CS197309B2 - Method of gradient adaptation with minimal two parameters and device for making the same - Google Patents

Abstract

A gradient process for the optimisation of the properties of materials interacting with the environment or of the interaction itself, in which a sample is taken of the material or of that with which it is interacting whilst inhomogeneities are formed in one or more directions with a constant or variable gradient w.r.t. two or more input parameters, after which the material so treated is investigated in respect of the resulting inhomogeneities; after which the optimum combinations of input and output parameters can be determined. The process can be repeated, forming inhomogeneities over smaller regions to obtain greater accuracy. During the successive treatments the sample is broken down into a number of elements which is at least as great as the product of the number of input parameters which have to be qualified; the system of elementary samples so obtd. is subjected to a gradient treatment in such a way that at least one elementary unit undergoes treatment which accords with all possible combination of the parameters to be checked. The method is suitable for metallurgical investigations and can be carried out in an apparatus constructed in modular form.

Description

The invention relates to a method of gradient treatment with at least two parameters for optimizing the properties of materials - interacting with their environment or for optimizing these interactions as such. The invention further relates to an apparatus for carrying out this method.

In the method of the invention, the term "input parameter" denotes a characteristic amount affecting the condition of the test material during tests independently of the variable, while the term "output parameter" denotes a characteristic amount affecting the condition of the test material during the test as dependent variables.

In the method according to the invention, the term "gradient treatment" means an operation affecting the test material in which variable gradients of known directions with respect to one or more reaction (or, in other words, , ambientdh) parameters.

In the method of the invention, the term "gradient representation" refers to the systematic determination of the relationship between the changes in the properties of the materials in conjunction with the gradient treatment of the materials under investigation in one or more systems or coordinates assigned to the materials under investigation.

In the method of the invention, the term "independently variable ambient parameter" denotes. ambient and / or affecting characteristics, such as temperature, duration, shape characteristics, humidity, illumination strength, etc., which define the properties of the investigated materials as independently variable during the tests.

In the method of the invention, "ambient gradient parameter distribution" refers to the gradient distribution of a given ambient parameter.

It is known that due to the overall nature of the interaction between the materials under study and the environment that affects them, a solution meeting the prescribed requirements for the Tested materials and their treatment can be found in most practical cases only from the results of extensive and systematic tests; - the question whether a satisfactory solution exists at all to the extent examined can only be answered in this way.

In practice, tests - usually - are conducted by examining material samples in interaction with a homogeneous or inhomogeneous environment. Although a number of tests can be successfully performed - by examining samples under the influence of - a homogeneous environment, the examination requires a long time, - a large amount of energy and - mental abilities, which strongly affects its usability. .

It is known that the properties of materials interacting with their environment and these reactions themselves can also be represented by a gradient treatment, so that it is also possible to optimize these properties or interactions.

The known method, which can be described as the most modern, is associated with the optimization of metallurgical processes in the Hungarian pat. No. 163,839. This consists of creating inhomogeneity or several inhomogeneities with a constant or deviating gradient in a sample taken from a material using the technology to be optimized, simultaneously or sequentially in no more than three directions and with respect to to more than three technological parameters, then the material treated in this way is examined for its properties in order to be produced by optimized technology as a function of the generated inhomogeneities, whereupon the optimum or optimal combination of properties of the examined material and their limit value as well parameters, and if desired, this process is repeated one or more times by creating inhomogeneities in a reduced degree. This method can also be used in other areas. However, it has the disadvantage that it cannot be used in the case of gradient adjustments in parallel directions and is suitable for examination for no more than three input parameters.

In the known method, the term "technological parameter" means a constant or variable technological value.

Homogeneous treatment methods are known for optimizing technologies. However, these are only complex when using the most modern measurement methods.

The GDR patent 117,116 discloses an automated system based on the method and apparatus disclosed in MLR 163,839. However, this system represents an advanced practice using a programming computer and a gradient display measuring and data storage device, more generally and more easily automated than known conventional task management systems with no more than three independently variable ambient parameters, and is not, of course, free from the above limitations.

