CN220808912U - Spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and printing system - Google Patents
Spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and printing system Download PDFInfo
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- CN220808912U CN220808912U CN202322319820.4U CN202322319820U CN220808912U CN 220808912 U CN220808912 U CN 220808912U CN 202322319820 U CN202322319820 U CN 202322319820U CN 220808912 U CN220808912 U CN 220808912U
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- Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model discloses a spray head structure and a printing system for printing a constrained surface oscillation electrofluid, wherein the spray head structure comprises a spray head main body, a driving tube, piezoelectric ceramics, a packaging sleeve and a sleeve, wherein the piezoelectric ceramics are fixed on the outer wall of the driving tube, and the driving tube and the piezoelectric ceramics are packaged in the packaging sleeve; the upper end of the driving pipe is a liquid inlet end, the liquid inlet end is connected with a liquid inlet hose, and the lower end of the driving pipe extends into the sleeve; the upper end of the nozzle body stretches into the sleeve, and the upper end face of the nozzle body contacts with the lower end face of the driving pipe. The utility model solves the problems of complex and time-consuming preparation process of the current constrained surface oscillation electrohydrodynamic spraying nozzle, can greatly shorten the time required by a user for manufacturing the nozzle, and reduces the use cost of the user.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of electrofluidic jet printing, and particularly relates to a nozzle structure for restricted surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and a printing system.
Background
The electrohydrodynamic jet printing technology is that a high-intensity electric field is applied between a nozzle and a substrate opposite to the nozzle, so that a meniscus at the nozzle is gradually filled with liquid to become an axisymmetric conical liquid surface under the action of a tip effect of the electric field, and when the electric stress applied to the tip of the conical liquid surface is enough to overcome the surface tension of the liquid surface, the ink forms a fine jet in the form of a cone-top jet. The cone-top jet ensures that the diameter of the printed ink drop is smaller than the diameter of the jet orifice. And high-precision printing of submicron linewidth can be realized by utilizing the jet holes with the micron size. In addition, compared with the traditional ink jet printing technology capable of printing only low-viscosity ink, the ink viscosity range allowed by the technology can be as wide as 1-10000cp, and the technology has unique advantages in printing high-viscosity ink. At present, the electrohydrodynamic jet printing technology has great application potential in the front edge scientific research fields of micro-nano device packaging, flexible circuits, flexible display and the like.
Although electrohydrodynamic spraying has the advantages of high printing accuracy, large allowable ink viscosity range, etc., the printing frequency is usually hundred hertz or lower, so that it can only be used as a scientific research tool at present rather than a mature commercial manufacturing process. CN116100956a proposes an ultra-high frequency electrohydrodynamic spraying method based on constrained interface oscillations; unlike conventional electrofluidic printing, this method couples a sheet or tube of piezoelectric ceramic to the outer wall of the capillary glass tube. When the excitation frequency of the electric signal applied to the piezoelectric ceramic is the same as the natural resonant frequency of the fluid in the pipeline, the resonance phenomenon of the pressure wave in the pipeline occurs, and the high-frequency oscillation of the meniscus at the micron-level spray hole is realized by utilizing the pressure wave reciprocally propagated in the pipeline; the high-frequency oscillation not only accelerates the formation of the Taylor cone, but also eliminates the oscillation of the liquid level after jet flow, realizes the controllable continuous electrohydrodynamic jet of megahertz magnitude, and the on-demand jet printing of the flying and the airlift liquid drops of tens of kilohertz, and improves the printing efficiency of the traditional EHD by 2-3 magnitudes.
