CN218788475U

CN218788475U - Secondary battery and battery pack

Info

Publication number: CN218788475U
Application number: CN202223089885.6U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王洋; 杨伟
Original assignee: Sunwoda Electric Vehicle Battery Co Ltd
Current assignee: Xinwangda Power Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2022-11-17
Filing date: 2022-11-17
Publication date: 2023-04-04
Anticipated expiration: 2032-11-17

Abstract

The application provides a secondary battery and battery package, wherein secondary battery includes: a housing having an opening; the cover plate covers the opening; the first pole is arranged on the cover plate; the piece that converges, including integrated into one piece's first fixed part and extension, first fixed part and first utmost point post fixed connection, the extension extends to the direction of keeping away from first utmost point post. The utility model provides a be equipped with first utmost point post and the piece that converges on secondary cell's the apron, wherein, the piece that converges includes integrated into one piece's first fixed part and extension, first fixed part and first utmost point post fixed connection, the extension extends towards the direction of keeping away from first utmost point post, thereby can connect through the piece that converges between a plurality of secondary cell, extension and first fixed part integrated into one piece in the piece that converges, thereby save the welding process between piece and the first fixed part that converges, be favorable to avoiding converging because the yield loss that the welding brought between piece and the first utmost point post, be favorable to practicing thrift the preparation technology, yield and reduce cost are improved.

Description

Secondary battery and battery pack

Technical Field

The present application relates to the field of energy storage device technology, and in particular, to a secondary battery and a battery pack.

Background

Traditional secondary battery is when being in groups, can use the busbar to carry out the electricity between battery cell and be connected, and a large amount of busbars can greatly waste inner space and raise the cost, and when secondary battery was in groups moreover, the busbar generally need with battery cell's utmost point post subassembly welding, and welding process probably causes secondary battery to fall the yield and reduce in groups.

Disclosure of Invention

The application provides a secondary battery and a battery pack to solve the problem that the grouping yield of the secondary battery is low.

In one aspect, the present application provides a secondary battery including:

a housing having an opening;

the cover plate covers the opening;

the first pole is arranged on the cover plate;

the piece that converges, including integrated into one piece's first fixed part and extension, first fixed part with first utmost point post fixed connection, the extension is to keeping away from the direction of first utmost point post extends.

In one possible implementation manner of the present application, the secondary battery further includes:

the second pole column is arranged on the cover plate;

the second fixing part is fixedly connected with the second pole;

the extension part is used for being electrically connected with the second fixing part on the adjacent secondary battery and/or the second pole on the adjacent secondary battery.

In one possible implementation of the present application, the secondary battery includes a length direction, a width direction, and a height direction that are perpendicular to each other;

the extending portion extends along the length direction or the width direction towards a direction far away from the first pole.

In a possible implementation manner of the present application, a positioning hole is formed in a portion of the extending portion extending out of the cover plate, and the positioning hole is used for being opposite to the second pole on the adjacent secondary battery.

In one possible implementation manner of the present application, the bus bar further includes: the bending part is connected with the first fixing part and the extending part at two opposite ends respectively, the bending part is respectively opposite to the first fixing part and the extending part to form a preset included angle, and the first fixing part, the extending part and the bending part are of an integrally formed structure.

In one possible implementation manner of the present application, a fillet is disposed at a connection position of the bending portion and the extending portion; and/or a round angle is arranged at the joint of the bending part and the first fixing part.

In a possible implementation manner of the present application, a fixing hole is provided on the first fixing portion, and the first fixing portion includes:

the fixing plate is connected with one end of the extending part and is integrally formed with the extending part;

the fixed block, set up in the fixed plate orientation one side of apron, the fixed plate with fixed block integrated into one piece, the fixed orifices runs through the fixed plate with the fixed block, first utmost point post is arranged in the fixed orifices, first utmost point post supports and holds the fixed plate is kept away from one side of apron.

