CN2421799Y - High-quality light adjustable electronic ballast - Google Patents
High-quality light adjustable electronic ballast Download PDFInfo
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- CN2421799Y CN2421799Y CN 00217444 CN00217444U CN2421799Y CN 2421799 Y CN2421799 Y CN 2421799Y CN 00217444 CN00217444 CN 00217444 CN 00217444 U CN00217444 U CN 00217444U CN 2421799 Y CN2421799 Y CN 2421799Y
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a high-quality light adjustable electronic ballast, which comprises a rectification circuit, a half-bridge inverter circuit, an active filter circuit, an alternating current input voltage detecting circuit, a power tube driving control circuit, an overcurrent detecting circuit, an abnormal state detecting circuit, a streak discharge suppression circuit and a light regulating interface. The utility model can be used widely for light regulation of fluorescent lamps.
Description
The utility model relates to a kind of high-quality dimmable electronic ballast.
The CN2190393 patent No. discloses the patent of a kind of denomination of invention for " Light modulating type electronic ballast ", the described electric ballast of this patent, it is to be connected on the purpose that resistance in the fluorescent tube loop reaches light modulation by adjusting, the line construction of this ballast is simple, but it is little that its major defect is a dimming scope, poor performance, reliability is low, and light modulation does not reach purpose of power saving;
The CN2172562Y patent No. discloses the patent of a kind of denomination of invention for " light modulation current limliting electronic ballast for fluoresent lamp ", the described electric ballast of this patent is to regulate the brightness of fluorescent tube by opening or closing switch, the major defect of this electric ballast is that dimming scope is littler than the former, the matching performance of fluorescent tube and circuit is poor, reliability is not high, and ballast heating itself is also bigger;
At present import adjusting brightness of fluorescent lamp electric ballast costs an arm and a leg, and volume and caloric value are also all bigger, when start under the lower situation of default brightness that of short duration flicker can appear in fluorescent tube and in the light modulation process fluorescent tube shortcomings such as striped discharge can appear.
The purpose of this utility model provides and a kind ofly can better overcome the shortcoming that above-mentioned prior art exists, and has that reliability height, performance are good, the high-quality dimmable electronic ballast of the large and small skilful power saving of dimming scope.
The purpose of this utility model is achieved in that this dimmable electronic ballast, it comprises rectification circuit and half-bridge inversion circuit, it is characterized in that it also includes power filter, AC-input voltage testing circuit, power tube Drive and Control Circuit, overcurrent sensing circuit, abnormal state detection circuit, striped discharge inhibition circuit and dimming interface:
Described active filter circuit is by active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, field effect transistor M1, diode D1, and D2, inductance T1 and capacitor C 1-C3 form;
Described AC-input voltage testing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 1, R2, capacitor C 5;
Described power tube Drive and Control Circuit is made up of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 3-R5, transformer T2, capacitor C 4, C6;
Described overcurrent sensing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 and resistance R 6;
Described abnormal state detection circuit is made up of resistance R 7-R11, capacitor C 10 and C11;
Described striped discharge suppresses circuit and is made up of resistance R 7, R10, R11 and capacitor C 11;
Described half-bridge inversion circuit is made up of field effect transistor M2, M3, choking-winding L1, capacitor C 7-C9 and resistance R 12,
Described active filter circuit is by 1 pin of active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, one end of capacitor C 1,2 pin of inductance T1 link to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit, 2 pin of this thick film circuit IC1,4 and 5 bipods of inductance T1, the other end of capacitor C 1, the equal ground connection of the negative pole of capacitor C 2 and C3,3 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with 6 pin of inductance T1,4 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M1,5 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the source electrode of field effect transistor M1, the drain electrode of this field effect transistor M1 links to each other with 1 pin of inductance T1 and the anode of diode D2 respectively, 6 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of the negative electrode of diode D2 and capacitor C 2,7 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of capacitor C 3, the anode of diode D1 links to each other with 3 pin of inductance T1, the negative electrode of diode D1 respectively with the positive pole of capacitor C 4,1 pin of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 links to each other;
The equal ground connection of negative pole of 2 pin of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, an end of resistance R 2 and capacitor C 5,6 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with the other end of an end of resistance R 1, resistance R 2 and the positive pole of capacitor C 5, and the other end of resistance R 1 links to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit;
8 pin of described thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 5,9 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 3, the other end of resistance R 3 links to each other with 1 pin of transformer T2, one end ground connection of capacitor C 6, the other end of capacitor C 6 links to each other with 3 pin of transformer T2, one end of resistance R 4 links to each other with 2 pin of transformer T2, the other end of resistance R 4 links to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M3,4 pin of transformer T2 link to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and the source electrode of M3 respectively, the minus earth of capacitor C 4, the positive pole of capacitor C 4 links to each other with 1 pin of thick film circuit IC2;
One end of described resistance R 6 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, the other end ground connection of resistance R 6.
