CN219496161U - Remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device - Google Patents
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- CN219496161U CN219496161U CN202223546385.0U CN202223546385U CN219496161U CN 219496161 U CN219496161 U CN 219496161U CN 202223546385 U CN202223546385 U CN 202223546385U CN 219496161 U CN219496161 U CN 219496161U
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Abstract
The embodiment of the utility model discloses a remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device which comprises a wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a time sequence control module, a light beam transceiver module, a Raman spectrometer, a detector module and a control module; the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module outputs a pulse laser with tunable wavelength; the light beam receiving and transmitting module emits pulse laser and receives Raman scattered light; the raman spectrometer spatially separates the raman scattered light; the control module processes the data signal using a displacement differential raman spectroscopy technique. The technical scheme of the embodiment of the utility model can be suitable for long-distance detection targets such as explosives or interstellar substances, a plurality of stable wavelength components with small wavelength interval can be simply and efficiently obtained through the wavelength tunable laser module, and the complexity of an optical path is effectively reduced; by combining with the displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, the fluorescent component and the sunlight background noise are further reduced through numerical calculation, so that the signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman spectrum is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of optics, in particular to a time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device.
Background
The Raman spectrum technology can be used for measuring various types of samples without special preparation of the samples, so that the Raman spectrum technology has wide application prospect in various application scenes.
Raman spectra, although having strong specificity (accuracy in identifying species), are extremely weak in intensity and are susceptible to interference such as sunlight especially when detected on site. Therefore, sensitivity is the main research content of remote detection, including aspects of excitation wavelength selection, optical system design, weak signal acquisition and processing methods and the like.
The time-gated Raman technology can filter most of fluorescent backgrounds by utilizing the response time difference of Raman scattered light and fluorescence, but for remote detection targets such as explosives or interstellar substances, the measurement accuracy is seriously affected by interference such as fluorescent backgrounds, sunlight and the like, so that the application of the Raman spectrum technology in remote detection is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the utility model provides a remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device which can be suitable for remote detection targets such as explosives or interstellar substances, and a plurality of stable wavelength components with small wavelength intervals are simply and efficiently obtained through a wavelength tunable laser module, so that the complexity of an optical path is effectively reduced; by combining with the displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, the fluorescent component and the sunlight background noise are further reduced through numerical calculation, so that the signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman spectrum is improved.
According to one aspect of the utility model, a remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device is provided, which comprises a wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a time sequence control module, a light beam transceiver module, a Raman spectrometer, a detector module and a control module;
the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module is connected with the control module and outputs pulse laser with tunable wavelength under the control of the control module;
the beam transceiver module emits the pulse laser with at least two wavelengths to a target to be detected, and transmits Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected to the Raman spectrometer;
the raman spectrometer spatially separates the raman scattered light and transmits the raman scattered light to the detector module;
the time sequence control module is connected with the detector module, and sets up a gating time window according to the emergent time of the pulse laser, and triggers the detector module to collect data signals when the Raman scattered light reaches the detector module;
the control module is connected with the detector module, and is used for processing the data signals by utilizing a displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, wherein the data signals comprise data signals corresponding to the Raman scattered light excited by the pulse laser with at least two wavelengths collected by the detector module.
Optionally, the control module determines the distance of the target to be measured according to the emission time of the pulse laser emitted by the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module and the time of the data signal collected by the detector module.
Optionally, the timing control module is connected with the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, and the timing control module obtains a clock synchronization signal output by the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module.
Optionally, the timing control module includes a beam splitting unit and a photoelectric detector, the beam splitting unit is located at an output end of the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a first part of light beams emitted by the beam splitting unit are transmitted to the photoelectric detector to form a trigger signal, and a second part of light beams emitted by the beam splitting unit are transmitted to the light beam transceiver module.
Optionally, the light beam transceiver module includes a dichroic mirror and a transceiver lens group;
the pulse laser is incident to the dichroic mirror to be transmitted, is transmitted through the receiving and transmitting mirror group and then is emitted to the target to be detected, and the Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected is incident to the receiving and transmitting mirror group to be transmitted, and is reflected by the dichroic mirror and then is transmitted to the Raman spectrometer.
Optionally, the transceiver lens group includes a telescope group.
Optionally, the raman spectrometer comprises a transmissive grating, a reflective grating or a beam splitting prism.