In a possible implementation manner of the present application, a thickness of the second fixing portion is the same as a thickness of the first fixing portion;

the thickness of the fixed plate is the same as that of the extending part, and the distance between the fixed plate and the cover plate is smaller than that between the extending part and the cover plate.

In a possible implementation manner of the present application, a thickness of the second fixing portion is smaller than a thickness of the first fixing portion;

the thickness of the fixing plate is the same as that of the extending part, and the distance between the fixing plate and the cover plate is equal to that between the extending part and the cover plate, so that the fixing plate and the extending part are arranged in a flush mode.

In another aspect, the present application also provides a battery pack including the secondary battery.

The application provides a pair of secondary battery and battery package, secondary battery includes apron and casing, be equipped with first utmost point post and the piece that converges on the apron, wherein, it includes integrated into one piece's first fixed part and extension to converge the piece, first fixed part and first utmost point post fixed connection, the extension extends towards the direction of keeping away from first utmost point post, thereby can connect through the piece that converges between a plurality of secondary battery, extension and first fixed part integrated into one piece in the piece that converges, thereby save the welding process between piece and the first fixed part that converges, be favorable to avoiding converging because the yield loss that the welding brought between piece and the first utmost point post, make the secondary battery of this application be favorable to practicing thrift the preparation technology, improve yield and reduce cost.

Drawings

The technical solution and other advantages of the present application will become apparent from the detailed description of the embodiments of the present application with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a secondary battery provided in an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a first fixing portion and a bus bar according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of a secondary battery according to still another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a first fixing portion and a bus bar according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of a first fixing portion and a bus bar according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of a secondary battery according to still another embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a plurality of secondary battery packs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 isbase:Sub>A schematic cross-sectional view ofbase:Sub>A-A' shown in FIG. 7 according to an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 9 is a partially enlarged schematic view of B in fig. 8 according to an embodiment of the present application.

Fig. 10 is a partially enlarged schematic view of a secondary battery pack according to still another embodiment of the present application.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present application and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.

In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the features of the terms "first", "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the described features. In the description of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically limited otherwise. It is to be understood that, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "connected" and "connecting" are used broadly and can refer to, for example, a direct connection, an indirect connection via an intermediary, a connection between two elements, or an interaction between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as the case may be.

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples for implementing different features of the application. In order to simplify the disclosure of the present application, specific example components and arrangements are described below. Of course, they are merely examples and are not intended to limit the present application. Moreover, the present application may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples, such repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. In addition, examples of various specific processes and materials are provided herein, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize applications of other processes and/or use of other materials.

Referring to fig. 1 to 10, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a secondary battery 100, which includes a housing 10, a cover plate 20, a first electrode post 30, and a bus bar 40.

The housing 10 may be a thin-walled member and may be of an integrally formed structure. The housing 10 is made of a metal material, and specifically, the housing 10 may be an aluminum housing. The case 10 is used for placing a battery roll core, electrolyte and the like, the case 10 may have a rectangular structure, the case 10 has an opening, and the opening may be formed by surrounding four surfaces of the rectangular structure, so that the structure is simpler.

The cover plate 20 is made of a metal material, and specifically, the cover plate 20 may be an aluminum cover plate. The cover plate 20 is fixedly connected with the housing 10, and when the cover plate 20 is connected with the housing 10, the cover plate 20 covers the opening of the housing 10. Illustratively, the cap plate 20 is coupled to the case 10 by welding, which may enhance the sealability of the secondary battery 100.

The first electrode post 30 is disposed on the cover plate 20, and the first electrode post 30 is made of metal, such as iron, aluminum, copper, etc., with low resistance and high hardness, or metal alloy. The first terminal post 30 is used for conducting electricity, the first terminal post 30 penetrates through the cover plate 20, one end of the first terminal post 30 is disposed inside the casing 10, and the other end of the first terminal post 30 penetrates through the first fixing portion 41 and is exposed. The first terminal post 30 may be a positive terminal post or a negative terminal post.

The bus bar 40 includes a first fixing portion 41 and an extending portion 42, the first fixing portion 41 is fixedly connected to the first pole 30, and the extending portion 42 extends in a direction away from the first pole 30. The bus bar 40 of the embodiment of the present application may be integrally formed by an aluminum extrusion process.

Wherein, first fixed part 41 can be through realizing fixed connection with first utmost point post 30 block, and first fixed part 41 can be for transition fit with first utmost point post 30, and perhaps, first fixed part 41 can also pass through riveting fixed first utmost point post 30, and first fixed part 41 passes through helicitic texture interconnect with first utmost point post 30. Therefore, the first fixing portion 41 and the first pole 30 can be assembled more conveniently. Moreover, the first fixing portion 41 and the extending portion 42 are integrally formed, so that a welding process between the junction piece 40 and the first fixing portion 41 can be omitted, and yield loss caused by welding between the junction piece 40 and the first pole 30 can be avoided.

The embodiment of the application provides a secondary battery 100 includes apron 20 and casing 10, be equipped with first utmost point post 30 and the piece 40 that converges on the apron 20, wherein, it includes integrated into one piece's first fixed part 41 and extension 42 to converge the piece 40, first fixed part 41 and first utmost point post 30 fixed connection, extension 42 extends towards the direction of keeping away from first utmost point post 30, thereby can connect through converging piece 40 between a plurality of secondary battery 100, extension 42 and first fixed part 41 integrated into one piece in the piece 40 converge, thereby save the welding process between converging piece 40 and the first fixed part 41, be favorable to avoiding converging because the yield loss that the welding brought between piece 40 and the first utmost point post 30, make the secondary battery 100 of this application be favorable to practicing thrift the preparation technology, improve yield and reduce cost.

In the embodiment of the present application, when a plurality of secondary batteries 100 may be connected to each other by the bus bar 40 to be grouped, the structure of each secondary battery 100 is the same.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 1 and 3, the secondary battery 100 further includes a second electrode post 50 and a second fixing portion 60. The second electrode post 50 is made of metal, such as iron, aluminum, copper, etc., which have a low resistance and a high hardness, or an alloy. The second terminal post 50 is used for conducting electricity, the second terminal post 50 is disposed on the cover plate 20, one end of the second terminal post 50 penetrates through the cover plate 20 and is disposed inside the casing 10, and the other end of the second terminal post 50 penetrates through and is exposed to the second fixing portion 60. The first and

second poles

30 and 50 are each one of a positive pole and a negative pole, specifically, the first pole 30 may be a positive pole and the second pole 50 a negative pole, or the first pole 30 may be a negative pole and the second pole 50 a positive pole.

The second fixing portion 60 is fixedly connected to the second pole 50. Specifically, the second pole 50 can be clamped to realize the fixed connection of the second fixing portion 60 or the second fixing portion 60 can be in transition fit with the second pole 50, or the second fixing portion 60 fixes the second pole 50 by riveting, so that the assembly of the second fixing portion 60 and the second pole 50 is more convenient.

The extending portion 42 is used for electrically connecting with the second fixing portion 60 of the adjacent secondary battery 100 and/or the second pole 50 of the adjacent secondary battery 100. Specifically, the extending portion 42 may be used to electrically connect to the second fixing portion 60 on the adjacent secondary battery 100, and the extending portion 42 may be used to electrically connect to the second terminal post 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100, of course, the extending portion 42 may also be used to electrically connect to the second fixing portion 60 and the second terminal post 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100 at the same time, and the multiple secondary battery cells may be assembled and connected together by the arrangement of the extending portion 42, so as to achieve high power electric quantity output or achieve higher energy storage, and facilitate assembly, and the interchangeability between the secondary batteries 100 is stronger, and the use is more convenient.

In some embodiments, the secondary battery 100 includes a length direction 101, a width direction 102, and a height direction 103 that are perpendicular to each other.

As shown in fig. 1 and 3, the extending portion 42 extends along the length direction 101 or the width direction 102 in a direction away from the first terminal post 30. Since the extension portion 42 is used for electrically connecting with the second fixing portion 60 on the adjacent secondary battery 100 and/or the second pole 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100, when the extension portion 42 extends along the length direction 101 in a direction away from the first pole 30, and the extension portion 42 is connected with the adjacent secondary battery 100, it is possible to realize that the adjacent two secondary batteries 100 are arranged side by side along the length direction 101, and exemplarily, the plurality of secondary batteries 100 are arranged in a row by the extension portion 42 along the length direction 101, so that the secondary batteries 100 are integrally connected along the length direction 101.

When the extending portion 42 extends along the width direction 102 in a direction away from the first electrode post 30, the extending portion 42 is connected to the adjacent secondary battery 100, and two adjacent secondary batteries 100 can be arranged side by side along the width direction 102, for example, a plurality of secondary batteries 100 are arranged in a row by the extending portion 42 along the width direction 102, so that the secondary batteries 100 are integrally connected along the width direction 102.

In the present application, "perpendicular" refers to a state in which the angle formed by two straight lines is 80 ° or more and 100 ° or less, and therefore includes a state in which the angle is 85 ° or more and 95 ° or less.

Referring to fig. 1 and 7, in some embodiments, a positioning hole 401 is formed in a portion of the extending portion 42 extending out of the cover plate 20, and the positioning hole 401 is used to face the second pole 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100. The positioning hole 401 may be a circular hole, a square hole, a polygonal hole, or the like. Illustratively, the positioning hole 401 and the second pole 50 have the same cross-sectional shape, specifically, the positioning hole 401 is a circular hole, the diameter of the positioning hole 401 may be slightly larger than the end surface of the second pole 50, when two adjacent secondary batteries 100 are connected, the end surface of the second pole 50 is exposed from the positioning hole 401 by facing the positioning hole 401 of the extension portion 42 of one of the second batteries to the end surface of the second pole 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100, so as to realize quick positioning of the adjacent secondary batteries 100, facilitate connection of the two adjacent secondary batteries 100, and facilitate use.

In the embodiment of the present application, the positioning hole 401 and the second pole 50 on the adjacent secondary battery 100 may be connected by laser welding, screw connection, or the like, and is not particularly limited herein.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 4 and 5, the bus bar 40 further includes a bending portion 43. Opposite ends of the bent portion 43 are connected to the first fixing portion 41 and the extending portion 42, respectively. Specifically, the bending portion 43 includes a first end 431 and a second end 432 opposite to each other, the first end 431 is connected to the first fixing portion 41, and the second end 432 is connected to the extending portion 42. The provision of the bent portion 43 is advantageous to enhance the compressive strength of the entire bus bar 40, reduce the toughness of the bent portion, and prolong the service life of the secondary battery 100.

The bending portion 43 forms a predetermined included angle with respect to the first fixing portion 41 and the extending portion 42, for example, the bending portion 43 forms a right angle with respect to the first fixing portion 41 and the extending portion 42, so that the bending portion 43 can be convexly bent along the height direction 103, and thus, in the use process of the grouped secondary batteries 100, the bending portion 43 can be used for resisting up-and-down vibration along the height direction, and the bus bar 40 is prevented from being broken by vibration.

The first fixing portion 41, the extending portion 42, and the bending portion 43 may be integrally formed, so as to reduce the assembly process of the components of the secondary battery 100, and make the overall structure of the junction piece 40 simpler, the manufacturing more convenient, and the installation more convenient.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 4, a fillet is disposed at a joint of the bending portion 43 and the extending portion 42, so that transition at the joint of the bending portion 43 and the extending portion 42 is smoother, stress concentration is reduced, fracture at the joint of the bending portion 43 and the extending portion 42 is prevented, and the fillet can enhance the overall compressive strength of the bus bar 40 and reduce the toughness of the bending portion.

The joint of the bent portion 43 and the first fixing portion 41 is provided with a round angle. Therefore, the transition of the joint of the bent part 43 and the first fixing part 41 can be smoother, stress concentration can be reduced, and the joint of the bent part 43 and the first fixing part 41 can be prevented from being broken.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 2 and fig. 5, the first fixing portion 41 is provided with a fixing hole 402, and the first fixing portion 41 includes a fixing plate 412 and a fixing block 413. The fixing plate 412 is connected to one end of the extending portion 42, and the fixing plate 412 is integrally formed with the extending portion 42. Therefore, the integral parts of the secondary electrons can be simplified, and the assembly is more convenient and quicker. The fixing block 413 is disposed on one side of the fixing plate 412 facing the cover plate 20, and the fixing plate 412 and the fixing block 413 are integrally formed, so that the overall parts of the secondary electron can be simplified, and the assembly is more convenient and faster.

The fixing hole 402 penetrates through the fixing plate 412 and the fixing block 413, the first terminal post 30 is disposed in the fixing hole 402, and the first terminal post 30 abuts against one side of the fixing plate 412, which is far away from the cover plate 20. The fixing hole 402 may be a circular hole, a square hole, a polygonal hole, or the like. Exemplarily, the fixing hole 402 is the same as the cross-sectional shape of the first terminal post 30, wherein the fixing hole 402 is a circular hole, the aperture of the fixing hole 402 may be slightly larger than the end surface of the first terminal post 30, and the fixing hole 402 and the first terminal post 30 may be in clearance fit, so that the first terminal post 30 is more conveniently placed in the fixing hole 402.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 5 and 9, the thickness of the second fixing portion 60 is the same as the thickness of the first fixing portion 41, the thickness of the fixing plate 412 is the same as the thickness of the extending portion 42, and the distance between the fixing plate 412 and the cover plate 20 is smaller than the distance between the extending portion 42 and the cover plate 20, so that the heights of the second fixing portion 60 and the first fixing portion 41 are the same, and the extending portion 42 is higher than the fixing plate 412, and the extending portion 42 can perform a spacing function, so that the extending portion 42 can be overlapped above the second fixing portion 60 to avoid interference.

In the embodiment of the present application, the first fixing portion 41 and the extending portion 42 may be vertically displaced and parallel to each other, and when the first fixing portion 41 and the second fixing portion 60 of each secondary battery 100 have the same height, so as to connect adjacent secondary batteries 100, the secondary batteries 100 in a row or a column are more flush, which is beneficial to saving space in the height direction 103 when a plurality of secondary batteries 100 are assembled.

In some embodiments, referring to fig. 2, 6 and 10, the thickness of the second fixing portion 60 is smaller than that of the first fixing portion 41, the thickness of the fixing plate 412 is the same as that of the extending portion 42, the distance between the fixing plate 412 and the cover plate 20 is equal to that between the extending portion 42 and the cover plate 20, and the fixing plate 412 and the extending portion 42 are flush with each other, so that when the extending portion 42 is connected to the second fixing portion 60 of an adjacent secondary battery 100, the extending portion 42 and the second fixing portion 60 can be prevented from interfering with each other. In addition, since the height of the second fixing portion 60 is smaller than that of the first fixing portion 41, the manufacturing material of the second fixing portion 60 is saved, and the manufacturing cost is reduced.

It should be noted that "the same thickness" defined in the present application is understood to be approximately the same, and based on the design of the same thickness, the tolerance of individual or some thicknesses is allowed, and therefore, the design of the same thickness is understood to be the same within the preset tolerance range of a standard thickness, for example, within the tolerance range of ± 5% of the thickness.

The term "parallel" as defined in the present application means that the angle formed by two straight lines is-10 ° or more and 10 ° or less, and therefore includes a state in which the angle is-5 ° or more and 5 ° or less.