One end of described resistance R 7 and the drain electrode of described field effect transistor M3,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1, the negative electrode of diode D2, the positive pole of capacitor C 2 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 7 links to each other with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 11 and 4 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, one end of capacitor C 11, one end of resistance R 10 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 10 links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 11 and resistance R 11, resistance R 8, R9, one end of capacitor C 10 all links to each other with 7 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of resistance R 8 links to each other resistance R 9 with 10 pin of thick film circuit IC2, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 10;
The source electrode of described field effect transistor M3, the end of the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and choke L1 links to each other, the other end of choke L1 respectively with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 8 links to each other, the drain electrode of capacitor C 9 one ends and field effect transistor M3 and the positive pole of described capacitor C 2, the negative electrode of diode D1,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1 link to each other, the other end of capacitor C 9, one end of the other end of fluorescent lamp L and resistance R 10 links to each other, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, one end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2, resistance R 12 is in parallel with capacitor C 8, one end of this parallel circuits and an end of resistance R 7, the end of fluorescent lamp L links to each other, the other end of this parallel circuits links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, an end of the grid of field effect transistor M2 and described resistance R 5 with link to each other.
Dimmable electronic ballast described in the utility model, suppress circuit owing to set up active filter circuit, AC-input voltage testing circuit, power tube Drive and Control Circuit, overcurrent sensing circuit, abnormal state detection circuit and striped discharge, therefore, but it is steady operation under the line voltage that exchanges 140-260V, and can keep power output constant when input voltage 170-260V; Dimming control signal is direct current 1-10V, the 5%-100% of corresponding fluorescent tube output light flux; The striped discharge can not appear in fluorescent tube in dimming scope, and brightness is very stable; The pipeline start up by preheating time is 2 seconds, by program start, fluorescent tube is started to the brightness of setting, flicker free phenomenon; Possess over-and under-voltage overcurrent and other abnormal condition protection function, so the utlity model has compact conformation, volume is little, and caloric value is little, and obvious energy conservation (up to 70%) is reliable and stable, and more than 30,000 lamp holder of lamp lighting-up can not turn black, advantages such as prolongation in useful life.
Concrete structure of the present utility model is provided by following embodiment and accompanying drawing thereof.
The electrical schematic diagram of dimmable electronic ballast described in the utility model.
Describe the concrete structure of the dimmable electronic ballast that the utility model proposes in detail below in conjunction with Fig. 1.
