CN2594554Y - Three dimensional helical groove end face sealer with dual helical angle - Google Patents

Three dimensional helical groove end face sealer with dual helical angle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN2594554Y
CN2594554Y CN 02285370 CN02285370U CN2594554Y CN 2594554 Y CN2594554 Y CN 2594554Y CN 02285370 CN02285370 CN 02285370 CN 02285370 U CN02285370 U CN 02285370U CN 2594554 Y CN2594554 Y CN 2594554Y
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
spiral
helix angle
face
dimensional
seal face
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Expired - Lifetime
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CN 02285370
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王玉明
王建立
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Dingming Sealing Co., Ltd., Tianjin New Technology Zone
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DINGMING SEAL Co Ltd TIANJIN NEW TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL ZONE
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Priority to CN 02285370 priority Critical patent/CN2594554Y/en
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Abstract

The utility model relates to a spiral flute end-face sealing device which is used for a rotating shaft of fluid machinery. The utility model is characterized in that at least one upper surface of the sealing end face of a rotary ring or a stationary ring is provided with a set of double spiral angle three-dimensional spiral grooves, wherein, the spiral angles of spiral lines of a left and a right side walls which form a spiral groove are different; the spiral grooves formed by the side walls have a convergent shape with a wider upper stream, namely a high pressure side, and a narrower down stream, namely a low pressure side; the depth of each of the spiral groove can gradually shoal from the upper stream, namely the high pressure side to the down stream, namely the low pressure side so as to form a three-dimensional convergent spiral groove. The utility model has the advantages that compared with the common two-dimensional spiral flute end-face seal with equal depth and an equal spiral angle, the thickness or the rigidity of fluid films of the utility model is higher, and the reliability of the fluid films of the utility model is higher under the same condition; the utility model is suitable for sealing devices of different rotary fluid machinery, particularly for dry air sealing devices.

Description

Double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals
Technical field
The utility model belongs to the face seals of running shaft, be particularly related to a kind of double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals, this seal arrangement can be used for the running shaft of fluid machineries such as the compressor, decompressor, seperator, pump, reactor stirrer of various types.
Background technique
The dynamic and static pressure combined type of known fluid spiral groove end sealer, also have deficiency, for example owing to the helix angle of forming spiral fluted helix molded lines in its structure is identical, the spiral chute groove depth equates, so under certain operating mode, fluid film thickness deficiency, perhaps the insufficient rigidity of fluid film under certain fluid film thickness causes the seal arrangement unstable properties.
Summary of the invention
The utility model provides a kind of new double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals for solving the technical problem that exists in the known technology, it has bigger fluid film thickness under identical operating mode, perhaps have bigger fluid film rigidity under identical fluid film thickness.
The technological scheme that the utility model is taked for the technical problem that exists in the solution known technology is:
The utility model is a kind of double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals, form by the rotating ring that has seal face and the stationary ring that has seal face and other correlated parts, the seal face of this stationary ring and the seal face of rotating ring fit, two faying surfaces are the seal face of ring, one side of seal face is that the high pressure side is the upstream, the opposite side of seal face is that low voltage side is the downstream, the seal face of rotating ring is the seal face rotation of stationary ring relatively, it is characterized in that: one group of double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove is set at least one of described rotating ring seal face and stationary ring seal face, wherein, constitute the helix angle difference of the helix of two sidewalls about a spiral fluted, it is that the high pressure side is wideer that the spiral chute of being made up of them has the upstream, the downstream is the narrower convergence profile of low voltage side; And each spiral fluted degree of depth can be from upstream to the downstream and shoal gradually, thereby forms a kind of convergent contour spiral chute of three-dimensional; Under given rotation direction the spiral chute group with fluid-encapsulated be that the high pressure side is the low voltage side pumping downstream from the upstream; Also have a plane endless belt of not slotting promptly to seal the dam in the spiral fluted downstream.
The utility model can adopt following technical measures to realize:
The molded lines of spiral chute sidewall is accurate on the described seal face, also can be that the log spiral that is similar to is an equiangular helical spiral, and wherein the side channel wall of windward side is the major trough wall, and the side channel wall of lee face is secondary cell wall.
The scope of the helix angle of described spiral chute sidewall molded lines is 5 °-20 °.
The scope of the helix angle of described spiral chute sidewall major trough wall molded lines is 10 °-20 °, and the helix angle scope of secondary cell wall molded lines is 5 °-15 °, and the helix angle of major trough wall molded lines is greater than the helix angle of secondary cell wall molded lines.
Described spiral chute sidewall molded lines is a log spiral, also can be the circular arc line that is similar to log spiral, and the center of circle of this circular arc line is eccentric with respect to the center of circle of ring packing end face.
The described spiral fluted degree of depth is constant, and depth bounds is 0.002~0.2mm.
The described spiral fluted degree of depth radially changes, from the upstream be the high pressure side be downstream low voltage side gradually from depth to shallow, its scope is 0~0.2mm.
The optimum range of described spiral chute upstream groove depth is 0.005~0.012mm, and the optimum range of downstream groove depth is 0~0.007mm, and the upstream groove depth is greater than the downstream groove depth.
Advantage and the good effect that the utlity model has are:
Two-dimensional helical groove face seals dark with grade, equal helix angle is compared, the convergent contour spiral fluted groove depth of being made up of the helix of two different helix angles in the utility model also can be to be from upstream to the downstream to shoal gradually, grooved is three-dimensional fully, has stronger convergence property, compression that can be stronger to fluid-encapsulated generation, so bigger fluid film thickness is arranged between the seal face under the same conditions, perhaps under identical fluid film thickness, has bigger fluid film rigidity.In the utility model, there is a plane endless belt promptly to seal the dam in the spiral fluted downstream, it plays throttling action under rotary state, under static state then play the parking seal action.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the utility model embodiment one a structural representation;
Fig. 2 is the utility model embodiment two a structural representation;
Fig. 3 is the molded lines schematic representation of spiral chute 11 among Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is the floor map of spiral chute 11 among Fig. 1;
Fig. 5 is the enlarged diagram of the spiral chute 11 among Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is the utility model embodiment three a structural representation;
Fig. 7 is the utility model embodiment four a structural representation;
Fig. 8 is the floor map of spiral chute 16 among Fig. 6;
Fig. 9 is the enlarged diagram of the spiral chute 16 among Fig. 8.
Fig. 1 among the embodiment one, Fig. 3, each label implication of Fig. 4, Fig. 5 are as follows:
R 0The inside radius of the seal face of fitting mutually between-rotating ring and the stationary ring
R 1-spiral fluted inside radius
R 2-spiral fluted outer radius
R 3The outer radius of the seal face of fitting mutually between-rotating ring and the stationary ring
R b-equilibrium radius
The h-spiral chute degree of depth
H-high pressure side, i.e. upstream
L-low voltage side, i.e. downstream
G-spiral chute pump draws direction
The alpha-helix angle
The R-radius
AB, A " B "-curve
A ' B '-straight line
P, the P " point of contact of curve and circle
The point of contact of P '-straight line and circle
C-when spiral chute is on the rotating ring end face, the rotation direction of rotating ring
D-when spiral chute is on the stationary ring end face, the rotation direction of rotating ring
M-major trough wall molded lines
The secondary cell wall molded lines of N-
The secondary cell wall molded lines of E-single-screw angle spiral chute
α 1-short major trough wall M molded lines helix angle
α 2-long secondary cell wall N molded lines helix angle
α eThe secondary cell wall E of-single-screw angle spiral fluted molded lines helix angle
S 1-spiral chute normal direction width
S 2The normal direction width on the weir of unslotted between-two spiral chutes
h 1-downstream groove depth
h 2-upstream groove depth
Fig. 6 among the embodiment three, Fig. 8, each label implication of Fig. 9 are as follows:
R 4The outer radius of the seal face of fitting mutually between-rotating ring and the stationary ring
R 5-spiral fluted outer radius
R 6-spiral fluted inside radius
R 7The inside radius of the seal face of fitting mutually between-rotating ring and the stationary ring
R ' b-equilibrium radius
H '-spiral chute the degree of depth
H '-high pressure side, i.e. upstream
L '-low voltage side, i.e. downstream
G '-spiral chute pump draws direction
C '-when spiral chute is on the rotating ring end face, the rotation direction of rotating ring
M '-major trough wall molded lines
N '-secondary cell wall molded lines
The secondary cell wall molded lines of E '-single-screw angle spiral chute
α ' 1-short major trough wall M ' molded lines helix angle
α ' 2-long secondary cell wall N ' molded lines helix angle
α ' eThe secondary cell wall E ' of-single-screw angle spiral fluted molded lines helix angle
S ' 1-spiral chute normal direction width
S ' 2The normal direction width on the weir of unslotted between-two spiral chutes
H ' 1-downstream groove depth
H ' 2-upstream groove depth
Spiral fluted radius R shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 1, R 2, R 5, R 6, their essence implications in the utility model specification are meant spiral fluted maximum or least radius.The position that sectional view dissects when dissecing can not be spiral fluted maximum radius place or least radius place, and still, so schematic mark can make the reader pass through these accompanying drawings can faster understanding to the utility model.
In addition, in accompanying drawing of the present utility model, a spiral chute is made up of three cell walls, still, in fact spiral chute be by about two side channel walls root cell wall of being connected these two sidewalls with one constitute, the molded lines of this root cell wall is actually the one section circular arc line concentric with spin axis.The actual molded lines that refers to those two side channel walls of mentioned in this manual spiral chute molded lines is seen the M among Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, N, M ', N '.Embodiment
For further understanding summary of the invention of the present utility model, characteristics and effect, enumerate following examples now, and conjunction with figs. is described in detail as follows:
Embodiment one: see also Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
Fig. 1 is arranged on the sectional view of the double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals on the rotating ring for spiral chute.The sealing device comprises rotating ring 1, stationary ring 2, stop pin 3, secondary seal ring 4, throw-out collar 5, spring 6, housing 7, axle sleeve 8, axle 9, static seal circle 10.
The seal face of the seal face of rotating ring 1 and stationary ring 2 is fitted mutually, and the former can rotate with respect to the latter, and the faying surface of the two is seal face.In this embodiment, the outside of seal face is upstream H for the high pressure side, and the inboard of seal face is downstream L for low voltage side.Spiral chute 11 is set on the seal face of rotating ring 1.Under given rotation direction, spiral chute is with fluid-encapsulated direction pumping downstream from the upstream along arrow G.In addition, at inboard plane endless belt 12, the i.e. R in addition of spiral fluted 0With R 1Between endless belt, play throttling and parking sealer, can be referred to as to seal the dam.
Fig. 3 is the spiral flute type line chart.Spiral chute has two side channel walls, and its molded lines can be that accurate or approximate log spiral is an equiangular helical spiral.Wherein helix angle is defined as follows: establish the smoothed curve of any pattern from the A point of the less inside radius of radius (or A ', A " point) beginning; till the B point of the bigger outer radius of radius (or B ', B " point), the concentric circle at any radius R place between the inside and outside radius and this curve intersection promptly are defined as helix angle in P point (or P ', P " point) at the tangent line of this point curve and the angle α between the concentrically ringed tangent line.Curve A B is opposite with the helix angle direction of curve A " B ", if definition the former for just, then the latter is for bearing.In the utility model, the scope of helix angle be 0 °<| α |<90 °, its optimum range is 5 °-20 °.
Fig. 4 represents spiral fluted shape and position on the seal face, and wherein, the outside of seal face is upstream H for the high pressure side, and the inboard of seal face is downstream L for low voltage side.Also have a plane endless belt promptly to seal dam 12 in the inboard of spiral chute 11, be in R 1With R 0Between.If spiral chute processing is on rotating ring the time, the sense of rotation of this ring be C to; If spiral chute processing is on stationary ring the time, the sense of rotation of the rotating ring relative with it be D to.
In the utility model, the molded lines of forming two side channel walls of spiral fluted has different helix angles, and the helix angle of short major trough wall M molded lines is α 1, the helix angle of long secondary cell wall N molded lines is α 2, | α 1|>| α 2|; Here, major trough wall and secondary cell wall are to distinguish like this: under given rotation direction, the wall that facings the wind is the major trough wall, and leeward wall is secondary cell wall.Pitch angle alpha will owing to two sidewalls about a spiral fluted 1And α 2Unequal, so the Changing Pattern of the width on the weir between particularly adjacent two spiral chutes of spiral fluted width and common single-screw angle spiral chute α 12The time Changing Pattern be different, represent this secondary cell wall pitch angle alpha will with E among Fig. 4 eWith major trough wall pitch angle alpha will 1Secondary cell wall molded lines when equating.Spiral fluted normal direction width S 1It is more violent to narrow down gradually from the outer radial internal diameter, the normal direction width S on the weir between two adjacent spiral chutes 2From external diameter is that the upstream is that the downstream broadens gradually or remains unchanged to internal diameter; And work as α 12The time, the normal direction width S on weir 2From external diameter is that the upstream is that the downstream narrows down gradually to internal diameter.The spiral chute of being made up of two unequal cell wall molded lines of helix angle like this has the downstream of being from upstream to by the wide outstanding feature more that narrows down, and promptly the convergence of runner is stronger, more helps the compression of gas.| α 1| optimum range be 10 °-20 °; | α 2| optimum range be 5 °-15 °.Dotted line E among Fig. 4 represents the molded lines of secondary cell wall in the common single-screw angle spiral chute, its pitch angle alpha will ePitch angle alpha will with major trough wall M 1Equate.
Fig. 5 is spiral fluted enlarged view among Fig. 4, has schematically shown the situation of change of the spiral chute degree of depth especially.Spiral fluted degree of depth h radially can change, from external diameter be the upstream to internal diameter be the downstream gradually from depth to shallow, its scope is 0~0.2mm, upstream groove depth h 2Optimum range be 0.005~0.012mm, downstream groove depth h 1Optimum range be 0~0.007mm.
The inside and outside circle of seal face between rotating ring and the stationary ring is represented in double dot dash line among Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.The effective radial height of spiral fluted is (R in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 3-R 1).
A spiral fluted " radial height " is meant the height of a spiral chute in the seal face scope that rotating ring and stationary ring are fitted each other, i.e. effective height.
In this embodiment, suppose that the outside of seal face is upstream H for the high pressure side, and its inboard is downstream L for low voltage side.
Embodiment two: only be that with the difference of embodiment's one structure spiral chute 13 is arranged on the seal face of stationary ring 14, sees also Fig. 2.In addition, spiral chute also can be arranged on the seal face of rotating ring and stationary ring (diagram is omitted) simultaneously.
Embodiment three: see also Fig. 6, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
Be that with the difference of embodiment's one structure the inboard of seal face among this embodiment is upstream H ' for the high pressure side, and its outside is downstream L ' for low voltage side.Spiral chute 16 is set on the seal face of rotating ring 15.Under given rotation direction, spiral chute with fluid-encapsulated along arrow G ' direction pumping downstream from the upstream.In addition, at the inboard plane endless belt 17 in addition of spiral fluted, promptly be in R 4With R 5Between endless belt, play throttling and parking sealer, can be referred to as to seal the dam, see also Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 represents spiral fluted shape and position on the seal face.The effective radial height of spiral fluted is (R in the figure 5-R 7).The inside and outside circle of the seal face that fits between rotating ring and the stationary ring is represented in double dot dash line among Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
The spiral fluted molded lines is that the rotation direction of this moment is C ' with corresponding at the rotating ring fluting in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9; The major trough wall is the wall M ' that facings the wind, its pitch angle alpha will ' 1Bigger, line length is shorter, and secondary cell wall is leeward wall N ', its pitch angle alpha will ' 2Less, line length is longer, and like this, the spiral fluted width is that the upstream is that the downstream is narrowed down gradually by wide laterally from the inboard, and grooved is a convergent; Otherwise, if α ' 1=α ' 2, then promptly swim over to the outside from the inboard be that the downstream broadens gradually to groove width, that is grooved disperses, among Fig. 8 with E ' represent this secondary cell wall pitch angle alpha will ' eWith major trough wall pitch angle alpha will ' 1Secondary cell wall molded lines when equating.| α ' 1| optimum range be 10 °-20 °; | α ' 2| optimum range be 5 °-15 °; And | α ' 1|>| α ' 2|.
Fig. 9 is spiral fluted enlarged view among Fig. 8, has schematically shown the situation of change of the spiral chute degree of depth especially.The degree of depth of groove can be from the inboard upstream be laterally the downstream by shoaling gradually deeply, i.e. h ' 2>h ' 1, h ' 2Optimum range be 0.005~0.012mm, h ' 1Optimum range be 0~0.007mm.
Embodiment four: only be that with the difference of embodiment's three structures spiral chute 18 is arranged on the seal face of stationary ring 19, sees also Fig. 7.In addition, spiral chute also can be arranged on the seal face of rotating ring and stationary ring (diagram is omitted) simultaneously.
In a word, the utility model is different from that existing grade in the document is dark, the essential characteristic of the two-dimensional helical groove face seals of equal helix angle is: the molded lines of forming two side channel walls of spiral fluted has different helix angles, for example embodiment one, and the helix angle of short major trough wall molded lines is α 1, the helix angle of long secondary cell wall molded lines is α 2, | α 1|>| α 2|, the spiral fluted groove width of being made up of two such cell wall molded lines has the downstream of being from upstream to by the wide outstanding feature more that narrows down, and groove depth can have by on swim over to the downstream by the characteristics that deeply shoal gradually, thereby form three-dimensional convergence grooved, help the compression of gas, can obtain bigger fluid film thickness under the identical condition or can obtain bigger fluid film rigidity under identical fluid film thickness, the reliability of sealing is higher.
Implement sealing total arrangement of the present utility model multiple pattern can be arranged: single sealing, face-to-face formula double-sealing, double-sealing, two-stage series connection sealing, three grades of series seals, double-sealings of formula seal combined sealing etc. with the combined or single sealing of single sealing with two-stage series connection back-to-back.
In addition, the sealing device also can be used for sealing the big liquid of ratio of viscosities gas, and for example embodiment one, at this moment pitch angle alpha will 1And α 2Optimum range and above-mentioned as broad as long; But spiral groove depth h 1And h 2Optimum range different with the above-mentioned scope that provides, the big more then groove depth of the viscosity of liquid is big more, decides according to concrete condition.
Sealing device of the present utility model is the dynamic and static pressure mating type of a kind of novel fluid face seals, its advantage be The thickness of fluid film or rigidity are bigger under the same terms. The utility model be applicable to various types compressor, decompressor, The end face seal dress of sealing device, the especially gas lubrication of the rotary fluid machines such as seperator, pump, reactor agitator Putting is so-called dry gas seals.

Claims (8)

1, a kind of double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals, form by the rotating ring that has seal face and the stationary ring that has seal face and other correlated parts, the seal face of this stationary ring and the seal face of rotating ring fit, two faying surfaces are the seal face of ring, one side of seal face is that the high pressure side is the upstream, the opposite side of seal face is that low voltage side is the downstream, the seal face of rotating ring is the seal face rotation of stationary ring relatively, it is characterized in that: one group of double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove is set at least one of described rotating ring seal face and stationary ring seal face, wherein, constitute the helix angle difference of the helix of two sidewalls about a spiral fluted, it is that the high pressure side is wideer that the spiral chute of being made up of them has the upstream, the downstream is the narrower convergence profile of low voltage side; And each spiral fluted degree of depth can be from upstream to the downstream and shoal gradually, thereby forms a kind of convergent contour spiral chute of three-dimensional; Under given rotation direction the spiral chute group with fluid-encapsulated be that the high pressure side is the low voltage side pumping downstream from the upstream; Also have a plane endless belt of not slotting promptly to seal the dam in the spiral fluted downstream.
2, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the molded lines of spiral chute sidewall is for accurate on the seal face, also can be that the log spiral that is similar to is an equiangular helical spiral, wherein the side channel wall of windward side is the major trough wall, and the side channel wall of lee face is secondary cell wall.
3, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: the scope of the helix angle of spiral chute sidewall molded lines is 5 °-20 °.
4, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: the scope of the helix angle of spiral chute sidewall major trough wall molded lines is 10 °-20 °, the helix angle scope of secondary cell wall molded lines is 5 °-15 °, and the helix angle of major trough wall molded lines is greater than the helix angle of secondary cell wall molded lines.
5, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: spiral chute sidewall molded lines is a log spiral, also can be the circular arc line that is similar to log spiral, the center of circle of this circular arc line be eccentric with respect to the center of circle of ring packing end face.
6, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1 or 5, it is characterized in that: the spiral fluted degree of depth is constant, depth bounds is 0.002~0.2mm.
7, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1 or 5, it is characterized in that: the spiral fluted degree of depth radially changes, from the upstream be the high pressure side be downstream low voltage side gradually from depth to shallow, its scope is 0~0.2mm.
8, double helix angle three-dimensional spiral groove face seals according to claim 1 or 5, it is characterized in that: the optimum range of spiral chute upstream groove depth is 0.005~0.012mm, the optimum range of downstream groove depth is 0~0.007mm, and the upstream groove depth is greater than the downstream groove depth.
CN 02285370 2002-11-07 2002-11-07 Three dimensional helical groove end face sealer with dual helical angle Expired - Lifetime CN2594554Y (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 02285370 CN2594554Y (en) 2002-11-07 2002-11-07 Three dimensional helical groove end face sealer with dual helical angle

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 02285370 CN2594554Y (en) 2002-11-07 2002-11-07 Three dimensional helical groove end face sealer with dual helical angle

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103574034A (en) * 2012-07-25 2014-02-12 三菱电线工业株式会社 Rotating shaft sealing member
CN104534200A (en) * 2014-11-21 2015-04-22 江苏国泉泵业制造有限公司 Hydraulic design method of novel sealing mechanism
CN105683633A (en) * 2013-09-27 2016-06-15 株式会社理研 Sliding component
CN106969148A (en) * 2017-04-05 2017-07-21 昆明理工大学 It is a kind of to be pumped into formula Spiral Groove Dry Gas Seals by Use structure with convergence type seal clearance

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103574034A (en) * 2012-07-25 2014-02-12 三菱电线工业株式会社 Rotating shaft sealing member
CN103574034B (en) * 2012-07-25 2016-01-27 三菱电线工业株式会社 Rotation shaft seal
CN105683633A (en) * 2013-09-27 2016-06-15 株式会社理研 Sliding component
CN104534200A (en) * 2014-11-21 2015-04-22 江苏国泉泵业制造有限公司 Hydraulic design method of novel sealing mechanism
CN106969148A (en) * 2017-04-05 2017-07-21 昆明理工大学 It is a kind of to be pumped into formula Spiral Groove Dry Gas Seals by Use structure with convergence type seal clearance

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C14 Grant of patent or utility model
GR01 Patent grant
C56 Change in the name or address of the patentee

Owner name: JOHN CRANE DINGMING SEALED (TIANJIN) CO., LTD.

Free format text: FORMER NAME OR ADDRESS: DINGMING SEAL CO. LTD., TIANJIN NEW TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL ZONE

CP01 Change in the name or title of a patent holder

Patentee after: Dingming Sealing Co., Ltd., Tianjin New Technology Zone

Patentee before: Dingming Seal Co., Ltd., Tianjin New Technology Industrial Zone

AV01 Patent right actively abandoned

Effective date of abandoning: 20021107

C25 Abandonment of patent right or utility model to avoid double patenting