CN2497482Y - Pulse width-adjusting D.C. to A.C. high-efficient inverter - Google Patents
Pulse width-adjusting D.C. to A.C. high-efficient inverter Download PDFInfo
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- CN2497482Y CN2497482Y CN 01215078 CN01215078U CN2497482Y CN 2497482 Y CN2497482 Y CN 2497482Y CN 01215078 CN01215078 CN 01215078 CN 01215078 U CN01215078 U CN 01215078U CN 2497482 Y CN2497482 Y CN 2497482Y
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Abstract
A pulse width regulating direct-to-alternating inverter power source with the high efficiency consists of an input filter circuit, a boost switch circuit, a rectifying filter circuit, a chopping circuit, a boost driving circuit, a pulse width regulating circuit, an output voltage stabilizing circuit, a square wave driving circuit, an input over-voltage protecting circuit, a under-voltage protecting circuit, an overloading protecting circuit, a protecting latching circuit and a power supply circuit special for the air-conditioner. The utility model can convert the direct current of 12 V or 24 V or a storage battery into the alternating current with a square wave of 50 Hz to 60 Hz, which can be used for the vehicular information devices, the portable computers, various electric tools and various living electric apparatus. Meanwhile, the utility model can be used as an alternating power source of the field-working apparatuses or instruments and the converting efficiency of the power source can reach above 92 percent.
Description
The utility model relates to a kind of pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter, especially is used in combination the pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter of 12V or 24V storage battery.
Direct current becomes the contrary power supply of interchange and is widely used in in-vehicle information apparatus, laptop computer, each type electric tool and all kinds of living electric apparatus, also extensive AC power as operation instrument, instrument outside the villa.Yet ordinary straight rheology ac inverter circuit complexity, power supply conversion efficiency is less than 85%, the amplitude of output waveform, width are the discontinuous square waves with load variations, so ordinary straight rheology ac inverter complex structure, volume is big, the cost height, power supply conversion efficiency is low, particularly because amplitude, the width of output waveform are the discontinuous square waves with load variations, limitation when just having caused ordinary straight rheology ac inverter to use just can not be used for air conditioner as ordinary straight rheology ac inverter.
The purpose of this utility model provides a kind of pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter, the power frequency square wave alternating-current electricity that it can convert 12V or 24V direct current or storage battery to 50Hz one 60Hz is bought car in installments and is carried an information equipment, laptop computer, each type electric tool and all kinds of living electric apparatus and use, and satisfies the AC power as operation instrument, instrument outside the villa simultaneously.
In order to achieve the above object, the utility model is achieved in that it comprises input filter circuit; the boosted switch circuit, current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, chopper circuit; booster driving circuit; pulse width regulating circuit, output voltage stabilizing circuit, power frequency square wave drive circuit; protection circuit against input over-voltage; the input under-voltage protecting circuit, overload protecting circuit, protection exclusive circuit and air-conditioning power source special circuit.
Described input filter circuit is electrically connected by electrical schematic diagram by electrochemical capacitor C5, C6, C9, C19, C20 to be formed.
Described boosted switch circuit is by field effect transistor Q11, Q12, Q13, Q14, and pulse transformer B1, B2, resistance R 17, R18, R19, R20, R31, R32, R33, R34, capacitor C 15, C16, C17, C18 press electrical schematic diagram and be electrically connected composition.Wherein field effect transistor Q11, Q12, pulse transformer B1, resistance R 17, R18, R31, R32, capacitor C 15, C16 press electrical schematic diagram and are electrically connected the basic boosted switch element circuit of composition, needs according to the inverter capacity can in parallelly be organized basic boosted switch element circuits more, and present embodiment adopts two groups of basic boosted switch element circuits to compose in parallel the boosted switch circuit, and its operating frequency is 50KHz-100KHZ.
Described current rectifying and wave filtering circuit is by fast recovery diode D1, D2, D3, D4, and inductance L 1, capacitor C 10, resistance R 28 are pressed electrical schematic diagram and be electrically connected composition.