This dimmable electronic ballast, it comprises rectification circuit (not shown) and half-bridge inversion circuit, and it also includes power filter, AC-input voltage testing circuit, power tube Drive and Control Circuit, overcurrent sensing circuit, abnormal state detection circuit, striped discharge inhibition circuit and dimming interface:
Described active filter circuit is by active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, field effect transistor M1, diode D1, and D2, inductance T1 and capacitor C 1-C3 form;
Described AC-input voltage testing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 1, R2, capacitor C 5;
Described power tube Drive and Control Circuit is made up of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 3-R5, transformer T2, capacitor C 4, C6;
Described overcurrent sensing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 and resistance R 6;
Described abnormal state detection circuit is made up of resistance R 7-R11, capacitor C 10 and C11;
Described striped discharge suppresses circuit and is made up of resistance R 7, R10, R11 and capacitor C 11;
Described half-bridge inversion circuit is made up of field effect transistor M2, M3, choking-winding L1, capacitor C 7-C9 and resistance R 12,
Described active filter circuit is by 1 pin of active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, one end of capacitor C 1,2 pin of inductance T1 link to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit, 2 pin of this thick film circuit IC1,4 and 5 bipods of inductance T1, the other end of capacitor C 1, the equal ground connection of the negative pole of capacitor C 2 and C3,3 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with 6 pin of inductance T1,4 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M1,5 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the source electrode of field effect transistor M1, the drain electrode of this field effect transistor M1 links to each other with 1 pin of inductance T1 and the anode of diode D2 respectively, 6 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of the negative electrode of diode D2 and capacitor C 2,7 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of capacitor C 3, the anode of diode D1 links to each other with 3 pin of inductance T1, the negative electrode of diode D1 respectively with the positive pole of capacitor C 4,1 pin of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 links to each other;
The equal ground connection of negative pole of 2 pin of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, an end of resistance R 2 and capacitor C 5,6 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with the other end of an end of resistance R 1, resistance R 2 and the positive pole of capacitor C 5, and the other end of resistance R 1 links to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit;
8 pin of described thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 5,9 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 3, the other end of resistance R 3 links to each other with 1 pin of transformer T2, one end ground connection of capacitor C 6, the other end of capacitor C 6 links to each other with 3 pin of transformer T2, one end of resistance R 4 links to each other with 2 pin of transformer T2, the other end of resistance R 4 links to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M3,4 pin of transformer T2 link to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and the source electrode of M3 respectively, the minus earth of capacitor C 4, the positive pole of capacitor C 4 links to each other with 1 pin of thick film circuit IC2;
One end of described resistance R 6 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, the other end ground connection of resistance R 6.
One end of described resistance R 7 and the drain electrode of described field effect transistor M3,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1, the negative electrode of diode D2, the positive pole of capacitor C 2 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 7 links to each other with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 11 and 4 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, one end of capacitor C 11, one end of resistance R 10 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 10 links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 11 and resistance R 11, resistance R 8, R9, one end of capacitor C 10 all links to each other with 7 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of resistance R 8 links to each other resistance R 9 with 10 pin of thick film circuit IC2, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 10;
The source electrode of described field effect transistor M3, the end of the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and choke L1 links to each other, the other end of choke L1 respectively with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 8 links to each other, the drain electrode of capacitor C 9 one ends and field effect transistor M3 and the positive pole of described capacitor C 2, the negative electrode of diode D1,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1 link to each other, the other end of capacitor C 9, one end of the other end of fluorescent lamp L and resistance R 10 links to each other, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, one end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2, resistance R 12 is in parallel with capacitor C 8, one end of this parallel circuits and an end of resistance R 7, the end of fluorescent lamp L links to each other, the other end of this parallel circuits links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, an end of the grid of field effect transistor M2 and described resistance R 5 with link to each other.
3 pin of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 are direct current 1-10V dimming interface.
Described active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, it is formed through being electrically connected by error amplifier, quadrant multiplier, primary current sense comparator, precision temperature compensation band gap reference voltage source, logical circuit, output driver, startup timer and output over-voltage protection circuit etc.
Described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, it is formed through being electrically connected by oscillating circuit, excess voltage protection, output abnormality state protection circuit, output driving circuit, no lamp testing circuit and fluorescent tube starting state testing circuit etc.