Although the above technology improves the printing efficiency of the conventional EHD to the megahertz level, the manufacturing process of the nozzle is complicated. After the glass tube is drawn, a sheet-like or tubular piezoelectric ceramic is adhered to the outer wall of the glass tube by using epoxy resin or other curable glue. Firstly, the manufacturing process of the spray head is complicated, the glass spray head needs to be coupled with a sheet-shaped or tubular piezoelectric ceramic on the outer wall by using epoxy resin, and the preparation of the adhesive and the coupling of the piezoelectric ceramic and the ink storage tube can be completed usually in more than ten hours, so that the manufacturing efficiency of the spray head is greatly reduced. Since the tip diameter of the spray head is usually only a few micrometers, even submicron, the spray head is extremely easy to be blocked by tiny particles in the ink, and if the spray head cannot be effectively unblocked, the whole spray head including the piezoelectric ceramic can be discarded. In addition, for the micron and submicron spray heads, the spray heads are extremely easy to break under the conditions of false collision, equipment vibration, improper operation (such as overlarge back pressure) and the like; therefore, the nozzle drawn by the capillary glass tube is a wearing part, and the nozzle is used as a consumable in the printing process. The sprayer can be formed by drawing a capillary glass tube through a needle drawing instrument, the manufacturing cost is low, the market price of piezoelectric ceramics is high, and the use cost of a user is high due to the adopted sprayer structure at present, so that development of a sprayer mounting and driving structure with low cost and quick replacement of the sprayer is needed.
Disclosure of utility model
Aiming at the technical problems in the prior art, the utility model provides the nozzle structure and the printing system for the restricted surface oscillation electrofluid printing, which have reasonable design, solve the defects in the prior art and have good effects.
The spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrohydrodynamic spraying printing comprises a spray head main body, a driving tube, piezoelectric ceramics, a packaging sleeve and a sleeve, wherein the piezoelectric ceramics are fixed on the outer wall of the driving tube, and the driving tube and the piezoelectric ceramics are packaged in the packaging sleeve; the upper end of the driving pipe is a liquid inlet end, the liquid inlet end is connected with a liquid inlet hose, and the lower end of the driving pipe extends into the sleeve; the upper end of the spray head main body stretches into the sleeve, and the upper end face of the spray head main body is contacted with the lower end face of the driving pipe.
Further, the piezoelectric ceramic is a sheet piezoelectric ceramic stuck on the outer wall of the driving tube or a tubular piezoelectric ceramic sleeved on the outer wall of the driving tube.
Further, the piezoelectric ceramic is mechanically coupled with the outer wall of the driving tube through epoxy resin or curable glue.
Further, the driving tube is a capillary glass tube, the lower end of the driving tube is plated with a layer of metal conductive film and is connected with a wire, an opening is formed in the side wall of the sleeve, and the wire extends out of the opening.
Further, the nozzle body is a glass tube having the same inner and outer diameters as the driving tube, and the lower end thereof is gradually contracted.
Further, the inner diameter of the sleeve is smaller than the outer diameters of the driving pipe and the nozzle body so as to ensure close fit between the sleeve and the driving pipe and the nozzle body.
The printing system comprises the spray head structure for printing the restricted surface oscillation electrofluid, and further comprises a clamping mechanism, a liquid supply unit, a signal generation unit and a high-voltage power supply unit, wherein the clamping mechanism is used for fixing the spray head structure above a moving platform, a printing surface is arranged on the moving platform, the liquid supply unit adopts a syringe pump, the syringe pump is connected with the liquid inlet end of the driving tube through a liquid inlet hose, and the syringe pump has the functions of controlling ink flow and adjusting back pressure.
Further, two output ends of the signal generating unit are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the piezoelectric ceramic through wires, and the signal generating unit is a signal generator, a singlechip or equipment capable of generating low-voltage pulses.
Further, the positive electrode of the high-voltage power supply unit is connected with the metal conducting film through a wire, the negative electrode of the high-voltage power supply unit is connected with the mobile platform, and the high-voltage power supply unit is a high-voltage direct-current power supply, a voltage amplifier or a high-voltage pulse power supply.
Further, fixture includes two plywood, and two plywood one end is articulated through the hinge, and the other end passes through fixed buckle and connects, is equipped with vertical through-hole between two plywood, and the encapsulation cover of shower nozzle structure is inlayed and is established in vertical through-hole.
The utility model has the beneficial technical effects that:
1. The spray head can be quickly replaced at any time. The spray nozzle with the blockage, damage or unsuitable spray hole size can be quickly replaced through simple plugging and unplugging.
