CN85108889A - The noncondensable gas that contains α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and its oligomer surfactant additive injects and the stimulation process for petroleum recovery - Google Patents
The noncondensable gas that contains α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and its oligomer surfactant additive injects and the stimulation process for petroleum recovery Download PDFInfo
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- CN85108889A CN85108889A CN85108889.9A CN85108889A CN85108889A CN 85108889 A CN85108889 A CN 85108889A CN 85108889 A CN85108889 A CN 85108889A CN 85108889 A CN85108889 A CN 85108889A
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- jihuangsuanyan
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Abstract
A kind of improved noncondensable gas injection technology method that is used for from the oilbearing stratum recover petroleum.This technology comprises uses α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan, α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer and oligomer surfactant and gas form a kind of gas/foam flooding medium together, and this medium are injected the stratum by a bite well at least improve the oil recovery of a bite producing well at least.
Description
The present invention relates to improve the taking rate of oil.More more specifically, the present invention relates to improve the recovery ratio of oil with the method for gas foam injection.
Many produce oils stratum need use supplementary means that the exploitation of economic worth just can be arranged.Oil can using gases drives to be exploited, and wherein gas mixes mutually with oil on the spot or produces on the spot that the mixed phase of oil drives, and this gas also can reduce the viscosity of oil and strengthen oil and ask flowing of producing well sometimes.But after beginning to see gas at producing well, this injecting gas will preferentially flow along shortest path.So, injecting gas sweep and stratum quantity will be restricted.Now used solution (these surfactants such as Procktor-Clarence Gamble (the Procter ﹠amp of commercial surfactant; Gamhle) the Alipal CD-128 of the orvus K Liquid of company and GAF company) and gas together inject and form the foam infusion, these materials are respectively the ammonium salts of modification alkylsurfuric acid ammonium and sulphation straight chain primary alcohol b-oxide.The foam that the gentle body of surfactant forms can stop gas to flow into the zone that only contains residual oil saturation.The definition of residual oil saturation is meant the not moving oil in the storage floor district that stays gas or other enhanced recovery means effects.So, just can make gas can drive the inexhausted field flow orientation producing well of recoverable oil from oil reservoir.
For recover petroleum from the stratum to greatest extent, expect to have some foaming surface-actives, they can stop in the gas flow that only contains oil residues saturation ratio gas area.Also be desirably in the gas foam oil production technology and find some surfactants, they stop the gas flow that only contains in the oil residues saturation ratio zone, and strengthen containing the gas flow in the recoverable oil zone.But being desirably in oil saturation can not stoped greater than flowing of the recoverable oil in the Residual oil saturation ratio zone.
We invented a kind of under the situation that does not have steam to exist the surfactant gas foam process from the oilbearing stratum recover petroleum.This gas can be any noncondensable gas, as CO
2, N
2, CH
4CO, flue gas, Deng, the method is included at least that injecting well injects the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan of a class as frothing agent to injecting gas flatly, and oligomer of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan (as dimer) or their mixture are strengthened the oil exploitation of a bite producing well at least, the bubbling character of the dimer of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and/or α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan can be strengthened steam to the sweeping and acting on of stratum, and this can improve the oil recovery of producing well.According to the difference on stratum, can select α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan separately for use, the dimer of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan also can select for use these mixtures of material to improve the recovery ratio of oil.This surfactant/gas foam mixture also can from before only swept by gas and the stratum the oil residues zone of saturation in the extra oil of extraction.The expandable mixtures of gas and surfactant solution is injected the stratum by injecting well, and it is continued expandable mixtures of injecting subsequently, independent gas, or a kind of water drive displacement and flow to producing well, thereby from the stratum extraction oil.
Several specific characters that can be by foam relatively estimate the foaming surfactant that is used for injecting, wherein resistance coefficient R
1Just can be used for estimating.R
1Be with the foam maker or the pressure drop decision of filling out the sand bed both sides.Foam maker or to fill out sand bed be together to feed difficult Compressed Gas and salt solution under following condition: use surfactant during (1) Residual oil saturation ratio, during (2) oil saturation with or without surfactant.R
1Definition such as table 1.