Now the course of work with dimmable electronic ballast described in the utility model underdraws as follows:
Obtain the comparatively level and smooth direct voltage of 100HZ after the ac grid voltage process filtering of 220V and the rectification, this voltage becomes highly stable 400V direct voltage through behind the active filter circuit, be connected to half-bridge inversion circuit then, two suitable drive control signal of power tube Drive and Control Circuit output this moment are delivered to half-bridge inversion circuit, half-bridge inversion circuit will produce suitable sinusoidal voltage fluorescent lamp L will be lighted, and make it to keep steady operation.Direct current 1-10V dimming interface is sent to the power tube Drive and Control Circuit with dim signal, the power tube Drive and Control Circuit is then suitably handled the drive signal of output according to dim signal, the inversion process of control half-bridge inversion circuit causes the brightness of fluorescent lamp L to change, and reaches the light modulation purpose.The striped discharge suppresses circuit can suppress even eliminate the striped discharge that fluorescent tube occurs in the light modulation process, makes lighting tube brightness more stable.If line voltage surpasses 300V or is lower than 100V; the AC-input voltage testing circuit is sent to the power tube Drive and Control Circuit with detected voltage signal; the power tube Drive and Control Circuit is handled this signal; forbid output drive signal; half-bridge inversion circuit stops inversion; fluorescent lamp L extinguishes, and ballast and fluorescent lamp L are effectively protected.If have that fluorescent lamp L comes off, filament disconnects or fluorescent tube abnormality such as can not activate and produces; the abnormal state detection circuit detects proper signal and delivers to the power tube Drive and Control Circuit from fluorescent lamp L; the power tube Drive and Control Circuit is also forbidden the output of drive signal after inter-process; half-bridge inversion circuit stops inversion; whole ballast enters the abnormal condition protection stage, and fault is got rid of the back ballast and entered normal operating conditions automatically.When half-bridge inversion circuit abnormal conditions occur and causes resonance current excessive; overcurrent sensing circuit is delivered to the power tube Drive and Control Circuit with detected signal; the power tube Drive and Control Circuit is adjusted the frequency and the pulse duration of drive signal automatically after inter-process; the further increase of restriction electric current, the safety of protection ballast and fluorescent lamp.
The utility model is widely used in adjusting brightness of fluorescent lamp.
Claims (4)
1. high-quality dimmable electronic ballast, it comprises rectification circuit and half-bridge inversion circuit, it is characterized in that it also includes power filter, AC-input voltage testing circuit, power tube Drive and Control Circuit, overcurrent sensing circuit, abnormal state detection circuit, striped discharge inhibition circuit and dimming interface:
Described active filter circuit is by active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, field effect transistor M1, diode D1, and D2, inductance T1 and capacitor C 1-C3 form;
Described AC-input voltage testing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 1, R2, capacitor C 5;
Described power tube Drive and Control Circuit is made up of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, resistance R 3-R5, transformer T2, capacitor C 4, C6;
Described overcurrent sensing circuit is made up of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 and resistance R 6;
Described abnormal state detection circuit is made up of resistance R 7-R11, capacitor C 10 and C11;
Described striped discharge suppresses circuit and is made up of resistance R 7, R10, R11 and capacitor C 11;
Described half-bridge inversion circuit is made up of field effect transistor M2, M3, choking-winding L1, capacitor C 7-C9 and resistance R 12,
Described active filter circuit is by 1 pin of active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, one end of capacitor C 1,2 pin of inductance T1 link to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit, 2 pin of this thick film circuit IC1,4 and 5 bipods of inductance T1, the other end of capacitor C 1, the equal ground connection of the negative pole of capacitor C 2 and C3,3 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with 6 pin of inductance T1,4 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M1,5 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the source electrode of field effect transistor M1, the drain electrode of this field effect transistor M1 links to each other with 1 pin of inductance T1 and the anode of diode D2 respectively, 6 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of the negative electrode of diode D2 and capacitor C 2,7 pin of this thick film circuit IC1 link to each other with the positive pole of capacitor C 3, the anode of diode D1 links to each other with 3 pin of inductance T1, the negative electrode of diode D1 respectively with the positive pole of capacitor C 4,1 pin of brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 links to each other;
The equal ground connection of negative pole of 2 pin of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, an end of resistance R 2 and capacitor C 5,6 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with the other end of an end of resistance R 1, resistance R 2 and the positive pole of capacitor C 5, and the other end of resistance R 1 links to each other with the positive output end of described rectification circuit;
8 pin of described thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 5,9 pin of this thick film circuit IC2 link to each other with an end of resistance R 3, the other end of resistance R 3 links to each other with 1 pin of transformer T2, one end ground connection of capacitor C 6, the other end of capacitor C 6 links to each other with 3 pin of transformer T2, one end of resistance R 4 links to each other with 2 pin of transformer T2, the other end of resistance R 4 links to each other with the grid of field effect transistor M3,4 pin of transformer T2 link to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and the source electrode of M3 respectively, the minus earth of capacitor C 4, the positive pole of capacitor C 4 links to each other with 1 pin of thick film circuit IC2;
One end of described resistance R 6 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, the other end ground connection of resistance R 6.