In the case of more than three independently variable oicol parameters, the homogeneous adjustments examined are gradually increasing in difficulty, in particular when performing tests according to considerable mental and physical ability. Considering a long time, a large amount of researched material, energy and equipment, and outstanding mental and physical capability. Due to the large number of potential parameter combinations, it is not possible in practice to precisely determine and define the desired optimum. With the necessary inclusion of homogeneous adjustments, the evaluation also becomes more and more complex.

Where a homogeneous sample is required, the number of inhomogeneities that can be produced by the conventional methods in the sample under investigation in more than three directions must be reduced as appropriate.

One of the objects of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages and to increase according to the use of the method described in Hungarian patent 6 163 839.

It is a further object of the invention to simplify the measurement technique for material testing with respect to the known two or three stage treatment, by ensuring the consistent use of the general application possibilities of conventional measurement techniques.

It is a further object of the invention to extend the scope of use of a gradiert treatment for application to more than three gradients.

Finally, it is an object of the invention to extend the possibility of applying a system for automatic understanding of material characteristics in dependence on technological parameters according to GDR patent no. 117 116.

The invention is based on the following findings:

and)

During the gradient imaging procedure, input parameters related to any combination of input parameters may be detected and reduced or determined independently of each other with the required accuracy, if the sample material is broken down into basic elements at least equal to the product of the number of parameter values that should be determined during each gradient treatment, and then the samples shall be repositioned during each gradient treatment such that at least one element of each sample undergoes a treatment corresponding to all combinations of the treatment parameters examined.

When proceeding in this manner, a combination of parameters of more than three successive gradient adjustments can also be separated, i.e. it is also possible to detect or reduce and determine the combination of input parameters with the number of gradients used and belonging to any combination of input parameters.

(b)

With this gradient treatment procedure, both the sample element system taken from the test material and the individual sample elements can be controlled simultaneously.

C)

The equipment of the system according to GDR patent 117 116 can be used without substantial modification to automate the process based on the knowledge mentioned in paragraphs a) and b) above.

According to the foregoing, the invention relates to a method of gradient treatment with at least two parameters for optimizing the properties of materials that interact with their environment or for optimizing their interaction in which a sample taken from a material for which technology can be optimized, or, in the environment acting on the sample, create inhomogeneities in at least one direction, taking into account at least two input technological parameters, examining its properties in the material being treated to be - optimized by the technology - as a function of the generated inhomogeneities, whereupon the optimum or optimum is investigated by a combination of output parameters and their limit values, and the corresponding input parameters are determined and, if necessary, repeated at least once to refine this procedure, creating - other - inhomogeneities, that during the individual gradient adjustments, the sample of the sample material is broken down into elements - the number of which is the product of the number of input parameter values determined by the measurement of the output parameters, and then each sample undergoes an adjustment corresponding to all investigated combinations of the examined - treatment parameters.

Individual gradient treatments can also be combined with a homogeneous treatment or with conventional non-homogeneous gradient treatments.

The invention further relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method, comprising a gradient treatment space provided with a sample material clamping unit, a treatment unit - and at least one control or control unit connected to a treatment unit. and a sensor mounted movably in the space of the gradient treatment in its side walls.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the units are formed according to the modular principle.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, this is connected as a gradient treatment subsystem - and / or as a measuring unit - to a system equipped with a computer.

The main advantages of the method and apparatus according to the invention are the following:

and)

It allows all tested combinations of more than three independently variable technological parameters to be created by a small number - relatively simple gradient adjustments for gradlent representation purposes.

bj

Allows - quick clarification and determination of input parameter combinations related to any output parameter combinations with the required accuracy.

C)

Allows you to use the system according to the GDR. No. 117,116, without substantial modification, to automate the gradient treatment method.

(d)

It distinguishes the field of application of most of the hitherto known methods of gradient imaging.

In a number of cases, it allows for simplified measurement when testing materials, because in treated materials it results in a distribution of material properties that are homogeneous in one or more directions.

f) ·

It reduces the duration of research to a large extent, in some cases even several sequences of quantities.

G)

It allows the application of a modular principle, which is very advantageous both in terms of system technology and application technology.

hj

The investigations can also be automated in a simple manner even in the case of more than three independent variables in the sysnium according to GDR patent no. 117 116.

The apparatus according to the invention and the method of gradient treatment according to the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows an axonometric view of a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention. Fig. 2b shows the potential two-dimensional arrangement of the sample elements of Fig. 2a.