Optionally, the detector module comprises a single-pixel photodetector comprising a single-photon avalanche photodiode, a single-pixel silicon photomultiplier, or a single-pixel microchannel plate; or alternatively
The detector module includes a multi-pixel photodetector including an enhanced charge coupled device, a single photon avalanche photodiode array, or a multi-pixel microchannel plate.
Optionally, the detector module includes a single-pixel photoelectric detector, the remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device further includes a stepper motor and a linear guide rail, and the stepper motor is used for driving the single-pixel photoelectric detector to move along the linear guide rail, so that the single-pixel photoelectric detector receives raman scattered light with each wavelength.
Optionally, the wavelength tunable pulse laser module includes a plurality of lasers, and a plurality of the lasers are integrated into a whole, or the wavelength tunable pulse laser module includes a tunable semiconductor laser, and the tunable semiconductor laser includes a distributed feedback laser, a distributed bragg reflection laser, a vertical cavity surface reflection semiconductor laser, or an external cavity tunable laser.
The embodiment of the utility model provides a remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device which comprises a wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a time sequence control module, a light beam receiving and transmitting module, a Raman spectrometer, a detector module and a control module. The wavelength-tunable pulse laser module outputs the wavelength-tunable pulse laser under the control of the control module; the method comprises the steps that pulse laser with at least two wavelengths is emitted to a remote target to be detected through a light beam receiving and transmitting module, and Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected is transmitted to a Raman spectrometer; the Raman scattered light is spatially separated by a Raman spectrometer and then transmitted to a detector module; setting a gating time window according to the emergent time of the pulse laser through a time sequence control module, and triggering the detector module to acquire data signals when the Raman scattered light reaches the detector module; the data signals are processed by the control module using a shift differential raman spectroscopy technique. According to the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the utility model, a plurality of stable wavelength components with small wavelength intervals are simply and efficiently obtained through the wavelength tunable laser module, so that the complexity of an optical path is effectively reduced; by combining with the displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, the fluorescent component and the sunlight background noise are further reduced through numerical calculation, so that the signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman spectrum is improved.
It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or critical features of the embodiments of the utility model or to delineate the scope of the utility model. Other features of the present utility model will become apparent from the description that follows.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present utility model, the drawings required for the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is apparent that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of Raman and fluorescence spectra;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of the time-gated Raman spectroscopy;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a remote time-gating displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device provided by the utility model;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device provided by the utility model;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device provided by the utility model.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the present utility model, a technical solution in the embodiments of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present utility model without making any inventive effort, shall fall within the scope of the present utility model.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and the claims of the present utility model and the above figures are used for distinguishing between similar objects and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged where appropriate such that the embodiments of the utility model described herein may be implemented in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, in a typical raman measurement experiment, a narrow-band Continuous Wave (CW) laser 1 is used to excite a sample, and a raman spectrometer reads stray light, fluorescence and raman light emitted from the sample. A small number of incident photons (typically with a scattering probability of about 10 -8 ) Because raman scattering is wavelength shifted. The shift can be recorded by a spectrometer and a two-dimensional charge coupled device (2D CCD), and if fluorescence background and stray light are not main sources, raman spectrum with good signal-to-noise ratio can be obtainedAs shown in raman spectrum 2 in fig. 1. One of the main reasons that traditional raman spectroscopy has not been widely used in some other potential applications is the high fluorescence background, as shown by fluorescence spectrum 3 in fig. 1. The high fluorescence background caused by this excitation light partially or even completely masks the weaker raman signal, and thus the raman signal-to-noise ratio is typically reduced. This can result in long measurement times (typically minutes or tens of minutes), or no raman spectra can be measured at all. The reduction or suppression of the fluorescence background in raman spectroscopy is considered an important step in expanding the application of raman spectroscopy to new application fields.
Over the past decades, scientists and engineers have proposed schemes to reduce the effect of the fluorescent background in traditional raman spectra, for example by choosing longer laser wavelengths for excitation (fluorescence will decrease) and signal averaging. These techniques can solve the fluorescence problem in certain materials, but do not provide a general solution to the fluorescence background problem. This is because the raman signal decreases in proportion to the fourth power of the wavelength and thus the signal to noise ratio tends to remain low, especially for highly fluorescent samples.