R
1Value is high to show that surfactant can produce powerful prevention power to the gas flow that contains the residual oil gas area bubble, this parameter have been used for evaluation table surface-active agent and gas infusion before this.The R value is high more to be shown that surfactant is unreasonable and thinks.Resistance coefficient is counted R in addition
2, R
3Efficient to the evaluation table surface-active agent also is very important, R
2Value is high show bubble that surfactant produces in the gas area that contains Residual oil to the prevention power that flows than much more powerful in the situation that contains the recoverable oil gas area, so just produced a kind of effect, promptly being closed by inswept recoverable oil subterranean formation zone, and make other gas infusion drive recoverable oil to flow to producing well.R
3Value should be near 1, preferably less than 1.R
3Value show the flowability that in fact can improve recoverable oil in the gas area with respect to surfactant without surfactant itself less than 1.So high R
1, R
2With less than 1 R
3Represented a kind of desirable surfactant, it can make gas leave exhausted oil district, thereby has promoted the expansion of gas area, has improved the speed of production and the output of crude oil under the injection rate of certain gas.
α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan of the present invention has demonstrated the R more superior than traditional sulfate surfactant
1-R
3Value, surfactant that these are traditional such as Alipal CD-128, it is the ammonium salt of Sulfated straight chain primary alcohol b-oxide.
Surfactant of the present invention is a α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan, and its carbon chain lengths is 5～24 carbon atoms, is preferably 11～18 carbon atoms, is preferably 11～14 carbon atoms.C
11～C
14α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan shown than other α-Xi Jihuangsuanyans and the more superior mobility ratio of Alipal CD-128, this is to test by the pause method of (John T.Patton) of John T handkerchief.This method is documented in publishes DOE/MC/03259-15 USDOE publication exercise question April nineteen eighty-two for " to use CO
2The reinforcement oil exploitation that foam injects " article on (this be all quote for reference to); and carried out further discussion (May 15 1984 applying date; U.S.'s sequence number 610449), with this patent citation for your guidance here in the patent application of Shigeto Suzuki " being used for injecting the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan of strengthening oil exploitation " with the gas foam.These C
11～C
14The sulfonate C shorter than chain
8～C
10α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan shown the better frothing capacity in the presence of the oil.The mixture of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan monomer can be used to carry out the optimization oil exploitation from special formation.α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan can prepare (method described in BP (GB) 2095309A) with any known method.The example of suitable α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan is the Thermphoam BW-D of Far Best company, with the Stepanflo 30 of history base of a fruit benzene (Stepan) company and the Chevren α-thiazolinyl product line of Kai Wen (Chevron) chemical company, this is the product that a class has been sulfonated.
Preferably α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan be by the method preparation of announcing No. 3444191 patents of the U.S. or No. 3463231 product (both are all for reference in this citation).
α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer surfactant of the present invention is that monomer chain length is about C
5～C
24The sulfonate dimer, in other words, the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer is at C
10～C
48Scope in.Better be that α-olefin sulfonic acid dimer is by C
1～C
18α-alkene preparation, it is at C
22～C
36Scope in.The dimeric mixture of these α-Xi Jihuangsuanyans can be used to carry out the optimization oil exploitation from a special formation.Can be used for further from a special formation, carrying out the optimization oil exploitation to α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer and above-mentioned α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan mixture in addition.
The α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer can prepare with any suitable method, but α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan can be the complex mixture of all cpds, and these compounds are greater than about 110 ℃ of following heating α-alkenyl monomer and make (this reveal quoted from this for reference) in No. the 3721707th, United States Patent (USP); More more specifically, this α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer is prepared by a kind of oligomerisation process, this oligomerisation process is to heat the sulfonating reaction product of sulfur trioxide and the linear alkene of carbon atoms in 5～24 scopes in liquid, wherein heating-up temperature is higher than about 110 ℃ but be lower than the carburizing temperature of sulfonate, this process is almost being carried out under the anhydrous condition, and carries out time enough and make a considerable amount of sulfonate materials change corresponding oligomerisation disulfonic acid into.The oligomerisation sulfonic acid that makes can be neutralized with alkali (as ammonium, alkali metal base, calcium alkali, magnesium alkali or their mixture) as needs.For convenience's sake, we approximate the oligomerisation mixture of two times of initiation materials to molecular weight, and promptly mainly contain dimer, but also contain the alkyl group disulfonic acid, the cycloalkyl disulfonic acid, the mixture of alkyl group sultones all is called the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer.Certainly, a kind of concrete dimer can prepare with concrete corresponding monomer.
Injecting well and producing well can arrange in form by any.As dual dot, 3 well spacing methods, positive 4 well spacing methods, oblique 4 well spacing methods, 5 well spacing methods, 7 well spacing methods, anti-7 well spacing methods etc., the well spacing method of using is documented in little Bill Forrester F Daniel Craig (Forrest FCraig, Jr.) in " problem of reservoir engineering of water filling ", (Society of Petroleum Engineers of A IME, 1971, P49), preferably inject well and surrounded, promptly adopt inverted five spot and anti-7 well spacing methods by producing well.
The classical method of any generation gas meter surface-active agent foam all is applicable to the present invention.Preferably used noncondensable gas is nitrogen and carbon dioxide.Produce foam and sweep and the better method on stratum is published in John H Dole and restrains the U.S. Patent application of the exercise question of fast (John HDuerksen) for " being used for carrying out at oilbearing stratum steam, noncondensable gas and the foam of steam and distillation displacement ", the applying date of this application is March 18 nineteen eighty-three, U.S.'s sequence number is 476642, be No. 4488598, present United States Patent (USP), all quoted from for your guidance in this method with its announcement.But the mixture of this surfactant and water must not be heated to the temperature that forms steam.Also can select the method for No. 4086964, United States Patent (USP) for use.(all being quoted for your guidance here).In addition, for containing high permeability and can using the method (being quoted from for your guidance) that proposes in United States Patent (USP) 4085800 and No. 3412793 here to the produce oil stratum in the zone of the special enzyme sense of channelling.In these stratum, the zone of high osmosis is stopped up the recovery ratio that improves than the low permeability zone oil.At this, these processes must be lower than steam generation temperature and carry out under strata pressure, and mainly with the noncondensable gas are the displacement fluid.
Foam is preparation like this, promptly stirs water or other the suitable liquid that contains surfactant, and injects noncondensable gas with the speed of standard cubic foots every days 5000000 (5M SCF/D).The consumption of surfactant is about 0.01% to 10% of gas/foam mixture liquid phase, and preferably the consumption of surfactant is few more good more, but can strengthen oil exploitation, and this is approximately 0.1% to 1% of liquid phase.The amount of the non-by volume condensation gas of this noncondensable gas/foam mixture can from 1% to 99%, the quantity of surfactant from 99% to 1%, and preferably this gas/foam mixture contains and is higher than 75% noncondensable gas.The speed that this gas-foam injects well depends on characteristic and the hole pattern and the area on stratum, and typical situation is that gas and surfactant solution inject each speed of injecting well and be respectively 5 MSCF/D and 2500 barrels/day (BPD).According to circumstances, the water or other liquid that is suitable for that are used for producing foam can contain other additives that strengthen its performance, as scale preventative, and cosurfactant, etc.But water is saliferous also.
This technology should follow these steps to implement so that reduce running cost to greatest extent.Beginning, first gas slug of annotating the oil-feed layer should keep time enough so that form a gas zone in oil bearing bed.Gas injects and proceeds to till producing well is seen gas.Can extraction sweep the movable oil that slug is crossed the ground layer segment like this.After this, inject second gas and lathering surfactant, this slug will see that the gas in territory, gas area removes, and make it go to drive and sweep the exhausted part of oil reservoir with the extra oil of extraction.Gas and surfactant slug can be switched with the pure gas slug.According to circumstances, the constituent content of each slug can reduce to cause transition reposefully successively from a slug to another slug, and the injection that is to say surfactant one gas should be continuous.
Now the present invention is described, and will be with following Example to this excellent surface activity agent, oil production technology describes, but this does not limit the scope of the invention.Those are conspicuous to above-mentioned α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan concerning those of ordinary skill, and the improvement of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer and oil production technology all should belong to scope of the present invention certainly.
Embodiment
Come more a kind of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and recommendation to be used for the surfactant of CO injection with the artificial core experiment method of stainless steel wool to estimate their performance.The gas foam test is that diameter is 1/4 inch, carries out in long 2.5 inches the artificial core of stainless steel wool, and this core contains salt solution (1% NaCl+500ppm CaCl
2) and Kern River crude oil.Test is carried out under 100 and 1000 pounds/square inch (tables).The foam flow rate is 43.3CC/min, and liquid volume fraction is 0.075, the pressure drop on foam maker both sides and resistance coefficient R
1List in the table 2.
Table 2
△ P (pound/square English (R
1) salt solution (R
1) deionized water
Very little (table))
Alipal CD-128 136 5.0 19.4
Chevron C
15～C
18145 5.4 20.7
α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan
MW well 269 salt solution 27 1.0 3.9
Deionized water 7 0.26 1.0
C of the present invention
15～C
18The R of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan foam
1R than Ma Fei-White's that (Murphy-Whittier) salt solution and Alipal CD-128 and deionized water or Alipal CD-128 and salt solution is high.R
2, R
3Value do not add calculating.
Claims (32)
1, a kind of under the situation that does not have steam to exist from the stratum noncondensable gas process of recover petroleum, wherein said stratum injected at least flatly well and at least a bite producing well pierce, this technology is characterised in that and may further comprise the steps:
(1) injecting well injection noncondensable gas, and the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and/or the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer that inject q.s under the situation that no steam exists form a kind of noncondensable gas α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and/or the dimeric foam of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan
(2) continue to inject described noncondensable gas and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan and/or α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer foam and impel oil to flow to producing well,
(3) from the producing well recover petroleum.
2, the described process of claim 1 is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan wherein and/or the dimeric quantity of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan are about the 0.01%-10% of foam liquid phase.
3, the described process of claim 2 is characterized in that noncondensable gas accounts for the 1%-99% of foam.
4, the described process of claim 3 is characterized in that noncondensable gas is selected from N
2, CO
2, CH
4, air, CO and flue gas.
5, the described process of claim 4, it is characterized in that injecting noncondensable gas and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer, this dimer prepares by the oligomerisation process, promptly in liquid phase, heat sulfur trioxide and the sulfonating reaction product that contains the linear alkene of 5-24 carbon, heating-up temperature is higher than about 110 ℃ and be lower than the carburizing temperature of sulfonate, this polymerization process is almost being carried out under the anhydrous condition, and lasting time enough makes a considerable amount of sulfonate chargings change corresponding oligomerisation disulfonic acid into.
6, the described process of claim 4 is characterized in that described α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer comprises C
10～C
48The sulfonate dimer.
7, the described process of claim 5 is characterized in that described linear alkene is a kind of C
5～C
24Mixture.
8, the described process of claim 7 is characterized in that described linear alkene is a kind of C
11～C
18Mixture.
9, the described process of claim 7 is characterized in that described sulfonate dimer comprises C
10～C
48The dimeric mixture of sulfonate.
10, the described process of claim 9 is characterized in that comprising α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan, and this α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan comprises the C that is of carbon chain lengths scope
5～C
24α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan.
11, the process of claim 5 regulation is characterized in that comprising α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan, and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan comprises the C that is of carbon chain lengths scope
5～C
24α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan.
12, the process of claim 2 regulation is characterized in that this process also is included in before the injection foam, injects noncondensable gas to the stratum.
13, the described process of claim 12 is characterized in that this process also is included in after the injection foam, injects noncondensable gas to the stratum again.
14, the described process of claim 13 is characterized in that the noncondensable gas injection gradually becomes noncondensable gas and foam injects, and then gradually becomes the noncondensable gas injection.
15, the described process of claim 14 is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan surfactant and/or α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer surfactant can its salt or sour form injections.
16, the described process of claim 15 is characterized in that injecting noncondensable gas and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan, and this α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan comprises that hydrocarbon chain length is about C
5～C
24α-thiazolinyl sulphur salt.
17, the described process of claim 16 is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan has the long C that is
11～C
18Carbochain.
18, the described process of claim 17 is characterized in that described gas is CO
2, α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan has length at C
11～C
14Carbochain in the scope.
19, the described process of claim 17 is characterized in that described noncondensable gas is CO
2Or nitrogen.
20, the described process of claim 16 is characterized in that described foam also comprises the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer, and this dimer is synthetic by oligomerization, and this oligomerization is included in heating sulfur trioxide and C in the liquid phase
5～C
24The sulfonating reaction product of linear alkene, wherein heating-up temperature is higher than about 110 ℃ but be lower than the carburizing temperature of sulfonate, this oligomerisation process is almost being carried out under the anhydrous condition, and keep time enough and make a considerable amount of sulfonate feedstock conversion be corresponding oligomerisation disulfonic acid, with prepared oligomerisation sulfonic acid ammonium, alkali metal base, calcium alkali, magnesium alkali or their mixture neutralize.
21, the described process of claim 20 is characterized in that described linear alkene is that scope is at C
5～C
24Mixture.
22, the described process of claim 21 is characterized in that described α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer comprises C
22～C
36The dimeric mixture of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan.
23, the described process of claim 21 is characterized in that described linear alkene is that scope is at C
11～C
18Mixture.