Described chopper circuit is by field effect transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, transistor Q5, Q6, diode D5, D6, D7, D8, resistance R 13, R14, R15, R16, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26, R38, R39, capacitor C 11, C12 press electrical schematic diagram and are electrically connected composition.By the interchange of exporting after the chopper circuit copped wave is the permanent width of cloth square wave of the constant-breadth industrial frequency AC of frequency stabilization, frequency error≤± 1%, voltage error≤± 2%.
Described booster driving circuit is by transistor Q8, Q10, Q15, Q16, and resistance R 41, R42 press the electrical schematic diagram electrical connection and form in conjunction with the interior driving tube of integrated circuit TL494.
Described pulse width regulating circuit adopts special-purpose pulsewidth to adjust integrated circuit TL494, operating frequency 25KHz-50KHz, pulsewidth adjusting range 0-90%.
Described output voltage stabilizing circuit is by resistance R 1, R4, R12, R29, R21, R27, R44, and capacitor C 1 is pressed the electrical schematic diagram electrical connection and formed in conjunction with error amplifier A among the integrated circuit TL494.Adjust pulsewidth circuit output pulse duty ratio, control output voltage error≤± 2% by output voltage stabilizing circuit.
Described power frequency square wave drive circuit is by integrated circuit 4011, diode D10, and resistance R 35, R36, R37, capacitor C 9 is pressed electrical schematic diagram and is electrically connected and forms.Frequency can be adjusted resistance R 36, R37 and capacitor C 9 by actual requirement and realize frequency range 50Hz-400Hz, error≤± 1%.
Described protection circuit against input over-voltage is by resistance R 6, R7, and capacitor C 2 is pressed the electrical schematic diagram electrical connection and formed in conjunction with error amplifier B among the integrated circuit TL494.When input direct voltage surpasses 25%, then close pulse width regulating circuit pulse output automatically, the boosted switch circuit quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Described input under-voltage protecting circuit is by transistor Q9, voltage-stabiliser tube DW2, and resistance R 5, R43, R3, capacitor C 2, C7 are electrically connected the multiple junction intersection of laying equal stress on by electrical schematic diagram and become that error amplifier B forms among the circuit TL494.When input direct voltage is lower than 75%, then close pulse width regulating circuit pulse output automatically, the boosted switch circuit quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Described overload protecting circuit is by transistor Q9, resistance R 5, R3, R10, and capacitor C 2, C7 are electrically connected the multiple junction intersection of laying equal stress on by electrical schematic diagram and become error amplifier B among the circuit TL494.When load surpasses 120%, then close pulse width regulating circuit pulse output automatically, the boosted switch circuit quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Described protection exclusive circuit is by transistor Q7, resistance R 5, R3, R2, R8, and capacitor C 2, C14 are electrically connected the multiple junction intersection of laying equal stress on by electrical schematic diagram and become that error amplifier B forms among the circuit TL494.After input overvoltage, under-voltage, the overload protection of input take place, by protection exclusive circuit locking guard mode, restart the elimination guard mode.
Described air-conditioning power source special circuit is provided with series resonance capacitor C series connection blower fan circuit and inserts the inverter ac output end, and makes capacitor C and blower fan inductance L
M2Satisfy series resonance frequency f=1/2JI (L
M2C)
=50Hz one 60Hz, C=3uF.
Described protection circuit against input over-voltage, input under-voltage protecting circuit, overload protecting circuit; the protection exclusive circuit, the inner function module of repeated use integrated circuit TL494 has been simplified circuit greatly; improved reliability, power supply conversion efficiency of the present utility model reaches more than 92%.
The utility model compared with prior art has following advantage:
1, power supply conversion efficiency height, defencive function is comprehensive, the reliability height;
2, circuit is simple, components and parts are few, and cost is low;
3, can fully satisfy each electric appliances uses.