Fortunately, the time response of the two phenomena of raman scattering and fluorescence emission is different. Raman photons are immediately scattered from the sample, while fluorescence photons are typically emitted with a time constant of a few nanoseconds or more. This provides the possibility to reduce the fluorescence level by illuminating the sample with short laser pulses instead of a continuous laser and then collecting scattered photons only during the laser pulses. Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of a time-gated raman spectroscopy technique, which suppresses fluorescence, approximately proportional to the ratio of the time gate length to the fluorescence lifetime of the sample. In order to achieve meaningful suppression (10 times or more) of samples with fluorescence lifetimes in the nanosecond range, the time gate width as well as the laser pulse width should be in the sub-nanosecond range. For example, time gating may be achieved by kerr gating, ultra-fast gating enhanced ICCD, single photon avalanche diode SPAD, or other various types of photomultiplier tubes (e.g., PMT, siPM, MPPC).
For detection of remote substances which are not suitable or not easy to be contacted by people, such as detection of explosives, exploration of interstellar substances and the like, the fluorescent background, sunlight irradiation and the like in the common time-gated Raman technology can have adverse effects on measurement results due to higher requirements on signal to noise ratio due to longer distance, so that the application of the Raman spectrum technology in remote detection is limited.
In order to solve the problems, the embodiment of the utility model provides a remote time-gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device. Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement apparatus provided by the present utility model, referring to fig. 3, the measurement apparatus includes a wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module 10, a timing control module 20, a light beam transceiver module 30, a raman spectrometer 40, a detector module 50 and a control module 60; the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module 10 is connected with the control module 60, and the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module 10 outputs wavelength-tunable pulse laser under the control of the control module 60; the beam transceiver module 30 emits pulse laser light with at least two wavelengths to the target 70 to be measured, and transmits raman scattered light returned by the target 70 to be measured to the raman spectrometer 40; the raman spectrometer 40 spatially separates the raman scattered light and transmits it to the detector module 50; the time sequence control module 20 is connected with the detector module 50, the time sequence control module 20 establishes a gating time window according to the emergent time of the pulse laser, and the detector module 50 is triggered to collect data signals when the Raman scattered light reaches the detector module 50; the control module 60 is connected with the detector module 50, and the control module 60 processes data signals by using a displacement differential raman spectroscopy technology, wherein the data signals comprise data signals corresponding to raman scattered light excited by at least two pulse lasers with wavelengths collected by the detector module 50.
The key performance indexes of the pulse laser output by the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module 10 are as follows: the wavelength range is 300 nm-1100 nm, and the line width is 0.01cm -1 ～100cm -1 The pulse width is between 100fs and 10ns, the repetition frequency is between 100Hz and 80MHz, the average power range is 1mW to 1W, the type of the laser in the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module 10 can be selected according to practical situations in practical implementation, and the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module 10 can comprise a plurality of lasers which are integrated into oneThe bulk, or wavelength tunable pulsed laser module 10 may comprise a tunable semiconductor laser including a distributed feedback laser, a distributed bragg reflector laser, a vertical facet reflector semiconductor laser, or an external cavity tunable laser. For example, in one embodiment, a center wavelength of 542nm is used with a line width of 0.01cm -1 The pulse width is 1ps, the heavy frequency is 80MHz, the distributed feedback laser with the average power of 400mW is used as a Raman excitation light source, the external temperature controller is utilized to adjust the temperature, the wavelength is adjustable, and the external temperature controller is utilized to adjust the temperature, so that the wavelength is adjustable. In a specific implementation, the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module 10 may include a power source, a laser driver, and a laser head, where the power source is used to provide energy for the laser driver, and the laser head is used to output pulsed laser, and in a specific implementation, the power source, the laser driver, and the laser head may be separately provided or may be integrated together, which is not limited by the embodiment of the present utility model.
The timing control module 20 is configured to obtain an emission time of the pulse laser, and obtain timing information according to the emission time, so as to trigger signal acquisition at a suitable time. The beam transceiver module 30 is used to transmit laser pulses and receive echo beams (raman scattered light). The raman spectrometer 40 is used to spatially separate raman light with different wavelengths, and may specifically use a beam splitting optical device such as a transmission grating, a reflection grating, or a beam splitting prism. The detector module 50 performs photoelectric conversion, and may be implemented by a multi-pixel photodetector or a single-pixel photodetector. The control module 60 is used for controlling the hardware modules to collect the original spectrum, and reconstruct the raman spectrum by normalization, difference and other numerical methods. Furthermore, in order to realize real-time data processing, an algorithm needs to be optimized, and server parallel computing is adopted. The basic principle of the shift differential Raman spectrum technology is as follows: based on the Kasha's rule, two original Raman spectra are obtained by respectively irradiating a sample with laser light with slight difference of two wavelengths, the fluorescence background does not move along with the slight change of the laser wavelength, but the position of the Raman peak changes obviously, the two spectrograms are subtracted to obtain a differential spectrum, and the fluorescence background counteracts each other in the differential spectrum, so that fluorescence interference is reduced. In addition, the shift differential Raman spectrum technology is also proved to be capable of effectively reducing sunlight background noise.
Alternatively, the detector module 50 comprises a single-pixel photodetector comprising a single-photon avalanche photodiode, a single-pixel silicon photomultiplier, or a single-pixel microchannel plate; or the detector module comprises a multi-pixel photoelectric detector, and the multi-pixel photoelectric detector comprises an enhanced charge coupled device, a single photon avalanche photodiode array or a multi-pixel microchannel plate, and can be selected according to practical situations when in implementation.
According to the technical scheme, the pulse laser module with the adjustable wavelength outputs the pulse laser with the adjustable wavelength under the control of the control module; the method comprises the steps that pulse laser with at least two wavelengths is emitted to a remote target to be detected through a light beam receiving and transmitting module, and Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected is transmitted to a Raman spectrometer; the Raman scattered light is spatially separated by a Raman spectrometer and then transmitted to a detector module; setting a gating time window according to the emergent time of the pulse laser through a time sequence control module, and triggering the detector module to acquire data signals when the Raman scattered light reaches the detector module; the data signals are processed by the control module using a shift differential raman spectroscopy technique. According to the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the utility model, a plurality of stable wavelength components with small wavelength intervals are simply and efficiently obtained through the wavelength tunable laser module, so that the complexity of an optical path is effectively reduced; by combining with the displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, the fluorescent component and the sunlight background noise are further reduced through numerical calculation, so that the signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman spectrum is improved.
Optionally, the control module 60 further determines the distance between the target 70 to be measured according to the emission time of the pulse laser from the wavelength tunable pulse laser module 10 and the time of the data signal collected by the detector module 50.
In this embodiment, the object 70 to be measured is a remote object, such as a remote explosive, an interstellar substance, etc., and the distance measurement function can be realized by using a time-of-flight method because the emitted light is a pulsed laser.
Optionally, with continued reference to fig. 3, the timing control module 20 is connected to the wavelength tunable pulse laser module 10, and the timing control module 20 acquires a clock synchronization signal output by the wavelength tunable pulse laser module 10.
In one embodiment, the clock synchronization signal may be output directly by the laser, so that the timing control module 20 may be directly coupled to the wavelength tunable pulse laser module 10 to send the clock synchronization signal to the detector module.
In another embodiment, the clock synchronization signal may be formed in a laser-spectroscopy triggered manner. Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device provided by the utility model. Referring to fig. 4, optionally, the timing control module 20 includes a beam splitting unit 21 and a photodetector 22, the beam splitting unit 21 is located at an output end of the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module 10, a first part of light beams emitted by the beam splitting unit 21 are transmitted to the photodetector 21 to form a trigger signal, and a second part of light beams emitted by the beam splitting unit 22 are transmitted to the light beam transceiver module 30.
In specific implementation, the beam splitting unit 21 may use a beam splitter or an optical fiber beam splitter, and the embodiment of the present utility model does not limit a specific beam splitting ratio, where the first part of light beam is used for triggering only, and the intensity of the first part of light beam may be 5%, 10%, etc., and the second part of light beam is used for exciting raman light, and the intensity of the second part of light beam may be 95%, 90%, etc.
In this embodiment, according to two implementations, the timing control modules 20 can be divided into two types: optical switches (such as Kerr cells, pockels cells) and high-speed photosensors, and the implementation can be selected according to the practical situation.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device provided by the utility model. Referring to fig. 5, optionally, the optical beam transceiver module 30 includes a dichroic mirror 31 and a transceiver mirror group 32; the pulse laser is incident to the dichroic mirror 31 to be transmitted, transmitted through the transceiver mirror group 32 and emitted to the target 70 to be detected, and the raman scattered light returned by the target 70 to be detected is incident to the transceiver mirror group 32 to be transmitted, reflected by the dichroic mirror 31 and transmitted to the raman spectrometer 40.
The dichroic mirror is also called as a dichroic mirror, which almost completely transmits light with a certain wavelength and almost completely reflects light with other wavelengths, and because the initial pulse laser light and the raman scattered light are different in wavelength, the embodiment selects the dichroic mirror which transmits the pulse laser light and reflects the raman scattered light, so as to realize the emission of the pulse laser light and the reception of the raman scattered light.
Optionally, the transceiver optics 32 comprise a telescope optics. The implementation can be a Galilean telescope structure or a kepler telescope structure, and the implementation can be selected according to actual conditions.
Since raman spectrometers spatially separate raman scattered light, when single pixel photodetectors are selected, scanning is required for the raman light at different locations, which is received in a scanning fashion. Optionally, the detector module includes a single-pixel photoelectric detector, and the remote time-gating displacement differential raman spectrum measurement device further includes a stepper motor and a linear guide rail, where the stepper motor is used to drive the single-pixel photoelectric detector to move along the linear guide rail, so that the single-pixel photoelectric detector receives raman scattered light with each wavelength.
The above embodiments do not limit the scope of the present utility model. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alternatives are possible, depending on design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present utility model should be included in the scope of the present utility model.
Claims (10)
1. The remote time gating displacement differential Raman spectrum measuring device is characterized by comprising a wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a time sequence control module, a light beam receiving and transmitting module, a Raman spectrometer, a detector module and a control module;
the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module is connected with the control module and outputs pulse laser with tunable wavelength under the control of the control module;
the beam transceiver module emits the pulse laser with at least two wavelengths to a target to be detected, and transmits Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected to the Raman spectrometer;
the raman spectrometer spatially separates the raman scattered light and transmits the raman scattered light to the detector module;
the time sequence control module is connected with the detector module, and sets up a gating time window according to the emergent time of the pulse laser, and triggers the detector module to collect data signals when the Raman scattered light reaches the detector module;
the control module is connected with the detector module, and is used for processing the data signals by utilizing a displacement differential Raman spectrum technology, wherein the data signals comprise data signals corresponding to the Raman scattered light excited by the pulse laser with at least two wavelengths collected by the detector module.
2. The remote time-gated shift differential raman spectrum measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the control module further determines the distance of the target to be measured based on an emission time of the pulse laser from the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module and a time of the detector module collecting the data signal.
3. The remote time-gated shift differential raman spectrum measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the timing control module is connected to the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module, and the timing control module obtains a clock synchronization signal output by the wavelength-tunable pulse laser module.
4. The remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectrum measurement apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the timing control module comprises a light splitting unit and a photoelectric detector, the light splitting unit is located at an output end of the wavelength-adjustable pulse laser module, a first part of light beams emitted by the light splitting unit are transmitted to the photoelectric detector to form a trigger signal, and a second part of light beams emitted by the light splitting unit are transmitted to the light beam transceiver module.
5. The remote time-gated shift differential raman spectrum measurement device of claim 1 wherein the optical beam transceiver module comprises a dichroic mirror and a transceiver mirror group;
the pulse laser is incident to the dichroic mirror to be transmitted, is transmitted through the receiving and transmitting mirror group and then is emitted to the target to be detected, and the Raman scattered light returned by the target to be detected is incident to the receiving and transmitting mirror group to be transmitted, and is reflected by the dichroic mirror and then is transmitted to the Raman spectrometer.
6. The remote time-gated shift differential raman spectroscopy device of claim 5 wherein the transceiver lens set comprises a telescope set.
7. The remote time-gated shift differential raman spectroscopy device of claim 1, wherein the raman spectrometer comprises a transmissive grating, a reflective grating, or a beam-splitting prism.
8. The remote time-gated shifted differential raman spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector module comprises a single pixel photodetector comprising a single photon avalanche photodiode, a single pixel silicon photomultiplier, or a single pixel microchannel plate; or alternatively
The detector module includes a multi-pixel photodetector including an enhanced charge coupled device, a single photon avalanche photodiode array, or a multi-pixel microchannel plate.
9. The remote time-gated shifted differential raman spectrum measurement device according to claim 8, wherein the detector module comprises a single-pixel photodetector, the remote time-gated shifted differential raman spectrum measurement device further comprising a stepper motor and a linear guide, the stepper motor for driving the single-pixel photodetector to move along the linear guide such that the single-pixel photodetector receives raman scattered light at each wavelength.
10. The remote time-gated displacement differential raman spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein the wavelength tunable pulsed laser module comprises a plurality of lasers, a plurality of the lasers being integrated or the wavelength tunable pulsed laser module comprises a tunable semiconductor laser comprising a distributed feedback laser, a distributed bragg reflector laser, a vertical facet reflector semiconductor laser, or an external cavity tunable laser.
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