CN219202582U - Light quantum chip and teaching machine system - Google Patents
Light quantum chip and teaching machine system Download PDFInfo
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- CN219202582U CN219202582U CN202320250571.5U CN202320250571U CN219202582U CN 219202582 U CN219202582 U CN 219202582U CN 202320250571 U CN202320250571 U CN 202320250571U CN 219202582 U CN219202582 U CN 219202582U
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Abstract
The application discloses a light quantum chip and a teaching machine system, wherein the light quantum chip comprises a six-mode interference network, and has the characteristics of 6 photon input ends, 11 MZ interferometers and 6 photon output ends, wherein the 11 MZ interferometers are cascaded to form a network structure, and the light path is concise and has the characteristics of full communication, programmability and stable phase; the state of different MZ interferometers is programmed and controlled through a software operating system arranged on the upper computer, different experimental parameters are input when different experiments are carried out, the rapid switching of different experimental light paths is realized, the operation is convenient, the multiplexing of peripheral high-price devices such as a light source, a detector and the like is realized, the experimental cost is greatly reduced, and the device is suitable for quantum teaching and demonstration; the unified fixed input and output interfaces are adopted, so that the switching of interfaces in different experimental scenes is avoided, the problem that the optical path and the optical fiber interface are damaged due to misoperation of students in a teaching scene is avoided, the stability of the teaching machine system is improved, and the failure rate of the teaching machine system is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of quantum information and quantum teaching, and particularly relates to an optical quantum chip and a teaching machine system.
Background
Quantum information technology is the leading edge direction of technological competition of various countries, and comprises subdivision fields such as quantum computing, quantum key distribution, quantum precision measurement and the like. Due to the superposition, uncertainty, entanglement and other characteristics of quantum mechanics, the quantum information technology can achieve the advantages of exceeding the storage and calculation capacity of a classical computer, unconditional secure secret communication in the information theory sense, exceeding the measurement accuracy of classical resolution limit and the like. Quantum optics is an important way and research basis for realizing quantum information technology, and the integrated optical chip technology has the advantages of high stability, low cost, mass production and the like relative to a space optical path. In recent years, the implementation of quantum information experiments by using integrated optical chip technology has become a research hotspot and a development trend.
Single photon interference and two photon interference (also known as HOM interference) are the most fundamental experiments and techniques in quantum optics. The single photon interference is widely applied to the fields of various quantum key distribution protocols (such as BB84 protocol), quantum sensing, path coding of quantum computation and the like, and the two-photon interference is applied to the glassy color sampling, measurement equipment-independent quantum key distribution protocols and the like.
The implementation of the glass color sampling in the quantum optical system can realize the operation of the product and the formula of the matrix, and the operation is difficult for a classical computer, namely, the calculation complexity of the operation grows exponentially with the size of the matrix, but the calculation complexity of the quantum system with parallel calculation capability does not grow exponentially, so the glass color sampling task is a typical experiment for demonstrating the superiority of quantum calculation.
For quantum computing, there are two main approaches to computing architecture, namely, a quantum gate based on unitary evolution and a quantum computing model based on measurement. Both architectures have advantages and disadvantages, and can realize general sub-calculation. For the quantum gate model, a set of arbitrary quantum gates can be theoretically combined by a two-bit controlled NOT gate (CNOT gate) and a single-bit quantum gate, so that a general quantum computation can be realized, and therefore, the two-bit controlled NOT gate is a basic constituent unit of the quantum gate model.
At present, the development of quantum information technology is still in the primary stage, and many misinterpretations exist on quantum information technology by masses, and quantum teaching is also in the theoretical learning stage. In quantum teaching, quantum experiments such as single photon interference experiments based on a marked single photon source, single photon interference experiments based on single-channel photons, HOM interference experiments, two-photon glass color sampling experiments, two-photon controlled NOT gate and the like are particularly important for understanding quantum information technology. The development of quantum information technology is urgent to cultivate talents, especially for low-grade research students, family and special students and senior students, and the development of quantum information education and teaching system or device which is beneficial to large-scale popularization, low in cost, convenient to operate and high in stability is important.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the problems, the utility model provides the optical quantum chip and the teaching machine system, and the state of the MZ interferometer is controlled through programming, so that the switching of different experimental light paths and the multiplexing of optical devices are realized, the teaching cost is reduced, and meanwhile, the stability and the popularization of the teaching system are improved. The specific scheme is as follows:
in a first aspect, the utility model discloses a light quantum chip comprising a six-mode interference network comprising 6 photon inputs, 11 MZ interferometers, and 6 photon outputs; the 11 MZ interferometers are respectively a first MZ interferometer, a second MZ interferometer, a third MZ interferometer, a fourth MZ interferometer, a fifth MZ interferometer, a sixth MZ interferometer, a seventh MZ interferometer, an eighth MZ interferometer, a ninth MZ interferometer, a tenth MZ interferometer and an eleventh MZ interferometer; the six photon input ends are a first photon input end, a second photon input end, a third photon input end, a fourth photon input end, a fifth photon input end and a sixth photon input end respectively, and the second photon input end and the third photon input end are used for inputting entangled photons; the six photon output ends are respectively a first photon output end, a second photon output end, a third photon output end, a fourth photon output end, a fifth photon output end and a sixth photon output end, and the second photon output end and the third photon output end are used for outputting light quantum states transmitted through a six-mode interference network;
The input upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the first photon input end, the input lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the third MZ interferometer, and the output upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the first photon output end;
the input upper port of the third MZ interferometer is connected with the second photon input end, the input lower port of the third MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the first MZ interferometer through a connecting wire, the input upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer, and the output upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer is connected with the second photon output end; the third MZ interferometer and the eighth MZ interferometer are located in the same row;
the input upper port of the first MZ interferometer is connected with the third photon input end, the input lower port of the first MZ interferometer is connected with the fourth photon input end, the input upper port of the sixth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the third MZ interferometer, the input upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the eighth MZ interferometer through a connecting wire, the input lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the tenth MZ interferometer, the output upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the third photon output end, and the output lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the fourth photon output end; the first MZ interferometer, the sixth MZ interferometer and the eleventh MZ interferometer are located in the same row;
The input upper port of the second MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the first MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the second MZ interferometer is connected with the fifth photon input end, the two input ports of the fourth MZ interferometer are respectively connected with the two output ports of the second MZ interferometer, the input upper port of the ninth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the sixth MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the ninth MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer, the two input ports of the tenth MZ interferometer are respectively connected with the two output ports of the ninth MZ interferometer, and the output lower port of the tenth MZ interferometer is connected with the fifth photon output end; the second MZ interferometer, the fourth MZ interferometer, the ninth MZ interferometer and the tenth MZ interferometer are positioned in the same row;
the input upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the fourth MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the sixth photon input end, and the output lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the sixth photon output end;
the third MZ interferometer and the fourth MZ interferometer are located in the same column, the fifth MZ interferometer, the sixth MZ interferometer and the seventh MZ interferometer are located in the same column, and the eighth MZ interferometer and the ninth MZ interferometer are located in the same column.
Further, the optical quantum chip further comprises 4 edge couplers, and the second photon input end, the third photon input end, the second photon output end and the third photon output end are respectively and correspondingly connected with one edge coupler.
Further, the MZ interferometer comprises a first 50:50 beam splitter, an interference upper arm, an interference lower arm, a second 50:50 beam splitter, an in-loop thermo-optic phase modulator and an out-of-loop thermo-optic phase modulator, wherein two ends of the interference upper arm are respectively connected with an output upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter and an input upper port of the second 50:50 beam splitter, two ends of the interference lower arm are respectively connected with an output lower port of the first 50:50 beam splitter and an input lower port of the second 50:50 beam splitter, the in-loop thermo-optic phase modulator is arranged on the interference upper arm, and the out-of-loop thermo-optic phase modulator is arranged at an input upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter.
In a second aspect, the utility model discloses a light quantum teaching machine system, the light quantum chip comprises an upper computer, a light source, a control module, two detectors and the light quantum chip;
the upper computer is provided with a software operating system, and a user performs initialization configuration, experimental parameter setting and experimental result demonstration, reading and statistics on the control module through the software operating system;
The light source is used for generating entangled photon pairs, the frequency and/or the energy sum of the entangled photon pairs are fixed, and the entangled photon pairs are respectively input to a second photon input end and a third photon input end of the optical quantum chip;
one of the detectors is used for detecting the light quantum state output from the second photon output end and outputting a response electric signal, and the other detector is used for detecting the light quantum state output from the third photon output end and outputting a response electric signal;
the control module is used for receiving the instruction of the software operating system and realizing the driving and control of the light source, the light quantum chip and the detector based on the instruction.
Further, the optical quantum teaching machine system further comprises an adjustable delay module, wherein the adjustable delay module is used for carrying out delay processing on entangled photons input to the third photon input end, the adjustable delay module is arranged on a transmission path for transmitting the entangled photons to the third photon input end, and the control module is connected with the adjustable delay module.
Further, the control module comprises a light source switch control unit, a detector switch control unit, a thermo-optic phase modulator current driving and control unit and a photon counting unit, wherein the light source switch control unit controls the on or off of a light source based on an instruction input by a software operation system, and the detector switch control unit controls the on or off of two detectors based on an instruction input by the software operation system; the thermo-optic phase modulator current driving and controlling unit adjusts the phase of entangled photons and the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer based on the current value input by the software operating system; the photon counting unit is used for receiving the electric signals output by the detector and performing coincidence counting.
Preferably, the light source is a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon waveguide, a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon nitride microcavity structure, an entangled light source based on BBO crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion, a entangled light source based on periodic polarized KTP crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion or an entangled light source based on periodic polarized lithium niobate crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion.
Preferably, the detector is a single photon detector.
Preferably, the adjustable delay module is a free space type optical delay line or a delay chip.
Further, the control module further comprises an adjustable delay control unit, and the adjustable delay control unit controls the adjustable delay module to adjust delay time of entangled photon input to the third photon input end based on instructions input by the software operation system.
In general, the above technical solutions conceived by the present utility model, compared with the prior art, enable the following beneficial effects to be obtained:
the utility model provides a light quantum chip and a teaching machine system, wherein the light quantum chip comprises a six-mode interference network, and has the characteristics of 6 photon input ends, 11 MZ interferometers and 6 photon output ends, wherein the 11 MZ interferometers are cascaded to form a network structure, and the light path is concise and has the characteristics of full communication, programmability and stable phase. And the software operating system arranged on the upper computer is used for controlling the beam splitting ratio of different MZ interferometers in the six-mode interference network to realize the switching and control of the optical quantum paths. The light quantum chip and the teaching machine system disclosed by the utility model can operate 5 quantum information basic experiments: the single photon interference experiment based on the marked single photon source, the single photon interference experiment based on the single photon, the two-photon interference experiment, the two-photon glass color sampling experiment and the two-photon controlled NOT gate experiment realize multiplexing of the light path and the optical device without changing connection structures such as an external light source, a detector and the like. The state of the MZ interferometer is programmed and controlled through the software operating system arranged on the upper computer, when different experiments are carried out, different experimental parameters are input into the software operating system, so that the rapid switching of different experimental light paths can be realized, the operation is convenient, the multiplexing of peripheral high-price devices such as light sources, detectors and the like is realized, the experimental cost is greatly reduced, and the device is suitable for quantum teaching and demonstration and has popularization. In addition, the second photon input end and the third photon input end are used as fixed input ends, the second photon output end and the third photon output end are used as fixed output ends, interface switching in different experimental scenes is avoided, the problem that a light path and an optical fiber interface are damaged due to misoperation of students in a teaching scene is avoided, the stability of a teaching machine system is further improved, and the failure rate of the teaching machine system is reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate this embodiment or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are required for the description of the embodiment or the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a photonic quantum chip according to an embodiment of the present utility model;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a photonic chip according to another embodiment of the present utility model;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an MZ interferometer according to an embodiment of the present utility model;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a light quantum teaching machine system according to an embodiment of the present utility model;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a light quantum teaching machine system according to another embodiment of the present utility model;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of quantum state labeling at different locations of an MZ interferometer in accordance with an embodiment of the present utility model;
FIG. 7 is a single photon interference experimental light path diagram based on a marked single photon source in the present utility model;
FIG. 8 is a single photon interference experimental light path diagram based on single-channel photons in the utility model;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a two-photon interference experimental light path in the present utility model;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a two-photon glass sampling experiment in the present utility model;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a two-photon controlled NOT gate experimental light path in accordance with the present utility model.
Wherein, 11-first MZ interferometer, 12-second MZ interferometer, 13-third MZ interferometer, 14-fourth MZ interferometer, 15-fifth MZ interferometer, 16-sixth MZ interferometer, 17-seventh MZ interferometer, 18-eighth MZ interferometer, 19-ninth MZ interferometer, 110-tenth MZ interferometer, 111-eleventh MZ interferometer; 21-a first photon input, 22-a second photon input, 23-a third photon input, 24-a fourth photon input, 25-a fifth photon input, 26-a sixth photon input; 31-a first photon output end, 32-a second photon output end, 33-a third photon output end, 34-a fourth photon output end, 35-a fifth photon output end, 36-a sixth photon output end; a 4-edge coupler;
TOPM 1-in-loop thermo-optic phase modulator, TOPM 2-out-of-loop thermo-optic phase modulator; BS 1-first 50:50 beam splitter, BS 2-second 50:50 beam splitter.
Detailed Description
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present utility model will become more readily apparent, a more particular description of embodiments of the utility model will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended drawings. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the utility model. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the utility model without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the utility model.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present utility model, but the present utility model may be practiced in other ways other than those described herein, and persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present utility model is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
In order to facilitate understanding and explanation of the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present utility model, the following description will first explain the background art of the present utility model.
At present, development of quantum information technology is still in the primary stage, and is the leading edge direction of technological competition of various countries, including subdivision fields such as quantum computing, quantum key distribution, quantum precision measurement and the like. Due to the superposition, uncertainty, entanglement and other characteristics of quantum mechanics, the quantum information technology can achieve the advantages of exceeding the storage and calculation capacity of a classical computer, unconditional secure secret communication in the information theory sense, exceeding the measurement accuracy of classical resolution limit and the like.
At present, the public has many misinterpretations on the quantum information technology, and the quantum teaching is also in the theoretical learning stage. In quantum teaching, quantum experiments such as single photon interference experiments based on a marked single photon source, single photon interference experiments based on single-channel photons, HOM interference experiments, two-photon glass color sampling experiments, two-photon controlled NOT gate and the like are particularly important for understanding quantum information technology. The development of quantum information technology is urgent to cultivate talents, especially for low-grade research students, family and specialty students and senior students, so that it is very necessary to develop an optical quantum chip and a quantum teaching system or device which are beneficial to large-scale popularization, low in cost, convenient to operate and high in stability.
Based on the above, the utility model discloses an optical quantum chip, as shown in fig. 1, wherein the optical quantum chip comprises a six-mode interference network, the six-mode interference network comprises 6 photon input ends, 11 MZ interferometers and 6 photon output ends, and the 11 MZ interferometers are cascaded to form a network structure.
For convenience of description of the positions and connection relationships, 11 MZ interferometers are named as a first MZ interferometer 11, a second MZ interferometer 12, a third MZ interferometer 13, a fourth MZ interferometer 14, a fifth MZ interferometer 15, a sixth MZ interferometer 16, a seventh MZ interferometer 17, an eighth MZ interferometer 18, a ninth MZ interferometer 19, a tenth MZ interferometer 110, and an eleventh MZ interferometer 111, respectively; the six photon input ends are a first photon input end 21, a second photon input end 22, a third photon input end 23, a fourth photon input end 24, a fifth photon input end 25 and a sixth photon input end 26, respectively, wherein the second photon input end 22 and the third photon input end 23 are used for inputting entangled photons; the six photon outputs are a first photon output 31, a second photon output 32, a third photon output 33, a fourth photon output 34, a fifth photon output 35 and a sixth photon output 36, respectively, wherein the second photon output 32 and the third photon output 33 are configured to output the optical quantum state transmitted through the six-mode interference network.
The interference network formed by 11 MZ interferometers in cascade is shown in FIG. 1 for a specific connection structure. The input upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15 is connected to the first photon input end 21, the input lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15 is connected to the output upper port of the third MZ interferometer 13, and the output upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15 is connected to the first photon output end 31.
The input upper port of the third MZ interferometer 13 is connected with the second photon input end 22, the input lower port of the third MZ interferometer 13 is connected with the output upper port of the first MZ interferometer 11 through a connecting wire, the input upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 is connected with the output lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15, and the output upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 is connected with the second photon output end 32; the third MZ interferometer 13 and the eighth MZ interferometer 18 are located in the same row.
The input upper port of the first MZ interferometer 11 is connected with the third photon input end 23, the input lower port of the first MZ interferometer 11 is connected with the fourth photon input end 24, the input upper port of the sixth MZ interferometer 16 is connected with the output lower port of the third MZ interferometer 13, the input lower port of the sixth MZ interferometer 16 is connected with the input upper port of the fourth MZ interferometer 14, the input upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 is connected with the output lower port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 through a connecting wire, the input lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 is connected with the output upper port of the tenth MZ interferometer 110, the output upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 is connected with the third photon output end 33, and the output lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 is connected with the fourth photon output end 34; the first MZ interferometer 11, the sixth MZ interferometer 16, and the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 are located in the same row.
The input upper port of the second MZ interferometer 12 is connected with the output lower port of the first MZ interferometer 11, the input lower port of the second MZ interferometer 12 is connected with the fifth photon input end 25, the two input ports of the fourth MZ interferometer 14 are respectively connected with the two output ports of the second MZ interferometer 12, the input upper port of the ninth MZ interferometer 19 is connected with the output lower port of the sixth MZ interferometer 16, the input lower port of the ninth MZ interferometer 19 is connected with the output upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer 17, the two input ports of the tenth MZ interferometer 110 are respectively connected with the two output ports of the ninth MZ interferometer 19, and the output lower port of the tenth MZ interferometer 110 is connected with the fifth photon output end 35; the second MZ interferometer 12, the fourth MZ interferometer 14, the ninth MZ interferometer 19 and the tenth MZ interferometer 110 are located in the same row.
The input upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer 17 is connected to the output lower port of the fourth MZ interferometer 14, the input lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer 17 is connected to the sixth photon input terminal 26, and the output lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer 17 is connected to the sixth photon output terminal 36.
The third MZ interferometer 13 and the fourth MZ interferometer 14 are located in the same column, the fifth MZ interferometer 15, the sixth MZ interferometer 16 and the seventh MZ interferometer 17 are located in the same column, and the eighth MZ interferometer 18 and the ninth MZ interferometer 19 are located in the same column.
In another embodiment of the present utility model, the optical quantum chip further includes 4 edge couplers 4, as shown in fig. 2, where the second photon input end 22, the third photon input end 23, the second photon output end 32, and the third photon output end 33 are respectively connected to one of the edge couplers 4 correspondingly. Two edge couplers 4 connected to the second and third photon inputs 22, 23 are used to couple entangled photons generated by the light source to the six-mode interference network, and two edge couplers 4 connected to the second and third photon outputs 32, 33 are used to couple out the quantum states of light transmitted through the six-mode interference network.
Specifically, in the utility model, the MZ interferometer comprises a first 50:50 beam splitter BS1, an interference upper arm, an interference lower arm, a second 50:50 beam splitter BS2, an intra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 and an extra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM2, wherein the specific structure is shown in FIG. 3, two ends of the interference upper arm are respectively connected with an output upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter BS1 and an input upper port of the second 50:50 beam splitter BS2, two ends of the interference lower arm are respectively connected with an output lower port of the first 50:50 beam splitter BS1 and an input lower port of the second 50:50 beam splitter BS2, the intra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 is arranged on the interference upper arm, and the extra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM2 is arranged on the input upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter BS 1. The intra-annular thermo-optical phase modulator TOPM1 and the extra-annular thermo-optical phase modulator TOPM2 are used for adjusting the phase of entangled photons according to different experiments, and the path selection of the entangled photons and the switching of the light intensity of a photon output end from 0% to 100% can be realized by adjusting the phase values of the intra-annular thermo-optical phase modulator TOPM1 and the extra-annular thermo-optical phase modulator TOPM 2.
The optical quantum chip is formed by cascading 11 MZ interferometers into a network structure, has the characteristics of compact optical path, full communication, programmability and stable phase, and realizes the switching and control of the optical quantum optical path by controlling the beam splitting ratio of different MZ interferometers in a six-mode interference network. According to the utility model, the second photon input end 22 and the third photon input end 23 are used as fixed input ends, the second photon output end 32 and the third photon output end 33 are used as fixed output ends, so that the interface switching under different experimental scenes is avoided, and the problem that the optical path and the optical fiber interface are damaged due to misoperation of students in teaching scenes is avoided.
Based on the above embodiment, another embodiment of the present utility model further provides a light quantum teaching machine system, referring to fig. 4, including an upper computer, a light source, a control module, two detectors, and the light quantum chip described above.
And a software operating system is installed on the upper computer, and a user performs initialization configuration, experimental parameter setting and demonstration, reading and statistics on experimental results on the control module through the software operating system. The software operating system is operated in an independent upper computer, a user can control different MZ interferometers in the light source, the control module and the six-mode interference network through a graphical operation interface, and the functions of automatic initialization configuration, parameter setting, experiment result statistics, chart display, experiment introduction, animation demonstration and the like of different experiments can be realized.
The light source is used to generate entangled photon pairs of fixed frequency and/or energy sum, which are input to the second and third photon inputs 22 and 23, respectively, of the optical quantum chip.
In the optical quantum chip disclosed by the utility model, the second photon input end 22 and the third photon input end 23 are used as fixed photon input ends, other photon input ends are not connected with a light source, namely entangled photon pairs generated by the light source are input into the six-mode interference network from the second photon input end 22 and the third photon input end 23, so that external interface switching is avoided, the stability of a system can be further increased, and the failure rate of the system is reduced.
The light source can be integrated on the light quantum chip or can be a discrete device. In the utility model, the light source for generating entangled photon pairs can be a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon waveguide, a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon nitride microcavity structure, an entangled light source based on BBO crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion, a entangled light source for periodic polarization KTP crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion or an entangled light source for periodic polarization lithium niobate crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion.
One of the detectors is for detecting the optical quantum state output from the second photon output end 32 and outputting a response electric signal, and the other is for detecting the optical quantum state output from the third photon output end 33 and outputting a response electric signal.
With the second photon output 32 and the third photon output 33 as fixed outputs, entangled photon pairs are transmitted from the second photon output 32 and the third photon output 33 to the detector through the edge coupler 4 under different experimental conditions via quantum state modulation and routing. The detector receives the light quantum state and detects the information of photons by utilizing the photoelectric conversion principle. In the present utility model, the detector is preferably a single photon detector. The single photon detector can be integrated on the light quantum chip, and can also be used as a discrete device to form a system together with the light source, the light quantum chip and the control module.
The control module is used for receiving the instruction of the software operating system and realizing the driving and control of the light source, the light quantum chip and the detector based on the instruction. The control module can be an electrical chip, and is integrated with the optical quantum chip through hybrid packaging.
Specifically, the control module comprises a light source switch control unit, a detector switch control unit, a thermo-optic phase modulator current driving and control unit and a photon counting unit. The light source switch control unit controls the on or off of the light source based on instructions input by the software operating system. The detector switch control unit controls the on or off of the two detectors based on instructions input by the software operating system. The thermo-optic phase modulator current drive and control unit adjusts the phase of the entangled photons and the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer based on the current value input by the software operating system. The photon counting unit is used for receiving the electric signals output by the detector and performing coincidence counting.
When different experiments are carried out, the entangled photon pairs have different transmission paths in a six-mode interference network, and the functions of photon path selection, quantum state preparation, modulation and the like are realized by adjusting the control currents of thermo-optic phase modulators in different MZ interferometers.
In another embodiment, the optical quantum teaching machine system further includes an adjustable delay module, as shown in fig. 5, where the adjustable delay module is used for delay processing of entangled photons input to the third photon input end 23, the adjustable delay module is disposed on a transmission path of entangled photons to the third photon input end 23, and the control module is connected to the adjustable delay module. Accordingly, an adjustable delay control unit is arranged in the control module, and the adjustable delay control unit controls the adjustable delay module to adjust the delay time of the entangled photon input to the third photon input end 23 based on the instruction input by the software operation system. The two detectors detect the light quantum state and output response electric signals, the photon counting unit in the control unit receives the electric signals output by the detectors and performs coincidence counting, meanwhile, the coincidence counting result is transmitted to the upper computer, and the upper computer forms a change curve of coincidence counting of the two detectors along with the two-photon delay based on the delay time input by the software operating system and the received coincidence counting result. The technical scheme in the embodiment can be applied to two-photon interference experiments.
The adjustable delay module is a free space type optical delay line or a delay chip. When the adjustable delay module is a delay chip, the adjustable delay module can be integrated on an optical quantum chip. The free space type optical delay line is a main commercial type at present and is generally composed of two self-focusing lenses, a right-angle prism, a moving bracket and a high-precision screw rod, and the delay mechanism is as follows: the distance between the right-angle prism and the self-focusing lens is changed, so that the optical path of the back and forth light beam in space is continuously changed, and corresponding time delay is obtained.
The light quantum chip and the teaching machine system disclosed by the utility model can operate 5 quantum information basic experiments: the single photon interference experiment based on the marked single photon source, the single photon interference experiment based on the single photon, the two-photon interference experiment, the two-photon glass color sampling experiment and the two-photon controlled NOT gate experiment realize multiplexing of the light path and the optical device without changing connection structures such as an external light source, a detector and the like. The state of different MZ interferometers is controlled through software operation programming installed on the upper computer, when different experiments are carried out, different experimental parameters are input into the software operation system, so that the rapid switching of different experimental light paths can be realized, the operation is convenient, the multiplexing of peripheral high-price devices such as light sources, detectors and the like is realized, the experimental cost is greatly reduced, and the device is suitable for quantum teaching and demonstration and has popularization.
The switching process of the light quantum chip in 5 experiments is as follows: firstly, a user selects experiments in a software operation system on an upper computer, the software operation system calculates control current values of a corresponding intra-loop thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 and an external-loop thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM2 in 11 MZ interferometers according to corresponding light paths under different experiments, and a control module controls corresponding currents to be loaded on an optical quantum chip. The light source and the detector start to work, the experiment starts, and finally, corresponding experiment results are obtained, so that corresponding experiments are completed.
The following will explain the above 5 experiments one by one. In order to facilitate explanation and explanation of path selection under different experiments, quantum states at different positions of the MZ interferometer are labeled first, as shown in fig. 6, the quantum states at different positions of the MZ interferometer are respectively denoted by |0>, |1>, |2>, |3>, |4>, and|5 >. The entangled photon pairs generated by the light source are denoted as photon 1 and photon 2, respectively. Photon 1 is input to the second photon input end 22 via the edge coupler 4 and photon 2 is input to the third photon input end 23 via the edge coupler 4. The second photon output end 32 is connected to one single photon detector through the edge coupler 4, the third photon output end 33 is connected to the other single photon detector through the edge coupler 4, and the rear ends of the first photon output end 21, the fourth photon output end 34, the fifth photon output end 35 and the sixth photon output end 36 are not connected to the single photon detector, so that the quantum state transmitted to the four photon output ends is ineffective transmission, and is ineffective in experiments.
Experiment one: single photon interference experiment based on marked single photon source
The single photon interference experimental light path of the single photon source is shown in fig. 7, and the dotted line path in fig. 7 indicates that the photons 1 and 2 do not pass through, and the method is equally applicable to the light path diagrams of the experiment two, the experiment three, the experiment four and the experiment five described below. Photon 1 interferes with MZ at fifth MZ interferometer 15 and enters the external single photon detector through edge coupler 4 via second photon output 32. After passing through a series of MZ interferometers with a cyclic thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 phase of 0/pi, the photon 2 enters the external single photon detector through the edge coupler 4 via the third photon output 33. Since the generation of the two-photon entanglement source is a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process, photon 1 and photon 2 are generated strictly simultaneously in the time dimension. Therefore, the coincidence measurement on the time of the photon 1 and the photon 2 can be carried out, namely, only the two single photon detectors respond simultaneously and are marked as effective counting, so that the photon 2 acts as the mark of the occurrence of the photon 1, thereby reducing experimental noise and improving the experimental effect of single photon interference.
The quantum state evolution process of photon 1 is specifically described below. After the photon 1 is input into the six-mode interference network through the edge coupler 4, the photon enters the third MZ interferometer 13, the phase of the intra-loop thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 of the interferometer is set to 0, at this time, the third MZ interferometer 13 is equivalent to a reflecting mirror, as shown in FIG. 7, the photon 1 is input from the second photon input end 22 to the input upper port of the third MZ interferometer 13, and then all the photons are output from the output upper port of the third MZ interferometer 13, so that the quantum state of the photons is not changed. After that, photon 1 enters fifth MZ interferometer 15, as noted with reference to FIG. 6, assuming that photon 1 has a quantum state of |1> before entering fifth MZ interferometer 15, it passes through first 50 in fifth MZ interferometer 15: after 50 beam splitter BS1, the quantum state becomes:
After passing through the intra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 in the fifth MZ interferometer 15, the quantum state |2>The phase will be modulated, adding the phase modulation term e iφ Where i denotes the imaginary number i, phi is the phase of the cyclic thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 of the fifth MZ interferometer 15, the quantum state becomes:
through a second 50 in the fifth MZ interferometer 15: after 50 beam splitter BS2, the quantum state becomes
Thereafter the photon 1 output from the lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15 enters the eighth MZ interferometer 18, and the phase of the intra-annular thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 in the eighth MZ interferometer 18 is set to 0, i.e. the photons 1 all enter the external single photon detector via the second photon output end 32.
As can be seen from the above formula, the fifth MZ interferometer 15 outputs a quantum state |5>The probability of (2) can be expressed as
I.e. when the phase of the thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 in the fifth MZ interferometer 15 is changed, the second photon output end 32 outputsThe intensity of the photon 1 is accompanied by interference phase expansion and cancellation phenomena, namely single photon interference.
Experiment II: single-photon interference experiment based on single-channel photon
Unlike the single photon interference experiment based on the marked single photon source, the single photon interference experiment of single photon only uses photon 1 to carry out single photon interference, and the experimental light path design is shown in fig. 8.
Unlike the first experiment, in which the photon 1 enters the eighth MZ interferometer 18 after passing through the third MZ interferometer 13 and the fifth MZ interferometer 15 and single photon interference occurs, this time the photon 1 is input into the eighth MZ interferometer 18 in the quantum state |0>, so that the quantum state finally output is:
wherein quantum states |4>, |5> in the eighth MZ interferometer 18 are respectively input into the second photon output end 32 and the third photon output end 33, and phi is the phase regulated by the thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 in the eighth MZ interferometer 18.
The single photon counts output from the second photon output end 32 and the third photon output end 33 undergo the phenomenon of interference phase rise/cancel with the change of phi, and the two are added to a constant value. By measuring the interference curve, the user can complete a single-channel single-photon interference experiment.
It should be noted here that photon 2 is input into the six-mode interference network and finally rejected through path selection, and does not play a role in the experiment.
Experiment III: two-photon interference experiment
The two-photon interference experiment is also called an HOM interference experiment, and refers to a phenomenon that two photons interfere at a beam splitter so that the two photons take the same path. The design of the two-photon interference experimental light path is shown in fig. 9, the path with a solid line is a composite path after the interference of the photon 1 and the photon 2 in fig. 9, and the representation method is also applied to the light path diagrams of the experiment four and the experiment five described below. Photon 1 and photon 2 undergo two-photon interference in the sixth MZ interferometer 16. The specific interference process is as follows. Photon 1 and photon 2 enter the first 50 in the sixth MZ interferometer 16: before 50 beam splitter BS1, the quantum state can be written as:
The subscripts represent photon 1 and photon 2. Passing through the first 50 in the sixth MZ interferometer 16: after 50 beam splitter BS1, the quantum state transforms to:
the photonic phase of the cyclic thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 through the sixth MZ interferometer 16 is modulated to pi/2, and the quantum state changes to:
through the second 50: after 50 beam splitter BS2, the quantum state changes as:
since photon 1 and photon 2 are exactly identical in wavelength, polarization, if photon 1 and photon 2 are tuned to reach the second 50 in the sixth MZ interferometer 16: the delay of the 50 beam splitter BS2 causes the two photons to arrive simultaneously in time, and the photons 1 and 2 cannot be distinguished in all dimensions such as polarization, wavelength and arrival time, so there is |5> 1 |4> 2 ＝|4> 1 |5> 2 The above quantum states can be written as:
wherein |4> 1 |5> 2 ,|5> 1 |4> 2 Representing that two photons respectively travel two paths, |4> 1 |4> 2 ,|5> 1 |5> 2 Representing twoThe photons follow the same path. From the above deduction, after two-photon interference, two photons all travel the same path, and quantum states of different paths cancel each other.
Referring to fig. 9, the paths of the photons 1 and 2 after two-photon interference in the sixth MZ interferometer 16 coincide, forming a composite path of the photons 1 and 2, entering the external single-photon detector from the second photon output end 32 and the third photon output end 33, respectively. The two single photon detectors detect the light quantum state and output response electric signals, the photon counting unit in the control unit receives the electric signals output by the single photon detectors and performs coincidence counting, meanwhile, the coincidence counting result is transmitted to the upper computer, and the upper computer forms a change curve of coincidence counting of the two single photon detectors along with the two-photon delay based on the delay time input by the software operation system and the coincidence counting result.
When the times of arrival of photon 1 and photon 2 at the sixth MZ interferometer 16 are different, 4 in the quantum state> 1 |5> 2 ,|5> 1 |4> 2 The items cannot cancel each other out, and the coincidence count is large at this time. When photon 1 and photon 2 reach the sixth MZ interferometer 16 exactly the same time, both photons take the same path, failing to produce coincidence counts, which are minimal. Thus, two-photon interference phenomenon can be observed.
Experiment IV: two-photon glass color sampling experiment: the two-photon glass color sampling experiment utilizes the mathematical problem that the photon statistical distribution is equivalent to the product of a matrix after the interference of photons in a beam splitter network to carry out quantum simulation. The two-photon glass color sampling experimental light path is shown in fig. 10. The phase of the cyclic thermo-optic phase modulator TOPM1 in the sixth MZ interferometer 16 is set to 0, which is equivalent to a total reflection mirror. The third 13, fifth 15, eighth 18 MZ interferometers form a 3*3 dimensional arbitrary unitary matrix, the values of the matrix elements being determined by the phase values of the intra-and extra-annular thermo-optic phase modulators TOPM1, TOPM2 in the 3 MZ interferometers.
Assume that the unitary matrix of three interferometers is:
photons output from the upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 enter the single photon detector through the second photon output port 32, and photons output from the lower port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 enter the other single photon detector through the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 and the third photon output port 33. Since photons output from the upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer 15 are not received by the single photon detector, the output quantum state is |I>＝|0,1,1>. Output photon matrix U I,O Can be expressed as:
therefore, the probability that the photons output from the upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 are transmitted to the second photon output end 32 and the photons output from the lower port of the eighth MZ interferometer 18 are transmitted to the third photon output end 33 through the eleventh MZ interferometer 111 is that:
where Per (U) represents the product-sum of the matrix.
Therefore, the product-sum type calculation result of the submatrices of any unitary matrix formed by the interference network can be obtained by measuring the coincidence counting rate of the two paths. The scheme can be used for realizing the glass color sampling experiment of a two-photon and three-dimensional matrix.
Experiment five: two photon controlled NOT gate experiment
A controlled not gate of two qubits can be realized probabilistically using linear optics, and a specific experimental scheme design is shown in fig. 11. Photon 1 is input to a third MZ interferometer 13, photon 2 is input to a second MZ interferometer 12, modulated into two path encoded qubits, and the modulated quantum state is 
The ring thermo-optic phase modulators TOPM1 of the fifth MZ interferometer 15, the sixth MZ interferometer 16 and the seventh MZ interferometer 17 take appropriate phase values to make the three MZ interferometers equivalent to beam splitters with a beam splitting ratio of 1:2, and the equivalent beam splitting ratios of the fourth MZ interferometer 14 and the ninth MZ interferometer 19 are set to be 50:50, so that quantum states in all dimensions before reaching the eighth MZ interferometer 18 and the tenth MZ interferometer 10 are:
wherein |ψ > is a photon quantum state output by the first photon output end 31, the fourth photon output end 34, the fifth photon output end 35 and the sixth photon output end 36, and the rear ends of the first photon output end 31, the fourth photon output end 34, the fifth photon output end 35 and the sixth photon output end 36 are not connected with a single photon detector, and the quantum state can be screened and discarded by a post-selection process after path selection. Removing the quantum state of the part |psi >, and the quantum state
The experiment thus finally achieves the function of a controlled NOT with a probability of 1/9. The eighth MZ interferometer 18 and the tenth MZ interferometer 110 respectively constitute an arbitrary quantum state projection measurement basis of the path dimension, and can perform arbitrary projection measurement of two qubits.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, or a parallel manner, or a combination of progressive and parallel manners, and each embodiment is mainly described as a difference from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that an article or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such article or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in an article or apparatus that comprises such element.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present utility model. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the utility model. Thus, the present utility model is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. A light quantum chip, wherein the light quantum chip comprises a six-mode interference network comprising 6 photon inputs, 11 MZ interferometers, and 6 photon outputs; the 11 MZ interferometers are respectively a first MZ interferometer, a second MZ interferometer, a third MZ interferometer, a fourth MZ interferometer, a fifth MZ interferometer, a sixth MZ interferometer, a seventh MZ interferometer, an eighth MZ interferometer, a ninth MZ interferometer, a tenth MZ interferometer and an eleventh MZ interferometer; the six photon input ends are a first photon input end, a second photon input end, a third photon input end, a fourth photon input end, a fifth photon input end and a sixth photon input end respectively, and the second photon input end and the third photon input end are used for inputting entangled photons; the six photon output ends are respectively a first photon output end, a second photon output end, a third photon output end, a fourth photon output end, a fifth photon output end and a sixth photon output end, and the second photon output end and the third photon output end are used for outputting light quantum states transmitted through a six-mode interference network;
the input upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the first photon input end, the input lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the third MZ interferometer, and the output upper port of the fifth MZ interferometer is connected with the first photon output end;
The input upper port of the third MZ interferometer is connected with the second photon input end, the input lower port of the third MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the first MZ interferometer through a connecting wire, the input upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the fifth MZ interferometer, and the output upper port of the eighth MZ interferometer is connected with the second photon output end; the third MZ interferometer and the eighth MZ interferometer are located in the same row;
the input upper port of the first MZ interferometer is connected with the third photon input end, the input lower port of the first MZ interferometer is connected with the fourth photon input end, the input upper port of the sixth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the third MZ interferometer, the input upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the eighth MZ interferometer through a connecting wire, the input lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the tenth MZ interferometer, the output upper port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the third photon output end, and the output lower port of the eleventh MZ interferometer is connected with the fourth photon output end; the first MZ interferometer, the sixth MZ interferometer and the eleventh MZ interferometer are located in the same row;
The input upper port of the second MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the first MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the second MZ interferometer is connected with the fifth photon input end, the two input ports of the fourth MZ interferometer are respectively connected with the two output ports of the second MZ interferometer, the input upper port of the ninth MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the sixth MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the ninth MZ interferometer is connected with the output upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer, the two input ports of the tenth MZ interferometer are respectively connected with the two output ports of the ninth MZ interferometer, and the output lower port of the tenth MZ interferometer is connected with the fifth photon output end; the second MZ interferometer, the fourth MZ interferometer, the ninth MZ interferometer and the tenth MZ interferometer are positioned in the same row;
the input upper port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the output lower port of the fourth MZ interferometer, the input lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the sixth photon input end, and the output lower port of the seventh MZ interferometer is connected with the sixth photon output end;
the third MZ interferometer and the fourth MZ interferometer are located in the same column, the fifth MZ interferometer, the sixth MZ interferometer and the seventh MZ interferometer are located in the same column, and the eighth MZ interferometer and the ninth MZ interferometer are located in the same column.
2. The optical quantum chip of claim 1, further comprising 4 edge couplers, wherein the second photon input end, the third photon input end, the second photon output end, and the third photon output end are respectively connected to one of the edge couplers.
3. The optical quantum chip of claim 1, wherein the MZ interferometer comprises a first 50:50 beam splitter, an interference upper arm, an interference lower arm, a second 50:50 beam splitter, an in-loop thermo-optic phase modulator, and an out-of-loop thermo-optic phase modulator, wherein two ends of the interference upper arm are respectively connected to an output upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter and an input upper port of the second 50:50 beam splitter, two ends of the interference lower arm are respectively connected to an output lower port of the first 50:50 beam splitter and an input lower port of the second 50:50 beam splitter, the in-loop thermo-optic phase modulator is disposed on the interference upper arm, and the out-of-loop thermo-optic phase modulator is disposed on the input upper port of the first 50:50 beam splitter.
4. A light quantum teaching machine system, which is characterized by comprising a host computer, a light source, a control module, two detectors and the light quantum chip as claimed in any one of claims 1-3;
The upper computer is provided with a software operating system, and a user performs initialization configuration, experimental parameter setting and experimental result demonstration, reading and statistics on the control module through the software operating system;
the light source is used for generating entangled photon pairs, the frequency and/or the energy sum of the entangled photon pairs are fixed, and the entangled photon pairs are respectively input to a second photon input end and a third photon input end of the optical quantum chip;
one of the detectors is used for detecting the light quantum state output from the second photon output end and outputting a response electric signal, and the other detector is used for detecting the light quantum state output from the third photon output end and outputting a response electric signal;
the control module is used for receiving the instruction of the software operating system and realizing the driving and control of the light source, the light quantum chip and the detector based on the instruction.
5. The light quantum teaching machine system according to claim 4, further comprising an adjustable delay module for delay processing entangled photons input to the third photon input end, wherein the adjustable delay module is disposed on a transmission path from entangled photons to the third photon input end, and the control module is connected to the adjustable delay module.
6. The light quantum teaching machine system according to claim 4, wherein the control module comprises a light source switch control unit, a detector switch control unit, a thermo-optic phase modulator current driving and control unit and a photon counting unit, the light source switch control unit controls on or off of a light source based on instructions input by a software operation system, and the detector switch control unit controls on or off of two detectors based on instructions input by the software operation system; the thermo-optic phase modulator current driving and controlling unit adjusts the phase of entangled photons and the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer based on the current value input by the software operating system; the photon counting unit is used for receiving the electric signals output by the detector and performing coincidence counting.
7. The light quantum teaching machine system according to claim 4, wherein the light source is a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon waveguide, a four-wave mixing entangled light source based on a silicon nitride microcavity structure, an entangled light source based on BBO crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion, a entangled light source of periodic polarized KTP crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion, or an entangled light source of periodic polarized lithium niobate crystal spontaneous parameter down-conversion.
8. The optical quantum teaching machine system of claim 4 wherein the detector is a single photon detector.
9. The light quantum teaching machine system of claim 5, wherein the adjustable delay module is a free space type light delay line or a delay chip.
10. The light quantum teaching machine system of claim 6, wherein the control module further comprises an adjustable delay control unit that controls the adjustable delay module to adjust the delay time of entangled photon input to the third photon input based on instructions input by the software operating system.
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