2. The spray head has simple structure, convenient manufacture and low manufacture cost. The utility model divides the easily damaged part and the nozzle driving part in the nozzle structure into two parts, and then uses the sleeve to connect the two parts. Compared with the original integrated spray head (spray head with piezoelectric ceramic and conical glass tube directly coupled), after the spray head is blocked or damaged, only the glass tube at the front end needs to be replaced, and the piezoelectric ceramic is not needed to be abandoned. Greatly reduces the use cost of the user. Meanwhile, compared with the integrated spray head, the spray head required by the spray head mounting and driving structure is simple in manufacturing process, and can be manufactured only by drawing without sticking piezoelectric ceramics, so that the manufacturing period of the spray head is greatly shortened.
In conclusion, the spray head structure solves the problems that the current preparation process of the constrained surface oscillation electrohydrodynamic spray head is complex and time-consuming, can greatly shorten the time required by a user for manufacturing the spray head, and reduces the use cost of the user.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a spray head structure using a sheet-like piezoelectric ceramic in the present utility model;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a nozzle structure using tubular piezoelectric ceramics in the present utility model;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a printing system according to the present utility model;
FIG. 4 is a top cross-sectional view of the clamping mechanism of the present utility model;
Wherein, 1-driving the tube; 2-piezoelectric ceramics; 3-packaging the sleeve; 4-sleeve; 5-conducting wires; 6-a liquid inlet end; 7-a metal conductive film; 8-opening; 9-a spray head mounting hole; 10-a spray head body; 11-spraying holes; 12-a liquid inlet hose; 13-a clamping mechanism; 14-a liquid supply unit; 15-a signal generating unit; 16-a high voltage generating unit; 17-a printing surface; 18-a mobile platform; 19-a veneer; 20-hinges; 21-fixing buckle; 22-vertical through holes;
Detailed Description
The present utility model will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present utility model more apparent.
A head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, comprises a head body 10, a drive tube 1, a piezoceramic 2, a packing 3 and a sleeve 4;
The piezoelectric ceramic 2 is fixed on the outer wall of the driving tube 1, in the embodiment, the piezoelectric ceramic is fixed on the outer wall of the middle part of the driving tube, the driving tube 1 and the piezoelectric ceramic 2 are packaged in the packaging sleeve 3, the integrated airtight packaging of the driving tube 1 and the piezoelectric ceramic 2 is realized, and in the embodiment, the middle part of the driving tube and the piezoelectric ceramic are packaged in the packaging sleeve; the piezoelectric ceramic 2 is a flaky piezoelectric ceramic attached to the outer wall of the driving tube 1 or a tubular piezoelectric ceramic sleeved on the outer wall of the driving tube, and the piezoelectric ceramic 2 is mechanically coupled with the outer wall of the driving tube 1 through epoxy resin or curable glue.
The driving tube 1 is a capillary glass tube, the upper end of the driving tube is a liquid inlet end 6, the liquid inlet end is connected with a liquid inlet hose 12, and the lower end of the driving tube stretches into the sleeve 4; the lower end of the driving tube 1 is plated with a layer of metal conductive film 7 and connected with a wire 5, an opening 8 is arranged on the side wall of the sleeve 4, and the wire 5 extends out of the opening 8.
The upper end of the spray head main body 10 stretches into the sleeve 4, the spray head main body 10 is a glass tube with the same inner and outer diameters as the driving tube 1, the upper end face of the spray head main body 10 is contacted with the lower end face of the driving tube 1, the lower end of the spray head main body is gradually contracted, spray holes 11 with different apertures are prepared through a needle pulling and grinding process, and the spray head main body 10 is inserted into a spray head mounting hole 9 of the sleeve, so that the upper end face of the spray head main body 10 is matched with the lower end face of the driving end 1 to finish the mounting. When the nozzle body is blocked or damaged or the nozzle body with other apertures needs to be replaced, a new nozzle body can be installed on the nozzle structure in a simple plugging mode.
The sleeve 4 is in interference fit with the driving tube 1 and the nozzle body 10, and the sleeve 4 is made of plastic with certain elasticity, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and the inner diameter of the sleeve is slightly smaller than the outer diameters of the driving tube 1 and the nozzle body 10 so as to ensure the sealing performance and the installation stability of ink.
A printing system, as shown in fig. 3, includes the above-mentioned one nozzle structure, and further includes a clamping mechanism 13, a liquid supply unit 14, a signal generation unit 15, and a high-voltage power supply unit 16;
The fixture 13 is used for fixing the shower nozzle structure above the moving platform 18, and the moving platform 18 is provided with a printing surface 17, as shown in fig. 4, and the fixture comprises two plywood 19, one end of the two plywood is hinged through a hinge 20, the other end of the two plywood is connected through a fixed buckle 21, a vertical through hole 22 is arranged between the two plywood, and the packaging sleeve 3 of the shower nozzle structure is embedded in the vertical through hole 22.
The liquid supply unit 14 is a syringe pump connected to the liquid inlet end 6 of the drive tube 1 via a liquid inlet hose 12, and the syringe pump is a device having functions of controlling the flow rate of ink and adjusting the back pressure. The liquid supply unit 14 can on the one hand bring the meniscus to a suitable shape and height in the non-jet time range, and on the other hand can ensure a continuous supply of liquid during the jet process and adjust the amplitude of oscillation of the meniscus by the magnitude of the back pressure, thus adjusting the volume of the jet.
The two output ends of the signal generating unit 15 are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the piezoelectric ceramic 2 through the lead 5, and the signal generating unit is a signal generator, a singlechip or any other equipment capable of generating low-voltage pulse and is used for generating CMOS or TTL level signals.
The positive electrode of the high-voltage power supply unit 16 is connected with the metal conductive film 7 through a wire, the negative electrode is connected with the mobile platform 18, the high-voltage power supply unit is a high-voltage direct current power supply, a voltage amplifier or a high-voltage pulse power supply, and the metal conductive film can apply high-voltage direct current, pulse direct current with voltage bias or alternating current in positive and negative pulse forms according to requirements.
With the printing system as described above, during printing, the liquid supply unit is first adjusted to slightly concave the meniscus shape at the orifice 11, and then a dc or ac voltage is applied between the ink and the moving platform 18 by the high-voltage power supply unit 16, so that the ink cannot be pulled out by electric stress without meniscus oscillation.
Then, a driving signal is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic 2 through the signal generating unit 15, the piezoelectric ceramic 2 can generate longitudinal stretching deformation under the action of inverse piezoelectric effect, pressure waves generated by the deformation of the piezoelectric ceramic 2 are repeatedly overlapped in the pipeline, so that the ink at the spray hole 11 is subjected to the action of the pressure waves periodically changed in the pipeline, the meniscus presents periodic convex and concave, the amplitude of the meniscus at the spray hole 11 is gradually increased along with the increase of the oscillation frequency, and the oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric ceramic 2 is the same as the oscillation frequency of the meniscus in the spray hole 11. After a number of pulse excitations the meniscus completes the oscillation process with a maximum amplitude, after which the amplitude does not increase with increasing oscillation times. At this time, a high-voltage pulse electric field generated by the high-voltage pulse generating unit 16 is applied between the meniscus oscillated at high frequency and the moving stage 18, so that ejection in synchronization with the pulse electric field can be realized. By controlling the duration of the pulsed electric field, the number of ejections, and thus the volume of ink drops printed onto a point on the print surface 17, can be controlled. In the printing process, after the spray head 10 is blocked or broken, the drawn spray head 10 is directly arranged on the structure in a plug-in mode, so that ultra-high frequency constrained surface oscillation electrohydrodynamic spraying printing is continuously carried out, the use cost of a user is greatly reduced, the time for manufacturing the spray head is shortened, and the printing efficiency is improved.
The specific manufacturing process and geometric parameters of the manufactured nozzle mounting and driving structure and the printing condition are as follows when the sheet-shaped piezoelectric ceramic is adopted.