The device for distributing gradients of the medium parameter is provided with a gradient treatment space which acts on the samples during treatment (not shown for simplicity in FIG. 1). This gradient treatment space is closed in the x-direction by the front walls of the housing 3, in the z-direction by the treatment units 1 and 2, which form the structural unit with the housing 3 during the treatment and the lateral walls parallel to the xz plane in the y direction (not shown in Fig. 1). The sample clamping unit for sample insertion is formed by cabinets 3 limited by insulating or permeable walls 7, or even the samples themselves can serve as insulating or permeable walls 7.

The front walls perpendicular to the x-direction of the housing 3 are provided with sensors 5 and 8 (not shown in FIG. 1) which control the regulators controlling the treatment units 1 and 2 and which project into or interact with the gradient treatment space. The sensor 4, which serves to measure the spatial distribution of the surrounding input parameters during the treatment, is connected to a measuring unit (not shown in Fig. 1) and is movably mounted in a gradient treatment space in the side walls perpendicular to the x, y or z direction. in the direction of the corresponding gradient. The components of the flowable medium (such as liquids, gases, etc.) and of different qualities are fed through the individual front walls to the treatment unit 1 through its front wall perpendicular to the x direction by means of tubes (not shown in Fig. 1). The qualitative differences can occur, for example, in speed, pressure or vacuum, temperature, etc. The components of different quality media are mixed in the treatment unit 1, then the mixture flows through a groove 8 which is open towards the sample storage space 3, in the x direction to the cabinets 3 in a composition that varies according to the gradient distribution. The mixture flows from the housing 3 towards the treatment unit 2, then is continuously discharged through the grooves 9 of this unit through a system of drainage pipes not shown in FIG.

The control units, not shown in FIG. 1, are controlled by the sensing units 5, 6 which, by means of the conditioning units 1, 2, hold the corresponding medium gradient in the sample insertion space. In the sample insertion space, the gradient of the quality of the medium in the x direction can be represented by the sample scanning unit 4, which can be moved in the x direction. It is advantageous to operate the system of FIG. 1 in the most advantageous position with respect to the gravitational space. The above apparatus can also be constructed on a modular principle. In this case, the housings 3 are formed together with the corresponding parts of the treatment units 1, 2 as separate units which connect to each other in the desired number.

In the modified embodiment, the apparatus for performing the gradient distribution of the medium parameters can be arranged as follows: The arrangement of the space for the gradient treatment · the apparatus is essentially the same as in Fig. 1, the only difference being that the media components of different qualities are fed through end walls perpendicular x on the same side of the processing units 1 and 2. In order to ensure a smooth flow, the mixture is discharged from the gradient treatment space by side walls perpendicular to the y direction.

For detecting the gradient of illumination power, the apparatus is designed essentially as j as in Fig. 1, but one or both of the conditioning units 1 and 2 are designed as light sources which provide a gradient of illumination power in the housings 3 during the first gradient treatment and also during subsequent gradient adjustments associated with sample switching.

The device is suitable for researching the effects of heat, x-rays and radioactive radiation. In this case, it is provided with one or both treatment units 1 and 2 designed in such a way as to ensure an adequate gradient distribution.

The apparatus for providing a gradient distribution of the parameters of the liquid medium and the x-ray radiation strength is similar to that of FIG. 1, except that, in addition to the conditioning units 1 and 2, it has side walls parallel to the xz or xy planes. units. The gradient distribution of the liquid medium parameters is provided by the conditioning units 1 and 2 in the manner described in the basic embodiment, wherein the gradient distribution of the x-ray radiation is performed by the conditioning units 1, 2 formed from side walls parallel to the xz and xy planes. By using an operating type switch, the two types of gradient treatment can be carried out in any desired manner sequentially or, if desired, simultaneously.

The apparatus according to FIG. 1 in the arrangement for detecting the gradient distribution of the gaseous medium and temperature parameters is placed in the gradient space of the gradient heat treatment apparatus according to Hungarian Patent No. 163,839 such that according to the designation in FIG. The gradual distribution of the gaseous medium is determined by means of treatment units 1 and 2 in the manner described in the first variant of the apparatus. The two types of gradient adjustment can be carried out either sequentially or simultaneously. In the latter case, the combined effect, in this case the synergistic effect of the gradient distribution of the surrounding parameters, may also prevail.