One end of described resistance R 7 and the drain electrode of described field effect transistor M3,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1, the negative electrode of diode D2, the positive pole of capacitor C 2 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 7 links to each other with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 11 and 4 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, one end of capacitor C 11, one end of resistance R 10 links to each other, the other end of resistance R 10 links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 11 and resistance R 11, resistance R 8, R9, one end of capacitor C 10 all links to each other with 7 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of resistance R 8 links to each other resistance R 9 with 10 pin of thick film circuit IC2, the other end ground connection of capacitor C 10;
The source electrode of described field effect transistor M3, the end of the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2 and choke L1 links to each other, the other end of choke L1 respectively with the end of fluorescent lamp L, one end of resistance R 8 links to each other, the drain electrode of capacitor C 9 one ends and field effect transistor M3 and the positive pole of described capacitor C 2, the negative electrode of diode D1,6 pin of described thick film circuit IC1 link to each other, the other end of capacitor C 9, one end of the other end of fluorescent lamp L and resistance R 10 links to each other, the source electrode of field effect transistor M2, one end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with 5 pin of described thick film circuit IC2, the other end of capacitor C 7 links to each other with the drain electrode of field effect transistor M2, resistance R 12 is in parallel with capacitor C 8, one end of this parallel circuits and an end of resistance R 7, the end of fluorescent lamp L links to each other, the other end of this parallel circuits links to each other with the other end of fluorescent lamp L, an end of the grid of field effect transistor M2 and described resistance R 5 with link to each other.
2. high-quality dimmable electronic ballast according to claim 1 is characterized in that, 3 pin of described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2 are direct current 1-10V dimming interface.
3. high-quality dimmable electronic ballast according to claim 1; it is characterized in that; described active power filtering thick film circuit IC1, it is formed through being electrically connected by error amplifier, quadrant multiplier, primary current sense comparator, precision temperature compensation band gap reference voltage source, logical circuit, output driver, startup timer and output over-voltage protection circuit etc.
4. high-quality dimmable electronic ballast according to claim 1; it is characterized in that; described brightness adjustment control thick film circuit IC2, it is formed through being electrically connected by oscillating circuit, excess voltage protection, output abnormality state protection circuit, output driving circuit, no lamp testing circuit and fluorescent tube starting state testing circuit etc.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 00217444 CN2421799Y (en) | 2000-04-27 | 2000-04-27 | High-quality light adjustable electronic ballast |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 00217444 CN2421799Y (en) | 2000-04-27 | 2000-04-27 | High-quality light adjustable electronic ballast |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN2421799Y true CN2421799Y (en) | 2001-02-28 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 00217444 Expired - Fee Related CN2421799Y (en) | 2000-04-27 | 2000-04-27 | High-quality light adjustable electronic ballast |
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| CN (1) | CN2421799Y (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100393179C (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2008-06-04 | 通用电气公司 | Device for removing stripe in pencil-shape lamp |
| CN1633830B (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2010-06-30 | 赤多尼科阿特可两合股份有限公司 | Lamp sensor for a ballast for operating a gas discharge lamp |
-
2000
- 2000-04-27 CN CN 00217444 patent/CN2421799Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100393179C (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2008-06-04 | 通用电气公司 | Device for removing stripe in pencil-shape lamp |
| CN1633830B (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2010-06-30 | 赤多尼科阿特可两合股份有限公司 | Lamp sensor for a ballast for operating a gas discharge lamp |
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| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C19 | Lapse of patent right due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |