CN220507965U - Three-way strain-relief fiber grating sensor - Google Patents
Three-way strain-relief fiber grating sensor Download PDFInfo
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- CN220507965U CN220507965U CN202321515034.5U CN202321515034U CN220507965U CN 220507965 U CN220507965 U CN 220507965U CN 202321515034 U CN202321515034 U CN 202321515034U CN 220507965 U CN220507965 U CN 220507965U
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The application discloses three-dimensional strain flower fiber grating sensor includes: the device comprises an integral metal substrate, 3 grating metal substrates, 3 fiber gratings and 3 metal packaging sheets; the 3 fiber gratings comprise a first fiber grating, a second fiber grating and a third fiber grating. The head end of the first fiber bragg grating is connected with the tail end of the second fiber bragg grating, and the head end of the second fiber bragg grating is connected with the tail end of the third fiber bragg grating; the grating metal substrate is fixed on the integral metal substrate; the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings intersect at a point. The fiber bragg grating sensor is provided with the fiber bragg gratings in three different directions, so that the stress in 3 different directions can be detected, and the multi-directional capacity of the fiber bragg grating sensor is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of measurement, in particular to a three-dimensional strain fiber bragg grating sensor.
Background
In the related art, when the optical fiber grating sensor is installed and fixed on the steel rail, the optical fiber grating sensor is only installed in the axial direction of the steel rail, and the optical fiber grating sensor can only measure the axial strain of the steel rail and can not measure the strain in multiple directions.
Disclosure of Invention
The main object of the present application is to provide a three-way strain-relief fiber grating sensor to solve the above-mentioned problems.
To achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present application, there is provided a three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor including:
a whole metal substrate (1) and 3 grating metal substrates (2); 3 fiber gratings (5) and 3 metal packaging sheets (6); the 3 fiber gratings (5) include: a first fiber grating (51), a second fiber grating (52) and a third fiber grating (53);
the head end of the first fiber bragg grating (51) is connected with the tail end of the second fiber bragg grating (52), and the head end of the second fiber bragg grating (52) is connected with the tail end of the third fiber bragg grating (53);
the grating metal substrate (2), the fiber bragg grating (5) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence manner and are divided into 3 groups; in each group, each fiber grating (5) is packaged in a cavity formed by a corresponding grating metal substrate (2) and a metal packaging sheet (6); the grating metal substrate (2) is fixed on the integral metal substrate (1); the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings (5) are intersected at one point.
In one embodiment, 3 first mounting grooves are formed in the integral metal substrate (1), and each group of grating metal substrates (2), the fiber grating (5) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are embedded in each first mounting groove.
In one embodiment, the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings (5) intersect at the center point of the monolithic metal substrate.
In one embodiment, in each group of grating metal substrate (2), fiber grating (5) and metal encapsulation sheet (6);
the metal packaging sheet (6) and the grating metal substrate (2) are respectively provided with a second mounting groove;
the metal packaging sheet (6) and the upper and lower second mounting grooves of the grating metal substrate (2) form a cavity for accommodating the fiber grating (5);
the grating metal substrate (2) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are fixed through a metal-based adhesive;
both ends of the fiber grating (5) are fixed on the grating metal substrate (2) by glass solder.
In one embodiment, the back of the whole metal substrate (1) is provided with an adhesive layer, and a protective film is externally attached; when in installation, the protective film is removed, so that the adhesive layer is exposed and is convenient to paste.
In one embodiment, the monolithic metal substrate (1) is rectangular in shape, and fixing holes are provided at four corner positions, and the fixing holes are used for fixing the monolithic metal substrate (1) by using connecting pieces.
In one embodiment, the metal materials of the whole metal substrate (1), the grating metal substrate (2) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are the same.
In one embodiment, the materials of the bulk metal substrate (1), the grating metal substrate (2) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are high-elasticity stainless steel materials.
In one embodiment, the optical fiber fixing piece (4) is further included; the optical fiber fixing piece (4) is used for fixing optical fibers connected among the optical fiber gratings (5) on the integral metal substrate (1).
In one embodiment, the optical fiber fixing member (4) is made of a rectangular metal sheet, and the middle part of the metal sheet is folded to form an open rectangular channel for accommodating the optical fibers, and the two end parts are respectively adhered to the integral metal substrate (1) by using an adhesive.
The following advantages are achieved in the present application: the three-dimensional strain flower fiber grating sensor is provided with 3 fiber gratings (5) of different directions, includes: a first fiber grating (51), a second fiber grating (52) and a third fiber grating (53); the head end of the first fiber grating (51) is connected with the tail end of the second fiber grating (52), the head end of the second fiber grating (52) is connected with the tail end of the third fiber grating (53), and the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings (5) are intersected at one point. Because the fiber bragg gratings in 3 different directions are arranged, the strain in 3 different directions can be measured, and the diversity of the measuring directions of the fiber bragg grating sensor can be realized.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, are included to provide a further understanding of the application and to provide a further understanding of the application with regard to the other features, objects and advantages of the application. The drawings of the illustrative embodiments of the present application and their descriptions are for the purpose of illustrating the present application and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the present application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a three-way strain-gauge fiber grating sensor according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is another three-way strain-gauge fiber grating sensor according to an embodiment of the present application.
Description of the reference numerals
1-a monolithic metal substrate; 2-grating metal substrate; 3-a first pigtail; 4-an optical fiber fixing member; 5-fiber grating; 6-metal packaging sheets; 7-a second pigtail; 8-fixing holes; 51-a first fiber grating 51; 52-a second fiber grating; 53-third fiber grating.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present application solution better understood by those skilled in the art, the following description will be made in detail and with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application, it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments herein without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present application.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present application and the above figures are used for distinguishing between similar objects and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged where appropriate in order to describe the embodiments of the present application described herein.
In the present application, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "middle", "vertical", "horizontal", "lateral", "longitudinal" and the like indicate an azimuth or a positional relationship based on that shown in the drawings. These terms are only used to better describe the present utility model and its embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the indicated devices, elements or components to the particular orientations or to configure and operate in the particular orientations.
Also, some of the terms described above may be used to indicate other meanings in addition to orientation or positional relationships, for example, the term "upper" may also be used to indicate some sort of attachment or connection in some cases. The specific meaning of these terms in the present utility model will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
Furthermore, the terms "mounted," "configured," "provided," "connected," "coupled," and "sleeved" are to be construed broadly. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or a unitary construction; may be a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection; may be directly connected, or indirectly connected through intervening media, or may be in internal communication between two devices, elements, or components. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present utility model can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with embodiments.
The application provides a three-dimensional strain flower fiber grating sensor, see fig. 1, include: a whole metal substrate 1, 3 grating metal substrates 2;3 fiber gratings 5;3 metal encapsulation sheets 6. Wherein, the head end of each fiber grating 5 faces to the outside, and the tail end faces to the inside.
As shown in fig. 2, the fiber grating 5 specifically includes: a first fiber grating 51, a second fiber grating 52, and a third fiber grating 53. The tail end of the first fiber grating 51 is connected with the second tail fiber 7; the head end of the first fiber grating 51 is connected with the tail end of the second fiber grating 52, and the head end of the second fiber grating 52 is connected with the tail end of the third fiber grating 53; the first end of the third fiber grating 53 is connected to the first pigtail 3.
The grating metal substrate 2, the fiber bragg grating 5 and the metal packaging sheet 6 are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence manner and are divided into 3 groups; in each group, each fiber grating 5 is packaged in a cavity formed by the corresponding grating metal substrate 2 and the metal packaging sheet 6; the grating metal substrate 2 is fixed on the monolithic metal substrate 1.
When the 3 fiber gratings 5 are arranged on the integral metal substrate 1, the first direction of the long axis of each fiber grating 5 is respectively arranged according to the vertical direction, the horizontal direction and the direction forming an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal direction.
Specifically, the first direction of the long axis of each fiber grating 5 is set in the directions of 90 degrees, 0 degrees and angles of-135 degrees, respectively.
The first direction of the long axis is a direction from the tail end to the head end of the fiber grating 5. The extension lines of the long axes of the 3 fiber gratings 5 in the second direction intersect at a point on the inner side. The second direction of the long axis is a direction from the head end to the tail end of the fiber grating 5. In actual operation, one end of a grating can be arbitrarily designated as a head end, and the other end is a tail end.
As shown, the angle between the long axes of the first fiber grating 51 and the second fiber grating 52 in the positive direction is 90 degrees. The angle between the third fiber grating 53 and the first fiber grating 51 in the positive direction of the long axis is 135 degrees. The third fiber grating 53 and the second fiber grating 52 have an included angle of 135 degrees.
In one embodiment, 3 first mounting grooves are formed on the integral metal substrate 1, and each group of the grating metal substrate 2, the fiber grating 5 and the metal packaging sheet 6 are embedded in each first mounting groove.
As shown in fig. 1, first, three first mounting grooves are defined on the monolithic metal substrate 1, wherein the long axis of the first mounting groove and the long axis of the second mounting groove form an included angle of 90; the included angle between the long axis of the third first mounting groove and the long axis of the first mounting groove is 135 degrees; the included angle between the long axis of the third first mounting groove and the long axis of the second first mounting groove is 135 degrees. The extension lines of the long axes of the 3 first mounting grooves intersect at one point.
After the position of the first mounting groove is determined, the first mounting groove is formed in the integral metal substrate 1; then, three grating metal substrates 2 are fixed in each of the first mounting grooves of the monolithic metal substrate 1 by welding or gluing or the like at the above-described first mounting groove positions. And the second mounting groove is formed on the grating metal substrate 2, and the length of the second mounting groove is slightly longer than that of the fiber grating, so that the fiber grating can be fixed in the second mounting groove of the grating metal substrate 2.
In one embodiment, the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings 5 intersect at the center point of the monolithic metal substrate 1.
In one embodiment, in each set of grating metal substrate 2, fiber grating 5 and metal encapsulation sheet 6; the metal packaging sheet 6 and the grating metal substrate 2 are respectively provided with a second mounting groove; the metal packaging sheet 6 and the upper and lower second mounting grooves of the grating metal substrate 2 form a cavity for accommodating the fiber grating 5; the grating metal substrate 2 and the metal packaging sheet 6 are fixed through a metal-based adhesive; the two ends of the fiber bragg grating 5 are fixed on the grating metal substrate 2 by glass solder.
Specifically, two ends of the fiber bragg grating 5 are respectively fixed on the grating metal substrate 2 through low-temperature glass solder, and the metal packaging sheet 6 is tightly combined with the grating metal substrate 2 through a metal-based adhesive. The metal packaging sheet 6 is also provided with a second mounting groove, and a cavity for accommodating the fiber bragg grating is formed by the second mounting groove and the grating metal substrate 2.
The fiber bragg grating is packaged through the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet, and the metal material is stable in property and high in strength, so that the fiber bragg grating sensor can be effectively protected, and the influence of severe engineering environment is avoided. The packaged fiber grating deforms along with the metal material, has similar dynamic characteristics as the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet, particularly high-frequency dynamic response, and can measure high-frequency strain change. Therefore, the same material should be selected for the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet.
In the related art, when the subway rail is detected and the fiber bragg grating sensor is installed and fixed on the steel rail, a series of procedures including polishing and rust removal, adding a protective cover, pasting, welding and the like are included, and the procedures are very complicated, so the application provides an installation mode for conveniently fixing the fiber bragg grating sensor, and in one implementation mode, the back surface of the integral metal substrate 1 is provided with a bonding layer and a protective film is externally attached; when in installation, the protective film is removed, so that the adhesive layer is exposed and is convenient to paste. When in actual installation, the protective film can be firstly removed, and then the fiber grating sensor is stuck on the steel rail. The fixing is more convenient, and the installation efficiency is improved.
The application also proposes another fixing way, in one embodiment, the shape of the monolithic metal substrate 1 is rectangular, and the four corners are provided with fixing holes for fixing the monolithic metal substrate 1 by using a connecting piece.
The fixing holes can be threaded holes and through holes, the fixing pieces can be bolts, and the fiber bragg grating sensor is fixed on the steel rail through the bolts when the fiber bragg grating sensor is used.
In one embodiment, the metallic materials of the monolithic metallic substrate 1, the grating metallic substrate 2 and the metallic encapsulation sheet 6 are the same.
The fiber bragg grating 5 is packaged through the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet, and the metal material is stable in property and high in strength, so that the fiber bragg grating sensor can be effectively protected, and the influence of severe engineering environment is avoided. The packaged fiber grating deforms along with the metal material, has similar dynamic characteristics as the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet, particularly high-frequency dynamic response, and can measure high-frequency strain change. Therefore, the same material should be selected for the monolithic metal substrate 1, the grating metal substrate 2 and the metal encapsulation sheet 6.
The monolithic metal substrate 1 has a rectangular shape, and mounting holes 8 are provided at four corners of the monolithic metal substrate 1. The mounting holes 8 are used for fixing the monolithic metal substrate 1. In the fixing, bolts may be used to pass through the mounting holes 8 for fixing.
In one embodiment, the materials of the monolithic metal substrate 1, the grating metal substrate 2 and the metal packaging sheet 6 are high-elasticity stainless steel materials. The high-elasticity stainless steel material has high elasticity, can effectively transfer stress, and is beneficial to improving the measurement accuracy of the steel rail. Stainless steel is favorable for preventing rust.
In one embodiment, the optical fiber fixing member 4 is further included; the optical fiber fixing piece 4 is used for fixing optical fibers connected between the optical fiber gratings 5 on the integral metal substrate 1.
Referring to fig. 2, an optical fiber fixing member 4 is required to fix an optical fiber. The number of the optical fiber fixing members 4 may be made according to actual needs. The optical fiber fixing member 4 is set at a position where the curvature of the bending is relatively large.
The optical fiber fixing member 4 may be made of a rectangular metal sheet, and the middle portion of the metal sheet is folded to form an open rectangular channel for accommodating the above-mentioned connected optical fibers, and the two end portions are respectively adhered to the integral metal substrate 1 by using an adhesive. Thus, the optical fiber and the optical fiber fixing piece 4 can be directly fixed by the mode of adhesive bonding in use, and the optical fiber fixing piece is convenient to use and high in installation regulation efficiency.
The three-dimensional strain sensor can realize the detection of strain in three directions, so that the strain result is richer and more three-dimensional; the fiber bragg grating is packaged through the metal substrate and the metal packaging sheet, and the whole metal substrate 1 can be fixed on the steel rail through welding, gluing or bolting, so that the fiber bragg grating is tightly combined with the steel rail, and the accuracy of strain detection is improved; the metal packaging sheet covers the fiber bragg grating, so that the fiber bragg grating can be effectively protected, and the influence of severe environment on the service performance and the service life of the fiber bragg grating is reduced; the bonding part arranged on the back of the integral metal substrate 1 enables the fiber bragg grating sensor to be directly adhered to the steel rail, so that the installation procedure is simplified, and the installation efficiency is remarkably improved.
As shown in fig. 2, the optical fiber fixing member 4 may be fixed at various positions as needed.
In the embodiment, the three-way strain fiber grating sensor can be fixed on the steel rail by adopting an adhesive method, so that an adhesive layer is adhered to the back surface of the integral metal substrate 1, a protective film is externally attached to the adhesive layer, and the fiber grating sensor can be directly adhered to the steel rail by only removing the protective film when in actual installation.
In another method, the fixing is performed by adopting a fixing connection mode, and the fiber bragg grating sensor can be connected by using bolts. In the manufacturing process of the fiber bragg grating sensor connected by the bolts, fixing holes are arranged at four corners of the integral metal substrate 1, and other steps are the same as those of the adhesive fiber bragg grating sensor. The adhesive fiber bragg grating sensor is convenient to produce and install, is not firm like a bolt connection mode, is stable and firm in bolt connection, and is required to be perforated on a steel rail, and is complex to operate.
In a second aspect, the application provides a packaging method of a three-dimensional strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor, which includes the following steps:
1) Defining a monolithic metal substrate 1;
2) Determining the positions of first mounting grooves of 3 fiber gratings 5 on the integral metal substrate 1;
3) Determining a grating metal substrate 2 and a metal packaging sheet 6;
4) Processing a second mounting groove of the fiber bragg grating on the grating metal substrate 2 and the metal packaging sheet 6 according to the size of the fiber bragg grating;
5) Adhering the grating metal substrate 2 to the whole metal substrate 1 by using a metal-based adhesive;
6) Placing each grating metal substrate 2 in a corresponding first mounting groove;
7) Each fiber grating 5 is placed in the second mounting groove of the corresponding grating metal substrate 2.
8) For each fiber grating 5, prestress is applied to two ends of the fiber grating 5, and the fiber gratings 5 are fixed on the corresponding grating metal substrates 2 through glass solders.
Wherein, the glass solder adopts low-temperature glass solder.
The metal packaging sheet 6 is placed on the grating metal substrate 2, so that the fiber grating 5 is positioned in a channel formed by the upper mounting groove and the lower mounting groove, and the metal packaging sheet 6 and the grating metal substrate 2 are tightly combined by using a metal-based adhesive.
9) The optical fibers are fixed to the monolithic metal substrate 1 by means of optical fiber fixing members 4.
10 The protective film arranged on the back surface of the integral metal substrate 1 is removed, the adhesive layer is exposed, and the integral metal substrate 1 is adhered on the steel rail.
The foregoing description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the utility model to the particular embodiments described, but is capable of modification and variation in light of the above teachings. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (9)
1. A three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor, comprising: a whole metal substrate (1) and 3 grating metal substrates (2); 3 fiber gratings (5) and 3 metal packaging sheets (6); the 3 fiber gratings (5) include: a first fiber grating (51), a second fiber grating (52) and a third fiber grating (53);
the head end of the first fiber bragg grating (51) is connected with the tail end of the second fiber bragg grating (52), and the head end of the second fiber bragg grating (52) is connected with the tail end of the third fiber bragg grating (53);
the grating metal substrate (2), the fiber bragg grating (5) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence manner and are divided into 3 groups; in each group, each fiber grating (5) is packaged in a cavity formed by a corresponding grating metal substrate (2) and a metal packaging sheet (6); the grating metal substrate (2) is fixed on the integral metal substrate (1); the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber gratings (5) are intersected at one point.
2. The three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor according to claim 1, wherein the integral metal substrate (1) is provided with 3 first mounting grooves, and each group of the grating metal substrate (2), the fiber bragg grating (5) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are embedded in each first mounting groove.
3. The three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor according to claim 1, wherein the axial extension lines of the 3 fiber bragg gratings (5) intersect at the center point of the monolithic metal substrate (1);
the included angle between the first fiber bragg grating (51) and the first direction of the long axis of the second fiber bragg grating (52) is 90 degrees;
the third fiber grating (53) has an included angle of 135 degrees with the first direction of the long axis of the first fiber grating (51) and the second fiber grating (52).
4. A three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that in each group of the grating metal substrate (2), the fiber bragg grating (5) and the metal encapsulation sheet (6); the metal packaging sheet (6) and the grating metal substrate (2) are respectively provided with a second mounting groove;
the metal packaging sheet (6) and the upper and lower second mounting grooves of the grating metal substrate (2) form a cavity for accommodating the fiber grating (5);
the grating metal substrate (2) and the metal packaging sheet (6) are fixed through a metal-based adhesive;
both ends of the fiber grating (5) are fixed on the grating metal substrate (2) by glass solder.
5. The three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor according to claim 1, wherein the back surface of the integral metal substrate (1) is provided with an adhesive layer, and a protective film is externally attached; when in installation, the protective film is removed, so that the adhesive layer is exposed and is convenient to paste.
6. A three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor according to claim 1, wherein the monolithic metal substrate (1) is rectangular in shape, and four corner positions are provided with fixing holes for fixing the monolithic metal substrate (1) using a connector.
7. The three-way strain-gauge fiber grating sensor of claim 1, wherein the metallic materials of the monolithic metallic substrate (1), the grating metallic substrate (2) and the metallic package sheet (6) are the same.
8. The three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor of claim 7, wherein the materials of the bulk metal substrate (1), the grating metal substrate (2) and the metal encapsulation sheet (6) are high-elasticity stainless steel materials.
9. The three-way strain-gauge fiber bragg grating sensor of claim 1, further comprising a fiber mount (4);
the optical fiber fixing piece (4) is used for fixing optical fibers connected among the optical fiber gratings (5) on the integral metal substrate (1);
the optical fiber fixing piece (4) is made of rectangular metal sheets, the middle parts of the metal sheets are folded to form rectangular channels with openings, and the channels are used for accommodating optical fibers; the two ends of the metal sheet are respectively stuck on the integral metal substrate (1) by using an adhesive.
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