithin, oxyethylene-oxypropylene copolymer and others.

Emulsion explosives may be sensitized with nitro compounds, most commonly nitromethane or other nitroparaffins, but in technical practice, their sensitization with aerating or releasing additives is the most widely used.

In "Slurry" explosives, calcium nitrate and sodium perchlorate are sometimes used as oxygen feeds - the latter mainly in aluminized compositions. However, explosive mixtures based on ammonium nitrate are primarily characterized by low production costs, high safety of handling and production and the possibility of mechanization of blasting machines. This is the main reason why in technical practice the exploitation of mixed explosives of the DAP, TPV type and now W / O and O / W significantly outweigh the exploitation of other types of industrial explosives. An analogous trend can also be seen in the field of explosives for military purposes (aluminized aqueous ammonium nitrate gels are, for example, laboratory in some types of aerial bombs, trinitrotoluene is replaced by liquid compositions based on aqueous solutions of hydrazine nitrate, etc.).

Many of the blend explosive components themselves find themselves as important and economically attractive to use in various sectors of the national economy (eg diesel, fuel oils and others); on the other hand, however, the application of some traditional toxicology sensitizers, for which and / or safety reasons (trinitrotoluene and nitroesters) is avoided. The gap thus formed can be filled with suitable, in particular by-products of the chemical industry. A product of this type is also tall oil obtained from the sulphate process of cellulose production and consisting of 40 to 58 wt. fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and others), 30 and 50% by weight. % of bituminous acids (especially abietic acids) and 6 to 15% by weight, of unsaponifiable matter.

According to the present invention, tall oil is used as a component of a mixed explosive with an nitrate-type oxygen donor in an amount of 0.01 to 10 wt. tall oil to the weight of the resulting mixture.

An advantage of the present invention is the technical and economic availability of tall oil. The use according to the invention of tall oil contributes to increasing the economic efficiency and reducing the ecological failure of the kraft cellulose production process. The application of tall oil within the meaning of the present invention results in savings in diesel oil, fuel oil and other noble petrochemical technology products previously used as fuels and mixed explosive sensitisers. The tall oil contains up to 58 wt. of fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid and linoleic acid, have been found in the production of explosives of the W / O or O / W type in situ, which is a further advantage of the present invention.

Tall oil may be used in the raw state or distilled to produce mixed explosives; the first option is more economically attractive.

Tall oil-containing explosives are aluminizable. Their physical stability can be increased by conventional means, e.g. in the case of DAP explosives it is the application of the attached ammonium nitrate and / or the addition of wood meal and / or the addition of another suitable adsorbent (water-insoluble urea-formaldehyde condensate, modified fine-grained silica etc.); for W / O and O / W explosives, application of a suitable base agent (in-situ dispersant synthesis).

The application according to the invention of tall oil has not been described in the literature so far and is documented by the following examples, which in no way exclude the possible variability in the manner and width of this application.

Example 1

There is tall oil composition: 55.1 pen. wt. fatty acids, 30.9% hinot. % of bituminous acids, 11.8% of unsaponifiable fraction and 2.2% by weight of fatty acids; water. The iodine value of this oil is 127.2 g per 100 g of sample, the acid number is 170.2 mg of potassium hydroxide per g of sample, and the calorific value is 37,100 kj. kg ' ¹ .

Of this tall oil and technical ammonium nitrate, it is a malaxing agent. At atmospheric pressure, a semi-loose mixture having the following composition (% by weight): 6.69 pens. tall oil, 1.07% water and 82.24% ammonium nitrate. Said mixture is an approximate zero oxygen balance and an average charge weight of 1000 kg. m ^-3 is characterized by:

max. explosion heat (kj.kg ^-1 ) 3 680 explosion volume. flue gas (l.kg ') .960 complete ideal explosion work (kj kg ^-1 ) 3 300 detonation speed (km. s'') 3,0-, 3,2

Example 2 wt. parts of a 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution are added to 925 wt. % by volume of a 80 ° C warm aqueous solution containing 69.9 wt. % ammonium nitrate, 16.6 wt. % sodium nitrate and 13.7 wt. water. This mixture is dosed slowly and with stirring to 70 wt. part of the tall oil of example no. 1. The resulting emulsion is cooled to 47-50 ° C and 40 wt. parts of hollow glass microspheres. This results in a W / O explosive having a composition (% by weight): 58.44% ammonium nitrate, 17.34 pens. sodium nitrate, 13.25% water, 3.78 pere. microspheres and 6.61% tall oil, considered at baseline (i.e., free acids).

This emulsion type explosive has the following characteristics:

max. explosion heat (kj.kg ^-1 ) 3 000 volume explosion. fumes (l.kg ^-1 ) 845 complete ideal explosion work (kj.kg- ¹ ) 2,650 oxygen balance (% by weight) + 5.9 detonation rate (km. s ^_1 ) for 1150 kg charge density. m- ³ 3.4-3.7

Example 3

From the tall oil according to Example 1, technical ammonium nitrate and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, a free-flowing composition (% / w / w) is prepared on the cycle: 78.81% ammonium nitrate, 21.14% 2,4.6 -trinitrotoluene and 0.05% tall oil. This mixture is characterized by:

max. explosion heat (kj.kg ^-1 ) 5 350 volume explosion. fumes (l.kg ^-1 ) 900 complete ideal explosion work (kj.kg ^-1 ) 4 980 oxygen balance (% by weight) ca, 0 detonation velocity (km. s ^-1 ) maximum 4.97

attaches

From tall oil of Example 1, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, industrial ammonium nitrate and aluminum dust with a specific surface area of about 0.7 m ² . g ¹ is a loose mixture of composition (% w / w): 81.70% ammonium nitrate, 12.35% trinitrotoluene, 5% aluminum and 0.95% tall oil. This mixture is characterized by:

max. explosion heat (kj.kg ^-1 ) 5200 volume explosion. flue gas (1. kg ^-1 ) 850 complete Ideal explosion work (kj.kg- ¹ ) 4 150 oxygen bilane (% by weight) ca 0 detonation speed (km. s ^_l ) 4,84 maximum 4,84

SUBJECT

Claims (1)

The use of tall oil as a component of mixed explosives with a nitrate-type oxygen donor in an amount of 0.01 to 10 wt. % of tall oil, preferably in an amount of 0.05 to 6.69 wt.% tall oil per wt.