Example 1: pulsed electric field on demand printing with meniscus continuous oscillation
With the printing system shown in FIG. 3, the piezoelectric ceramic sheet used was 13mm long, 3mm wide and 1mm thick; the inner diameter of the driving tube is 0.87mm, the outer diameter is 1.5mm, and the length is 30mm. The two are coupled through epoxy resin, and the coupling position is positioned in the middle of the driving pipe. The sleeve material is polytetrafluoroethylene, the inner diameter of the manufactured sleeve is 1.45mm, the outer diameter is 5mm, and the length is 10mm. And packaging the piezoelectric ceramic tube by adopting PDMS, wherein the outer diameter of the piezoelectric ceramic packaging sleeve is the same as that of the sleeve. The spray nozzle is made of capillary glass tube with the same inner and outer diameters as the driving tube, the size of the spray hole manufactured by the drawing process is 10 mu m, and the length of the manufactured spray nozzle is 20mm. The high-voltage power supply unit adopts a high-voltage direct-current power supply, the positive electrode of the high-voltage direct-current power supply is connected with the metal conductive film, the other electrode of the high-voltage direct-current power supply is connected to the mobile platform and then is grounded together, and the signal generating unit adopts a signal generator.
Before printing starts, the preparation work is carried out according to the following steps, firstly, the nozzle structure is required to be installed on an electrofluidic ink-jet printing platform through a clamping mechanism, and a liquid inlet at the upper end of a driving pipe is connected with a liquid inlet hose; mounting the manufactured spray head on the mechanism through a spray head mounting hole; then injecting ink into the spray head through the liquid supply unit, and then adjusting the liquid supply system to enable the meniscus to be slightly concave so as to avoid that the ink is pulled out by electric stress under the condition that the meniscus is not oscillated; and finally, applying direct-current voltage between the ink and the substrate, observing the position of the meniscus, and ensuring that the ink cannot be pulled out by electric stress under the condition of no meniscus oscillation, namely completing the preparation work before printing.
In the printing process, a square wave driving signal with the frequency of 204kHz and the peak-to-peak value of 5V is continuously applied to the piezoelectric ceramic through a signal generator, and the amplitude of the meniscus at the spray hole gradually increases along with the increase of the oscillation frequency due to the repeated superposition of pressure waves generated by the periodical telescopic deformation of the piezoelectric ceramic in the pipeline. In this example, the distance between the orifice and the substrate was 135 μm, the amplitude of the pulsed electric field was 550V, and the single jet injection duration was 1.5 μs and the single jet volume was 4.6fL. By controlling the duration of the dc pulsed electric field, the number of ejections, and hence the volume of ink droplets printed onto a dot, can be controlled.
Example 2: pulse train on-demand printing under continuous action of direct current electric field
With the printing system shown in FIG. 3, the piezoelectric ceramic sheet used was 13mm long, 3mm wide and 1mm thick; the inner diameter of the driving tube is 0.87mm, the outer diameter is 1.5mm, and the length is 30mm. The two are coupled by epoxy. The coupling position is located at the middle position of the driving tube. The sleeve material is polytetrafluoroethylene, the inner diameter of the manufactured sleeve is 1.45mm, the outer diameter is 5mm, and the length is 10mm. And packaging the piezoelectric ceramic tube by adopting PDMS, wherein the outer diameter of the piezoelectric ceramic packaging sleeve is the same as that of the sleeve. The spray nozzle is manufactured by adopting a glass tube with the same inner diameter and outer diameter as the driving tube, the size of a spray hole manufactured by a capillary glass tube drawing process is 13 mu m, and the length of the manufactured spray nozzle is 20mm. In the embodiment, square wave signals with equal positive and negative voltages generated by the signal generator are used as excitation signals of the piezoelectric ceramics; the signal generator generates a single square wave, referred to herein as a pulse train, having a specific number of square waves, depending on the requirements of the on-demand injection; since the magnitude of the meniscus oscillation must exceed a certain value at a particular excitation frequency to cause jet ejection, the number of square waves in the pulse train is limited to produce a single ejection.