In a preferred embodiment, the positioning of the sample holder can be facilitated by arranging the apparatus of Figure 1 so that it remains movable relative to the heat emitters. This is particularly advantageous when exchanging or moving samples.

Apparatus for simple or repetitive displacement of samples in the direction of gradients in the case of two to three gradient adjustments perpendicular to each other is arranged such that the sample holder, consisting of the housing 3 of 197309 of FIG. y, as well as the z-axis, the sample elements located in the cabinets 3 can be moved once or several times for successive adjustments not only in. This is often advantageous for multi-dimensional gradient adjustments.

Further, the use of the method according to the invention and the apparatus for carrying it out is shown in a series of several-variable gradient representations by means of the examples and figures 2a and 2b.

Giant. 2a 'shows the two-dimensional variation of the arrangement of the sample elements of the invention, while Fig. 2b shows the potential two-dimensional arrangement of the sample elements of Figure 2a.

Example 1

Optimization of steel strip production technology with prescribed watt loss using two gradient adjustments.

Steel. hot - rolled strip of 3 mm and having. composition = 0.08%, ·

Si = 0.04%, Mn-C, 5C%, S = 0.025. %, P = 0.012%, Cr, Ni, Mo = 0.15% ....... ......................... ..

(% by weight) is pickled, rolled from 3 mm to 0.55 millimeter thickness, cut into 400 pieces - 150X150 mm. .

According to Embodiment 1, the system of sample holders, housings formed according to the modular principle, consists of 20 housings. 20 samples are placed in cabinets so that the normal of the specimen plane is in the x direction. Strip samples are indicated by two digits separated by a comma. The first digit indicates the Cabinet Number, the second digit the sequence number of the sample in the cabinet in the x direction. The samples will be labeled as follows.

1.1; 1,2; 1.3; 1.20;

2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 2.20;

20.1; 20.2; 20.3; 20.20.

In the apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the conditioning unit 1, 2, there are heating elements which produce a gradient temperature distribution in a series of test samples placed in the cabinets. The heaters are controlled so that the first sample in the first cabinet (sample no. -1.1) has a temperature of 500 PC and the twentieth sample in the twentieth box (sample no. 20, 20) has a temperature of '900 ° C. The heat treatment is carried out for 5 hours in a normal atmosphere, then the sample holder is cooled at a rate of - 100 ° C / hour.

All enclosure samples are reshaped by homogeneous rolling with 8% reduction.

After rolling, the samples are repositioned so that the second digit used initially to designate the sample is considered the cabinet number, while the used first digit is the serial number of the sample in the cabinet in the x direction. The samples are then inserted in the order y in the order so that the normal plane of the samples is in the x direction. The heat treatment is then carried out in the same manner as for the first time. The temperature range of the gradient treatment is 500 to 900 ° C in a mildly reducing atmosphere for 2 hours. At the end of the heat treatment, the sample holder is cooled at a rate of 100 ° C / hour. Watt loss is measured on samples removed from the holders by measuring using a Werner yoke. Based on the measurement results, it approximately approximates the "predominant heat treatment temperature" providing the desired watt loss and its allowable tolerance, whereupon - the exact parameters of the technology and its "allowance" are determined - by decreasing the absolute values of temperature gradients around the optimum.

In the first heat treatment, it was uniform - the temperature change within the same cabinet was about 20 ° C and the absolute accuracy of temperature measurement was the same. In the first stage of delimitation, when the treatment could be carried out, the temperature was 200 ° C, the temperature change inside the cabinets was about 10 ° C, and the absolute accuracy was at least +10 ° C. This accuracy already meets the requirements of the technology.

The relative effectiveness of the traditional process compared to the process of the invention is as follows:

During traditional 'investigation', to achieve an absolute accuracy of at least + 20 ° C, changes in the material properties must be detected at a given prevailing temperature with a distribution of at least 20 ° C. For this purpose, using also known group formation possibilities, at least 20X20 ^: = 400 samples must be subjected to at least 40 'homogeneous' heat treatments performed at different temperatures. After evaluating the results, a more accurate detection at 200 ° C, which appears to be most advantageous, must be made, when distributed around 10 with at least forty new heat treatments of a further 400 samples.

However, taking into account test devices and actual tests, the real savings are that at least twenty times more results can be achieved in the same time period and - almost the same - cost.

When proceeding according to the MLR Patent No. 163-839, there will be difficulties in measuring the watt loss since the Werner yoke cannot be used; in particular because macroscopically homogeneous samples are needed for this purpose. Furthermore, it would be necessary to develop or purchase a special device for performing watt loss measurements, which would entail significant additional costs.

Example -k 1 and -d 2

Use three consecutive gradient

145 g g

150 g.

different modifications to optimize the technology of the insulation layer development.

In this example, the technique of using the method and apparatus of the invention is explained in a comprehensive research of phosphating technology suitable for electrical insulation of electrical steel strips.

It is known that the use of suitable chemical phosphating technology of electrically insulating layers achieves advantageous physical and mechanical properties, and high electrical resistance or voltage interruption can be achieved in a relatively simple manner. The properties of the insulating layer are determined essentially by the effect of composition and temperature, and by the time and temperature of use of the strips, i.e. their temperature stress. Optimal combinations of these parameters are found in the invention.

The experiment was performed at five different concentrations of H 3 PO 4. The baths are diluted to pH 2.4 to 2.5 for treatment.

The composition of these spas is as follows:

H5PO4 40 g, 80 g, 120 g, 140 g and 200 g, HNO3 ZnO NaOH water

Catalyst: fluorine ions in 11 concentrations.

Bath temperature: 20-80 ° C. Phosphating time: 3 min. Gradient heat treatment temperature range: 100—600 ° C.

Gradient heat treatment duration: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 hours.

According to the invention, this object is accomplished as follows:

In the apparatus according to embodiment 5, 11 containers of acid-resistant metal are placed in the x-direction. These containers correspond to the housings 3 of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1.

The dimensions of these containers are: 50 mm in the x direction, 250 mm in the у direction and 100 mm in the z direction. All containers are filled with the lowest concentration solution, ie 40 g H3PO4. Then, the gradient distribution of the fluorine ion concentration in the x-direction is stabilized by leaving the container 1 free of fluorine ions, adding 0.5 g / l of fluorine ions to the next container and gradually increasing the concentration of fluorine ions to 0.5 g / l. concentration of fluorine ions 5 g / l. Thereafter, the heating elements are maintained, maintaining a gradient of temperature distribution in the direction у in the temperature range of 20 to 80 ° C parallel to the xz plane. Then, 11 pieces of 50X200 mm electrical steel strips, with the longitudinal side of the samples in the у direction, are loaded into each container and a two-step gradient adjustment is performed.

The experiment was repeated four times with additional samples and all containers were gradually filled with a solution containing 80 g, 120 g, 160 g and 200 g H 3 PO 4.

After each treatment, the samples are washed in the у direction gradually, at a distance of 14 millimeters, by appropriate methods of material testing (microscopic examination, measurement of layer resistance, layer thickness, etc.).

After the detection is complete, the solution is poured out of the containers.

The samples are transferred in containers used as cabinets in the same manner as in Example 1, except that samples taken from five solutions with different concentrations of H3PO4 are pooled into one enclosure, ie 5X11 = 55 samples are placed in each enclosure, then heated. are displaced in such a way that the temperature distribution in the x-direction is carried out in the temperature range 100 to 600 ° C.

Then the gradient heat treatment is maintained for 1 hour and the system is cooled. The above material tests are then carried out again, after which the samples are put back into the containers and the gradient heat treatment is repeated for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 hours. The test is carried out after each heat treatment.

The efficacy of this example is now determined.

Using a conventional procedure, it would be necessary to prepare at least 11X15X5 = 825 variations of the phosphatization parameters by the individual homogenization treatments. To prepare variations in the temperature treatment of the gradient treatment, 11X8 = 88 homogeneous temperature treatments would be required.

Using the method of the invention, only 5 + 8 = 13 gradient adjustments are required to achieve the same results.

Therefore, the efficiency of the procedure has increased

825 + 88 _ 913 _ „ _no

5+ 13 times the number of adjustments.

Test time savings can be calculated in a similar way:

(825—5) X 3 = 2460 minutes = 41 hours in phosphatization and (11-1) X1 + (11-1) X2 + (11-1) X4 + (11-1) X8 + (11-1) X16 + + ( 11-1) X 32+ (11.1) X 64+ (11-1) X X 128 min = 2250 hr .; ie 58 44-hour working weeks if only adjustment times are taken into account.

Example 3

Using three consecutive gradient adjustments to optimize the insulation layer technology while adjusting the watt loss value

This example illustrates the optimization of te197309 surface treatment - surface treatment according to the invention - by applying three gradient temperature distributions directed parallel in the materials investigated.

First, the procedure of Example 1 is followed except that 10 pieces of samples are placed in each cabinet instead of one, i.e. 200 pieces, and groups containing ten samples are considered as one sample until all the samples have been performed. modifications according to Example 1.

When the optimization procedure of Example 1 is completed, each plate is coated with an insulating layer by means of a homogeneous preparation phosphating technology which can be considered per se known, the phosphatizing insulating layer having to be stabilized by heat treatment by firing. This firing heat treatment can also affect the magnetic parameters of the electrical strip; therefore. this effect is taken into account when optimizing by inserting a further gradient heat treatment. The temperature range of the heat treatment is from 500 to 900 ° C. This time is 30 minutes.

The apparatus of FIG. 1 consists of 10 cabinets. Decimal groups of samples. Tested according to Example 1, are disassembled into pieces and the samples are repositioned so that each sample of the ten-group group is considered to be a single piece, i.e. one sample of each of the 10-group groups is placed in each cabinet. Gradient heat treatment and material testing according to Examples 1 and 2 are then carried out and it is determined that the treatment result is in the required watt loss and the desired quality of the insulating layer, and that such treatment is within the approximate temperature range of the heat treatment. In the case of a favorable result of the optimum technology and the material parameters are more accurate by creating inhomogeneities of an extended range. By a similar calculation as in Example 1, the efficiency of. In terms of all adjustments is 40 + 40 + 10 + 10 100 _ _o

2+ 2+ 1 + T “- = ^1b - ⁶ times higher and samples having homogeneous plane properties can also be measured by Werner yoke. ,

Example. 4

Use five or. six consecutive gradient adjustments to optimize the insulation layer technology while adjusting the watt loss value

Phosphating the insulating layer as described in Example 3, except that after the first gradient heat treatment, the specimens are rolled parallel to their one side edge so that the specimens undergo deformation along the other side edge, the extent of which varies continuously between 0 to 15%. For this purpose, the angle between the axes of the rolls used is adjusted so that, after rolling, the thickness of the samples decreases continuously 14 l from 0.55 mm to 0.47 mm in a direction perpendicular to. rolling. Let us denote this direction as the z-direction. In the phosphating pre-treatment step to develop the insulating layer, the temperature of the phosphating bath varies from 10 ° C to 80 ° C along the side edge in the phosphate bath. For this purpose, the heating elements are placed parallel to the xz plane. Third gradient. heat treatment for firing the insulation layer,. is carried out between 500 ^{| O} C and 900 ° C for 30 minutes. The apparatus of FIG. 1 consists of ten cabinets for this purpose. Decimal groups of samples, adjusted to. of Example 3, repositioned so that each sample is decicet. groups considered. behind a separate body, ie one sample is placed in each cabinet so that the normal of the plate-shaped samples is. parallel to the x direction.

Gradient heat treatment and material tests according to point 3 shall be. performed. over the entire surface of the samples,. with the difference that watt. losses are measured by a test to determine whether the solution provided for the five technological parameters of the required insulation quality. layers and. watt losses exist, and if there is a range of parameters.

Yippee . obviously by interrupting the third heat treatment with the material. Intermediate tests and then continuing the process in the same configuration can also effect thermal time. adjustments as the sixth independent parameter to determine in a relatively simple way.

Example 5

Use. four po. successive gradient treatments to optimize plant existence conditions

This example of the method of the invention is used for detection. and optimizing the overall interaction. plants with their surroundings in terms of four factors acting as independent. variables. Of these four factors, two each act on the test materials simultaneously or sequentially in the treatment area. This method is described with reference to. 2a, 2b.

The first time they are. test materials arranged. in the apparatus according to embodiment 6 in the manner shown in Fig. 2a, on a surface. consists of three cabinets 3 arranged in a two-dimensional grid. . In the y and x directions, indicated in Fig. 2a, where the gradient distributions of any below are always. The following environmental parameters are performed in the first stage of adjustment:

- the composition of the irrigation fluid, - irrigation time,

-. frequency of irrigation, - intensity of illumination, - spectrum of light used for illumination, - quantitative and periodic parameters of moisture, - quantitative and periodic parameters of treatment temperature, - quantitative and periodic parameters relating to soil treatment.

Quantitative parameters are, for example, the composition, magnitude and rate of parameter change or the value characterizing stabilized conditions.

Periodic parameters are, for example, the time to form or stop the interaction, the time frequency and distribution of changes, the force, amplitude, amplitude distribution, etc. of the properties of the action.

For the second treatment, the materials or groups of materials to be examined are displaced in both directions according to FIG. 2b. In the new directions уг а X2, the gradient distributions of two arbitrarily selected parameters from the previous ones are created.

As a first treatment, for example, the seeds germinate in the apparatus according to embodiment 6. In the direction у, a temperature distribution is obtained, whereas in the direction xi a gradient distribution of the daily amount of irrigation water is obtained. In the second treatment, the germinated seeds displaced as shown in Fig. 2b are replanted and now in the treatment apparatus the gradient of the treatment temperature is determined in the уг direction and the gradient of the illumination power of the plants in the хг direction.

In a further task, a gradient distribution of the thermal aplitude and temperature changes during day and night in the first treatment is determined, while a gradient distribution of the illumination power and illumination time in the second treatment is determined.

Similarly, the effect of germination temperature, germination room relative humidity, germination room temperature and room temperature in which the plant grows can be investigated on plant growth.

The materials studied may be living organisms or a mixed society of living and inanimate individuals.

The method of the invention can also be used when the quality of the experimental materials varies during the process, and this is one of the most important uses of the method of the invention.

For example, in the area where the test plants are grown, a temperature gradient in the y direction, a gradient percentage of one of the fertilizer components in the xi direction is determined. Then, after the transfer, the temperature gradient of the crop to be dried in the уг direction and the gradient of decreasing the relative humidity of the drying chamber in the хг direction are determined. During the process, changes in the nutritional value of the plant during the drying and the shelf life of the dry ingredients are detected. The experiment and generation of the desired data can conveniently be carried out in an automated system equipped with a computer according to NDR 117116, which system is programmed to carry out the method. In this example, the efficacy is given as follows.

If the test material is in 20 different values, each with four input parameters, 20 X 20 + 20 X 20 = 800, ie 800 tests would have to be carried out in the usual way. However, when using the method of the invention, the optimum combination of treatment parameters is reduced to a total of three treatment series, only 3X2, i.e. 6 treatments are needed, since in one treatment series the plants are moved only once. = 133.

The saving in the number of plants is determined as follows:

Experience has shown that 40 plants are required in the conventional process to achieve acceptable accuracy. On the other hand, according to the method of the invention, only one plant is needed for each input parameter. If no new plants are needed to determine the input parameters 3 and 4, 400 X 40 = 16,000 plants are required in a conventional process. In contrast, in the method according to the invention, the number of plants needed is only 400X3 = 1200. Thus, the effect of the method according to the invention relative to the usual procedure is

In the case of the usual procedure for reliably detecting each combination of parameters, a so-called phytotron unit equipped with at least 40 plants must be used. If the material to be examined is a nutrient, the second treatment must be carried out immediately after the first, by appropriate movement in the same unit. When carrying out the tests in this manner, the time required to carry out the test by the normal procedure may be determined as follows:

If the first treatment lasts 10 days while the second treatment lasts 80 days, the test will last (400X10) + + (400X80) = 36,000 days, ie around 98 years, which is an unacceptably long period.

It is clear from any relevant literature that the tasks with four variables, as in this example, are not infrequent at all, and rarely occur when the above-mentioned number of independent parameter and plant combinations have to be considered. In contrast, in the case of the method according to the invention, the exact solution of the task requires only the use of 3 series of adjustments and a modification time of only 3X90 = 270 days, ie around 3/4 years, and already after 90 days .