24, a kind of under the situation that does not have steam to exist from the process of oilbearing stratum recover petroleum, this stratum is injected well flatly at least and a bite producing well pierces, this process is characterised in that and comprises the steps:
Inject CO in injecting well to described stratum
2Or nitrogen;
Be lower than under water can form steam on the stratum the temperature and pressure condition and continuing to inject CO in injecting well to the stratum
2Or nitrogen and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan are to form a kind of CO
2Or nitrogen and α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan foam, described α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan has length at C
5～C
24Carbochain in the scope, the consumption of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan is about the 0.01%-10% of foam liquid phase;
The described gas foam of displacement makes it flow to producing well;
From the producing well recover petroleum.
25, the described process of claim 24, when it is characterized in that injecting, no steam exists under injection condition.
26, the described process of claim 25, the carbon chain lengths that it is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan is at C
15～C
18Scope in.
27, the described process of claim 25, the carbon chain lengths that it is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan is at C
11～C
14Scope in, described gas is CO
2
28, the described process of claim 25 is characterized in that described α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan is a kind of C
5～C
24α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan.
29, the described process of claim 24, it is characterized in that described α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan also comprises the α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer, this dimer prepares by the oligomerization process process, this oligomerisation process is included in the heating linear alkene of carbon atom quantity within 5-24 and the sulfonating reaction product of sulfur trioxide in the liquid phase, heating-up temperature is higher than about 110 ℃, but be lower than the carburizing temperature of sulfonate, this oligomerisation process is almost being carried out under the anhydrous situation, and lasting time enough is corresponding oligomerisation disulfonic acid so that make a considerable amount of sulfonate feedstock conversion.
30, the described process of claim 29 is characterized in that α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer wherein is included in C
10～C
48The dimeric mixture of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan in the scope.
31, a kind of noncondensable gas is strengthened oil exploitation displacement of reservoir oil process and/or circulation technology method, and this process is included under the situation that does not have steam and adds surfactant to noncondensable gas, and its improvement is to use a kind of C
5～C
24α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan mixture and/or a kind of scope in the scope are C
10～C
48The mixture of α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan oligomer as surfactant.
32, the described process of claim 31 is characterized in that wherein using α-olefin sulfonic acid and/or α-Xi Jihuangsuanyan dimer.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 85108889 CN1006919B (en) | 1985-12-19 | 1985-12-19 | Process for petroleum recovery using surfaetant additives of alpha-ofefinic sulfonate and its oligomer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 85108889 CN1006919B (en) | 1985-12-19 | 1985-12-19 | Process for petroleum recovery using surfaetant additives of alpha-ofefinic sulfonate and its oligomer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN85108889A true CN85108889A (en) | 1987-06-24 |
| CN1006919B CN1006919B (en) | 1990-02-21 |
Family
ID=4796173
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 85108889 Expired CN1006919B (en) | 1985-12-19 | 1985-12-19 | Process for petroleum recovery using surfaetant additives of alpha-ofefinic sulfonate and its oligomer |
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| CN100430455C (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-11-05 | 山东大学 | High temperature stratum self-generating foam composition and application thereof in viscous oil exploitation |
| CN102516134A (en) * | 2011-12-26 | 2012-06-27 | 嘉兴赞宇科技有限公司 | Process for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate and system for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate |
| CN105064962A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-11-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Oil recovery method for restraining thickened oil thermal recovery edge water propulsion by means of nitrogen foam |
| US9267364B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2016-02-23 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Oil recovery |
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-
1985
- 1985-12-19 CN CN 85108889 patent/CN1006919B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100430455C (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-11-05 | 山东大学 | High temperature stratum self-generating foam composition and application thereof in viscous oil exploitation |
| US9267364B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2016-02-23 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Oil recovery |
| CN102516134A (en) * | 2011-12-26 | 2012-06-27 | 嘉兴赞宇科技有限公司 | Process for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate and system for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate |
| CN102516134B (en) * | 2011-12-26 | 2014-01-08 | 嘉兴赞宇科技有限公司 | Process for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate and system for hydrolyzing alpha-olefin sulfonate |
| CN105064962A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-11-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Oil recovery method for restraining thickened oil thermal recovery edge water propulsion by means of nitrogen foam |
| CN105064962B (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2019-04-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of nitrogen foam inhibits the oil production method of heavy crude heat extraction edge water propelling |
| US10457857B2 (en) | 2016-08-11 | 2019-10-29 | General Electric Company | Method of fracking using silicone surfactants |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1006919B (en) | 1990-02-21 |
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