The preparation work before printing in this embodiment is the same as that in embodiment 1, in the printing process, the amplitude of the used direct current electric field is 600V, the distance between the spray hole and the printing stock is 157 μm, a square wave excitation signal with the frequency of 107kHz and the voltage peak-to-peak value of 8.5V is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic, and the spraying can be induced only by 4 periods, and the single spraying volume is 43fL; at this point, the maximum on-demand firing frequency is about 26.75KHz, and if the number of square waves in the pulse train is increased again, the number of shots is increased by the same number as the increased number of pulses. The working mode does not need to apply high-frequency high-voltage pulse voltage between the spray head and the printing surface, and can greatly reduce the hardware cost and control difficulty of the printing equipment.
It should be understood that the above description is not intended to limit the utility model to the particular embodiments disclosed, but to limit the utility model to the particular embodiments disclosed, and that the utility model is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications, adaptations, additions and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the utility model.
Claims (10)
1. The spray head structure for the restricted surface oscillation electrofluid printing is characterized by comprising a spray head main body, a driving tube, piezoelectric ceramics, a packaging sleeve and a sleeve, wherein the piezoelectric ceramics are fixed on the outer wall of the driving tube, and the driving tube and the piezoelectric ceramics are packaged in the packaging sleeve; the upper end of the driving pipe is a liquid inlet end, the liquid inlet end is connected with a liquid inlet hose, and the lower end of the driving pipe extends into the sleeve; the upper end of the spray head main body stretches into the sleeve, and the upper end face of the spray head main body is contacted with the lower end face of the driving pipe.
2. The head structure for constrained surface oscillation electro-fluid printing according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric ceramic is a sheet-like piezoelectric ceramic attached to the outer wall of the drive tube or a tubular piezoelectric ceramic sleeved on the outer wall of the drive tube.
3. The head structure for constrained surface oscillating electro-fluid printing according to claim 2, wherein the piezoelectric ceramic is mechanically coupled to the outer wall of the drive tube by epoxy or curable glue.
4. The head structure for printing of a confined surface oscillation electrofluid of claim 1 wherein said drive tube is a capillary glass tube having a lower end coated with a metallic conductive film and connected to a wire, said sleeve having an opening in a sidewall thereof from which the wire extends.
5. The head structure for constrained surface oscillation electro-fluid printing according to claim 4, wherein the head body is a glass tube having the same inner and outer diameters as the driving tube, and a lower end thereof is gradually contracted.
6. The head structure for constrained surface oscillating electrofluid printing of claim 1, wherein the sleeve inner diameter is smaller than the outer diameters of the drive tube and the head body to ensure a tight fit between the sleeve and the drive tube, the head body.
7. A printing system comprising a nozzle structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a clamping mechanism for fixing the nozzle structure above a moving platform on which a printing surface is provided, a liquid supply unit employing an injection pump connected to the liquid inlet end of the drive tube by a liquid inlet hose, a signal generating unit and a high voltage power supply unit.
8. The printing system of claim 7, wherein the two output ends of the signal generating unit are respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the piezoelectric ceramic through wires, and the signal generating unit is a signal generator, a singlechip or a device capable of generating low-voltage pulses.
9. The printing system of claim 7, wherein the high voltage power supply unit has an anode connected to the metal conductive film through a wire and a cathode connected to the mobile platform, and the high voltage power supply unit is a high voltage dc power supply, a voltage amplifier, or a high voltage pulse power supply.
10. The printing system of claim 7, wherein the clamping mechanism comprises two plates, one end of each plate is hinged by a hinge, the other end of each plate is connected by a fixing buckle, a vertical through hole is formed between the plates, and the packaging sleeve of the nozzle structure is embedded in the vertical through hole.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202322319820.4U CN220808912U (en) | 2023-08-28 | 2023-08-28 | Spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and printing system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202322319820.4U CN220808912U (en) | 2023-08-28 | 2023-08-28 | Spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and printing system |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN220808912U true CN220808912U (en) | 2024-04-19 |
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| CN202322319820.4U Active CN220808912U (en) | 2023-08-28 | 2023-08-28 | Spray head structure for constrained surface oscillation electrofluidic printing and printing system |
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| CN (1) | CN220808912U (en) |
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- 2023-08-28 CN CN202322319820.4U patent/CN220808912U/en active Active
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