In order to better implement the secondary battery of the present application, embodiments of the present application also provide a battery pack including the secondary battery. Since the battery pack includes the secondary battery 100, the battery pack also has all the advantages brought by the secondary battery, and thus, the detailed description thereof is omitted.

In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and for parts that are not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference may be made to related descriptions of other embodiments. In a specific implementation, each unit or structure may be implemented as an independent entity, or may be combined arbitrarily to be implemented as one or several entities, and the specific implementation of each unit or structure may refer to the foregoing method embodiment, which is not described herein again.

The foregoing detailed description is directed to a secondary battery and a battery pack provided in the embodiments of the present application, and specific examples are applied herein to explain the principles and implementations of the embodiments of the present application, and the descriptions of the foregoing embodiments are only used to help understand the technical solutions and the core ideas of the embodiments of the present application; those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A secondary battery, characterized by comprising:

a housing (10) having an opening;

a cover plate (20) covering the opening;

a first pole (30) provided to the cover plate (20);

the current collecting piece (40) comprises a first fixing portion (41) and an extending portion (42) which are integrally formed, the first fixing portion (41) is fixedly connected with the first pole column (30), and the extending portion (42) extends in the direction away from the first pole column (30).

2. The secondary battery according to claim 1, further comprising:

a second pole (50) provided to the cover plate (20);

a second fixing portion (60) fixedly connected to the second pole (50);

the extension part (42) is used for being electrically connected with a second fixing part (60) on the adjacent secondary battery and/or a second pole (50) on the adjacent secondary battery.

3. The secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein the secondary battery comprises a length direction (101), a width direction (102), and a height direction (103) that are perpendicular to each other;

the extending portion (42) extends in a direction away from the first pole (30) along the length direction (101) or the width direction (102).

4. The secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein the portion of the extension portion (42) extending out of the cap plate (20) is provided with a positioning hole (401), and the positioning hole (401) is used for being aligned with the second pole (50) of the adjacent secondary battery.

5. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the bus bar (40) further comprises: bending portions (43), opposite ends of the bending portions (43) are respectively connected with the first fixing portions (41) and the extending portions (42), the bending portions (43) are respectively relative to the first fixing portions (41) and the extending portions (42) to form preset included angles, and the first fixing portions (41), the extending portions (42) and the bending portions (43) are of an integrally formed structure.

6. The secondary battery according to claim 5, wherein the junction of the bent portion (43) and the extended portion (42) is provided with a rounded corner; and/or the joint of the bending part (43) and the first fixing part (41) is provided with a round angle.

7. The secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein the first fixing portion (41) is provided with a fixing hole (402), and the first fixing portion (41) includes:

a fixing plate (412) connected to one end of the extension portion (42), the fixing plate (412) being integrally formed with the extension portion (42);

the fixing block (413) is arranged on one side, facing the cover plate (20), of the fixing plate (412), the fixing plate (412) and the fixing block (413) are integrally formed, the fixing hole (402) penetrates through the fixing plate (412) and the fixing block (413), the first pole column (30) is arranged in the fixing hole (402), and the first pole column (30) abuts against one side, far away from the cover plate (20), of the fixing plate (412).

8. The secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second fixing portion (60) is the same as the thickness of the first fixing portion (41);

the thickness of the fixing plate (412) is the same as that of the extension part (42), and the distance between the fixing plate (412) and the cover plate (20) is smaller than that between the extension part (42) and the cover plate (20).

9. The secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the second fixing portion (60) is smaller than the thickness of the first fixing portion (41);

the thickness of the fixing plate (412) is the same as that of the extension part (42), and the distance between the fixing plate (412) and the cover plate (20) is equal to that between the extension part (42) and the cover plate (20), so that the fixing plate (412) and the extension part (42) are arranged flush with each other.

10. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 9.