Example 6

Use of two successive gradient treatments to optimize copper alloy production technology given mechanical creep limit and electrical conductivity

It is known that, for copper alloys that can be tempered, the mechanical creep limit of pure copper increases to a large extent by the new phase or new phases resulting from the precipitation at the cost of a relatively small increase in the specific conductivity. The formation of these properties is basically influenced by the parameters of homogenization and tempering heat treatment. The temperature ranges of these two types of heat treatment are optimized according to this example such that the copper alloy containing 1% cobalt and 0.24% silicon has a prescribed creep limit and electrical. conductivity characterized by a given tolerance field. For this purpose, wires of 1 mm diameter, 150 mm long, are prepared by hot forming, annealing and cold forming of a three-component copper alloy ingot of the above composition. The wires are placed in the sample holders in the enclosures of Embodiment 1, and 15 pieces of straight copper wire are inserted into each enclosure so that the axis of the wires is perpendicular to the x direction. The samples are subjected to two subsequent heat treatments. The heat treatment apparatus is composed such that the conditioning units 1 and 2 of the apparatus of Fig. 1 form a gradient temperature distribution in the test samples in the x direction.

The homogenization heat treatment is carried out as described in Example 1 in a temperature range of from 800 ° C to 1000 ° C for 30 min. In a shielding gas atmosphere.

Claims (4)

Subject CLAIMS 1. Method of gradient treatment with at least two parameters for optimizing the properties of materials interacting with their buffalo or for optimizing their interactions in which a sample is taken from a material to be technology optimized or in an environment which act on the sample, create at least one inhomogeneity in at least one direction with respect to at least two input technological parameters, examining its properties in the treated material to be produced by optimized technology as a function of the produced inhomogeneities, optimum by combining the output parameters and their limit values and, determining the corresponding input parameters and, if necessary, repeating these determinations at least once to form more precise ones to refine this procedure. Inhomogeneity, characterized in that during the individual gradient adjustments, the sample of the test material is decomposed into elements whose number corresponds to the product of the number of input parameter values determined by the measurement of the output excludes oxygenation. Each temperature change per cabinet is 20 ° C. Thereafter, the sample system is cooled and turbid at a rate of 50 ° C, after which the samples are transferred and followed by the heat treatment of Example 1 by moving 150 samples placed in 10 cabinets into 15 cabinets, placing 10 samples each. The displaced samples are subjected to a tempering gradient heat treatment, over a temperature range of 300 to 600 ° C, in the same protective atmosphere. Each temperature change to the cabinet is again 20 ° C. After a 4 hour heat treatment, the sample system is cooled at a rate of 50 ° C / s. The 'specific' electrical conductivity and mechanical 'creep' of wires removed from the enclosures are measured. The temperature ranges of the double heat treatment that provide the prescribed creep limit and electrical conductivity, characterized by a given tolerance, can be estimated approximately in advance from the measured values thus obtained. By detecting these values, the previous gradient process is repeated by decreasing the absolute gradient values around the optimum. In this second stage, the temperature change per cabinet is only 10 ° C, which corresponds to the precision of the specified technology. The efficiency of the process of the invention relative to the conventional process can be calculated in a similar manner to that described in Example 1. If the gradient decreases, the temperature range of 100 ° C to 10 ° C is determined, the treatment efficiency is 11 times higher . and then the system of sample elements taken from the material to be examined is subjected to a gradient adjustment of the desired number and nature, and the samples are moved between treatments, each sample undergoing a treatment corresponding to all investigated combinations of treatment parameters examined. . Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a gradient treatment space provided with a sample sample clamping unit (3 and 7) and a treatment unit (1 and 2), at least one control or control unit (5 and 6) connected to the conditioning unit (1 and 2) and a sensor (4) mounted movably in the side walls of the treatment chamber _; in u gradient. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the units are formed according to the modular principle. 4. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that it is connected as a gradient treatment subsystem and / or as a measuring poison. 19 20 note to the system equipped with a computer for depending on the technological parametautomatic determination of the parameters of the material rech. 3 sheets of drawings sevorografia, n. P., Plant 7, Most