Fig. 1 is the utility model electricity theory diagram;
Fig. 2 is the utility model embodiment electrical schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is the utility model booster driving circuit 5 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 4 is the utility model output voltage stabilizing circuit 7 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 5 is the utility model power frequency square wave drive circuit 8 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 6 is the utility model protection circuit against input over-voltage 9 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 7 is the utility model input under-voltage protecting circuit 10 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 8 is the utility model overload protecting circuit 11 electrical schematic diagrams;
Fig. 9 is the utility model protection exclusive circuit 12 electrical schematic diagrams;
Figure 10 is the utility model air-conditioning power source special circuit 13 electrical schematic diagrams.
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the utility model is done further detailed description:
As shown in Figure 1, 2, the output one tunnel of input filter circuit 1 connects the primary center tap of the pulse transformer in the boosted switch circuit 2; Lead up to 33 pairs of chopper circuits 4 of starting switch one end, booster driving circuit 5, pulse width regulating circuit 6; output voltage stabilizing circuit 7, power frequency square wave drive circuit 8, protection circuit against input over-voltage 9; input under-voltage protecting circuit 10, overload protecting circuit 11,12 power supplies of protection exclusive circuit.
As shown in Figure 2, the signal of boosted switch circuit 2 input control end is 27,33, and the output of boosted switch circuit 2 connects the fast recovery diode bridge rectifier input of current rectifying and wave filtering circuit 3 after by the secondary series connection of pulse transformer.Current rectifying and wave filtering circuit 3 is supplied with chopper circuit 4 high direct voltages by 54, also passes through the voltage signal of 54 supply output voltage stabilizing circuits 7.
As shown in Figure 2, chopper circuit 4 is obtained high direct voltage by 54, obtains the power frequency square wave driving signal by 74,77, outputs to ac output end by the AC signal after field effect transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, the Q4 copped wave by 114,115.
Shown in Fig. 2,3, two road phase of output signal of booster driving circuit 5 differ from 180., pulse duty cycle 0-45%, frequency 25KHz-50KHz, recommend turn-on and turn-off by two field effect transistor in 27,30 access boosted switch circuit, the 2 promotion boosted switch element circuits, the secondary output frequency of pulse transformer is that 50KHz-100KHz, pulse duty cycle are the rectangular pulse of 0-90% in the boosted switch element circuit.
As shown in Figure 2, control booster driving circuits 5 by E1, E2 end output pulse to 17,123 in the pulse width regulating circuit 6; 0C termination VREF end, Vi end, C1, C2 termination power 33; RT terminating resistor R30 over the ground, CT termination C3 over the ground, then the frequency of oscillation of pulse width regulating circuit 6 is f=1.1/Rc; DTC termination soft start capacitor C13, soft-start time is determined jointly by resistance R 11 and capacitor C 13; GND holds ground connection.All the other each ends are respectively in relevant circuit narration.
Shown in Fig. 2,4, output voltage stabilizing circuit 7 homophase of error amplifier A+V1 end the input ic TL494 after the defeated end 54 of the high pressure of current rectifying and wave filtering circuit 3 is obtained the voltage signal dividing potential drop, control pulse width regulating circuit 6, adjust pulse duty cycle, reach the high direct voltage output of constant current rectifying and wave filtering circuit 3, thus the ac output voltage of constant chopper circuit 4.
Shown in Fig. 2,5, the square wave frequency of power frequency square wave drive circuit 8 outputs can be adjusted resistance R 36, R37 and capacitor C 9 by actual requirement and realize, frequency range 50HZ-400HZ, steady state error≤± 1%, the power frequency square wave driving signal is by the signal input part of 74,77 output chopper circuits 4.
Shown in Fig. 2,6; protection circuit against input over-voltage 9 anti-phase-V2 end of error amplifier B the input ic TL494 after starting switch output 33 is obtained the voltage signal dividing potential drop; when input direct voltage surpasses 25%; pulse width regulating circuit 6 is closed pulse output; boosted switch circuit 2 quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Shown in Fig. 2,7; obtain voltage signal with the DW2 negative pole from starting switch output 33 in the input under-voltage protecting circuit 10 and after the DW2 clamping action, send into transistor Q9 base stage; when input direct voltage is lower than 75%; transistor Q9 ends; error amplifier B's is anti-phase among the integrated circuit TL494-and V2 end is high potential; pulse width regulating circuit 6 is closed pulse output, and boosted switch circuit 2 quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Get live as Fig. 2,8 overload protecting circuits 11 by the overload signal test point 104 in the chopper circuit 4 and pressed signal; when load surpasses 120%; error amplifier B's is anti-phase among the integrated circuit TL494-and V2 end is high potential; pulse width regulating circuit 6 is closed pulse output; boosted switch circuit 2 quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Shown in Fig. 2,9; transistor Q7 base stage obtains block signal from the COMP end of integrated circuit TL494 in the protection exclusive circuit 12; transistor Q7 ends when protection produces; error amplifier B's is anti-phase among the integrated circuit TL494-and V2 end is high potential; pulse width regulating circuit 6 is closed pulse output; boosted switch circuit 2 quits work, and does not have the output of interchange.
Shown in Fig. 2,10, air-conditioning power source special circuit 13 is provided with series resonance capacitor C series connection blower fan circuit and inserts the inverter ac output end, and makes C blower fan inductance L satisfy series resonance frequency f=1/2JI (L
M2C)
50Hz-60Hz, C=3uF.Air-conditioning power source special circuit 13 can cooperate the inverter of other type to be applied to air-conditioning stand-by power supply circuit.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter is characterized in that: an input filter circuit that is connected with DC power supply (1); The one boosted switch circuit (2) that receives input filter circuit (1) output signal and boost, one receives the output signal of boosted switch circuit (2) and the current rectifying and wave filtering circuit (3) that carries out rectification; The power frequency square wave drive circuit (8) of one output power frequency square wave; One receives rectifier and filter circuit (3) and the signal of power frequency square wave drive circuit (8) output and the chopper circuit (4) that carries out copped wave respectively; One receives the air-conditioning power source special circuit (13) of the AC signal of chopper circuit (4) output; One pulse width regulating circuit (6); One receives the booster driving circuit (5) of the turn-on and turn-off of removing to control boosted switch circuit (2) behind the signal of pulse width regulating circuit (6); One receive go to control pulse width regulating circuit (6) behind the signal of current rectifying and wave filtering circuit (3) output thus the pulse duty cycle of output pulse reaches the output voltage stabilizing circuit (7) of the high direct voltage output of constant current rectifying and wave filtering circuit (3) output; One receives behind the overvoltage signal of input filter circuit (1) and the protection circuit against input over-voltage (9) of closing pulse width regulating circuit (6); One receives behind the under-voltage signal of input filter circuit (1) and closes the input under-voltage protecting circuit (10) of pulse width regulating circuit (6); One receives the overload signal of chopper circuit (4) and the overload protecting circuit (11) of closing pulse width regulating circuit (6); One receives the block signal of pulse width regulating circuit (6) and closes the protection exclusive circuit (12) of pulse width regulating circuit (6); Input filter circuit (1) is that chopper circuit (4), booster driving circuit (5), pulse width regulating circuit (6), output voltage stabilizing circuit (7), power frequency square wave drive circuit (8), protection circuit against input over-voltage (9), input under-voltage protecting circuit (10), overload protecting circuit (11) and protection exclusive circuit (12) provide operating voltage.
2, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the described booster driving circuit (5), the E2 pin (123) of integrated circuit TL494, transistor Q8 base stage (14), transistor Q15 base stage (15), resistance R 41 1 ends (16) are electrically connected; The E1 pin (17) of integrated circuit TL494, transistor Q10 base stage (18), transistor q16 base stage (19), resistance R 42 1 ends (20) are electrically connected, resistance R 41 1 ends (22), resistance R 42 1 ends (21), transistor Q15 collector electrode (23), transistor Q16 collector electrode (24) ground connection that is electrically connected; The C2 pin (124) of integrated circuit TL494, the C1 pin (125) of integrated circuit TL494, transistor Q8 collector electrode (31), transistor Q10 collector electrode (32) are electrically connected on starting switch output (33); Transistor Q8 emitter (25), transistor Q15 emitter (26) are electrically connected on the driving signal input (27) of boosted switch circuit (2); Transistor Q10 emitter (29), transistor Q16 emitter (28) are electrically connected on the driving signal input (30) of boosted switch circuit (2).
3, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described pulse width regulating circuit (6) adopts integrated circuit TL494.
4, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the described output voltage stabilizing circuit (7), integrated circuit TL494-V1 pin (34), resistance R 29 1 ends (35), resistance R 12 1 ends (36), resistance R 4 one ends (37), capacitor C 1 one ends (38) be electrically connected; Integrated circuit TL494+V1 pin (39), resistance R 44 1 ends (40), resistance R 1 one ends (41), capacitor C 1 one ends (42) be electrically connected; The COMP pin (43) of integrated circuit TL494 is electrically connected resistance R 29 1 ends (44); Resistance R 12 1 ends (45) are electrically connected the VREF pin (46) of integrated circuit TL494; Resistance R 44 1 ends (47), resistance R 27 1 ends (48), resistance R 21 1 ends (49) are electrically connected; Resistance R 4 one ends (50), resistance R 1 one ends (51), resistance R 27 1 ends (52) ground connection; Resistance R 21 1 ends (53) are electrically connected the high pressure output (54) of current rectifying and wave filtering circuit (3).
5, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described power frequency square wave drive circuit (8), the Vdd pin (55) of integrated circuit 4011 is electrically connected 9V voltage stabilizing end (128); The 4B pin (56) of integrated circuit 4011, the 4A pin (57) of integrated circuit 4011, diode D10 anode (58), resistance R 36 1 ends (59) are electrically connected; The 1A pin (71) of the 3B pin (69) of the 4Y pin (60) of integrated circuit 4011, resistance R 37 1 ends (61), integrated circuit 4011, the 3A pin (70) of integrated circuit 4011, integrated circuit 4011 is electrically connected; The 3Y pin (62) of integrated circuit 4011, the 2B pin (74) of integrated circuit 4011, capacitor C 9 one ends (63) are electrically connected; Resistance R 35 1 ends (65), resistance R 36 1 ends (66), resistance R 37 1 ends (67), capacitor C 9 one ends (68) are electrically connected; The 1B pin (72) of integrated circuit 4011, the 2Y pin (73) of integrated circuit 4011 are electrically connected and are drive output (74); The 1Y pin (75) of integrated circuit 4011, the 2A pin (76) of integrated circuit 4011 are electrically connected and are drive output (77); The Vss pin (78) of integrated circuit 4011 ground connection that is electrically connected; Diode D10 negative electrode (79) is electrically connected resistance R 35 1 ends (80).
6, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described protection circuit against input over-voltage (9), integrated circuit TL494+V2 pin (81) is electrically connected the VREF pin (46) of integrated circuit TL494; Integrated circuit TL494-V2 pin (82), resistance R 7 one ends (98), resistance R 6 one ends (99), capacitor C 2 one ends (84) be electrically connected; Capacitor C 2 one ends (97), resistance R 7 one ends (100) ground connection that is electrically connected; Resistance R 6 one ends (101) are electrically connected on starting switch output (33).
7, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described input under-voltage protecting circuit (10), integrated circuit TL494+V2 pin (81) is electrically connected the VREF pin of integrated circuit TL494; Integrated circuit TL494-V2 pin (82), resistance R 3 one ends (85), resistance R 5 one ends (86), transistor Q9 collector electrode (87) be electrically connected; Resistance R 5 one ends (88), voltage stabilizing didoe DW negative electrode (89) are electrically connected on starting switch output (33); Voltage stabilizing didoe DW2 anode (90) is electrically connected resistance R 43 1 ends (91); Resistance R 43 1 ends (92), transistor Q9 base stage (93), capacitor C 7 one ends (94) are electrically connected; Capacitor C 7 one ends (95), transistor Q9 emitter (96), capacitor C 2 one ends (97) ground connection that is electrically connected.
8, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described overload protecting circuit (11), integrated circuit TL494+V2 pin (81) is electrically connected the VREF pin (46) of integrated circuit TL494; Integrated circuit TL494-V2 pin (82), resistance R 3 one ends (83), capacitor C 2 one ends (84) be electrically connected; Resistance R 3 one ends (85), resistance R 5 one ends (86), transistor Q9 collector electrode (87) are electrically connected; Resistance R 5 one ends (88) are electrically connected on starting switch output (33); Resistance R 10 1 ends (102), transistor Q9 base stage (93), capacitor C 7 one ends (94) are electrically connected; Capacitor C 7 one ends (95), transistor Q9 emitter (96), capacitor C 2 one ends (97) ground connection that is electrically connected; Resistance R 10 1 ends (103) are electrically connected on the overload signal test point (104) of chopper circuit (4).
9, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described protection exclusive circuit (12), integrated circuit TL494+V2 pin (81) is electrically connected the VREF pin (46) of integrated circuit TL494; Integrated circuit TL494-V2 pin (82), resistance R 3 one ends (83), capacitor C 2 one ends (84) be electrically connected; Resistance R 3 one ends (85), resistance R 5 one ends (86), transistor Q7 collector electrode (105) are electrically connected; Resistance R 5 one ends (88) are electrically connected on starting switch output (33); Transistor Q7 base stage (106), resistance R 2 one ends (107), resistance R 8 one ends (108), electrochemical capacitor C14 positive pole (109) are electrically connected; Resistance R 2 one ends (110) are electrically connected on the COMP pin (43) of integrated circuit TL494; Resistance R 8 one ends (111), electrochemical capacitor C14 negative terminal (112), transistor Q7 emitter (113), capacitor C 2 one ends (97) ground connection that is electrically connected.
10, pulse width control type efficient DC/AC inverter according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described air-conditioning power source special circuit (13), compressor M1 one end (116) is electrically connected capacitor C one end (117) incoming transport output (115); Compressor M1 one end (120) is electrically connected blower fan M2 end (121) incoming transport output (114); The capacity that capacitor C one end (118) is electrically connected blower fan M2 one end (119) capacitor C is 3uF.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN 01215078 CN2497482Y (en) | 2001-01-21 | 2001-01-21 | Pulse width-adjusting D.C. to A.C. high-efficient inverter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN 01215078 CN2497482Y (en) | 2001-01-21 | 2001-01-21 | Pulse width-adjusting D.C. to A.C. high-efficient inverter |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN2497482Y true CN2497482Y (en) | 2002-06-26 |
Family
ID=33633719
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN 01215078 Expired - Fee Related CN2497482Y (en) | 2001-01-21 | 2001-01-21 | Pulse width-adjusting D.C. to A.C. high-efficient inverter |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101873001B (en) * | 2009-04-23 | 2013-04-24 | 立锜科技股份有限公司 | Power supply management control device with reset latch protection function |
CN103236799A (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2013-08-07 | 宁波中博电器有限公司 | Photovoltaic off-network type sinusoidal inverter with pulse-by-pulse current limiting |
-
2001
- 2001-01-21 CN CN 01215078 patent/CN2497482Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101873001B (en) * | 2009-04-23 | 2013-04-24 | 立锜科技股份有限公司 | Power supply management control device with reset latch protection function |
CN103236799A (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2013-08-07 | 宁波中博电器有限公司 | Photovoltaic off-network type sinusoidal inverter with pulse-by-pulse current limiting |
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CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |