CN218721825U - High back pressure heating system - Google Patents
High back pressure heating system Download PDFInfo
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- CN218721825U CN218721825U CN202221416339.6U CN202221416339U CN218721825U CN 218721825 U CN218721825 U CN 218721825U CN 202221416339 U CN202221416339 U CN 202221416339U CN 218721825 U CN218721825 U CN 218721825U
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Abstract
An embodiment of the utility model provides a high back pressure heating system, include: the wet cooling unit comprises a turbine intermediate pressure cylinder (103) and a turbine low pressure cylinder (104) connected to the turbine intermediate pressure cylinder (103); the method comprises the following steps that (1) the heat supply network circulates backwater, and in the heating period, the heat supply network circulates backwater to be heated by exhaust of the steam turbine low-pressure cylinder (104); a cooling water tower (108), wherein during a non-heating period, the open water of the cooling water tower (108) cools the exhaust gas of the steam turbine low pressure cylinder (104); in an abnormal state of a heating period and when the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, open water of the cooling water tower (108) is used for assisting the wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling; open water of the cooling water tower is used for reducing the temperature of return water of the urban heat supply network, so that the wet cooling unit is not influenced by the size of urban heat load during high-back-pressure heat supply, and thermoelectric decoupling is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a unit power supply field, concretely relates to high back pressure heating system.
Background
In recent years, due to the rapid development of the real estate industry of China, the heating load of cities is increased rapidly, and compared with the traditional punching steam extraction heating of a medium pressure cylinder, the heating load is limited by the steam extraction capacity of a unit and gradually shows the phenomenon of insufficient heating capacity.
The heat supply capacity of units is excavated from domestic power plants, and according to different conditions of the units and different purposes, the current mature heat supply reconstruction flow-by-flow technology is as follows: high back pressure heat supply, optical axis heat supply, steam turbine bypass heat supply and the like. The first two items are mainly affected by heat load, and follow the principle of fixing power by heat, while the latter is limited by the bypass capacity of the unit.
A high back pressure heat supply technology for a wet cooling unit (a steam power generating unit for exhausting steam by a water cooling turbine) has the technical principle that open cooling water is replaced by heat supply network circulating water, so that the loss of a cold end (the cold end indicates that the cooling water starts to radiate heat outwards through a water tower in a thermal power generation system, the loss indicates that the cooling water starts to absorb the heat of exhaust steam in a condenser of a power plant, the heat is radiated outwards through a water cooling tower, the energy loss of the cold end is loss, and the loss is actually the cold end loss in the power generation industry and is reduced to zero, but the electric load of the unit is limited by the operation load of the heat supply network. The method specifically comprises the following steps: reducing the back pressure will result in a reduction in the temperature of the outlet water from the high back pressure heating network, increasing the energy consumption of the heating behind the network water, and reducing the overall exhaust steam utilization, because the exhaust steam at the level of high back pressure is a lower cost steam source.
In the high back pressure heat supply technology of the wet cooling unit, electricity is fixed by heat, the heat quantity absorbed by heat supply network water in a high back pressure heat exchanger is related to the steam discharge quantity of a main machine, namely the steam discharge quantity is related to the power generation load of the main machine, and in the condition, if the flow quantity of the heat supply network is low, the main machine can only maintain the low power generation load to maintain the absorption balance of a cold end (heat absorption of the heat supply network water) at the moment. The prior art has the following technical problems:
1. the unit uses heat to fix the power, and the electric load is limited by the heat load.
2. If the heat load of the heat supply network is insufficient, the high back pressure operation load of the wet cooling unit is low; if the load needs to be increased, the operation backpressure needs to be reduced, and the heat supply quality is reduced. The problem of low high back pressure operation load of a wet cooling unit needs to be solved.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
An embodiment of the utility model provides a high back pressure heating system has solved the low problem of high back pressure operation load.
To achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high back pressure heating system, including:
the wet cooling unit comprises a steam turbine intermediate pressure cylinder and a steam turbine low pressure cylinder connected with the steam turbine intermediate pressure cylinder;
heating the circulating backwater of the heat supply network by adopting the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine in the heating period;
the open water of the cooling water tower cools the exhaust gas of the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine in the non-heating period; in an abnormal state of a heating period and when the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the open water of the cooling tower is used for assisting the wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling;
the high back pressure heating system has a heating period and a non-heating period; the heating period comprises that the heating is in a normal state and the heating is in an abnormal state; wherein:
when the heat supply is in a normal state, a low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine provided with the wet cooling unit operates in a high back pressure state, the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine is cooled by circulating return water of a heat supply network, and the circulating return water of the heat supply network heated by the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine is used for heat supply;
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the actual power supply requirement is met by lifting the electric load, and the open water of the cooling tower assists the common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling; the circulating backwater temperature of the heat supply network in the state is lower than that of the heat supply network in the normal state, and the electric load in the state is equivalent to that in the normal state;
open water through cooling tower assists common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply, power supply decoupling zero specifically includes:
firstly, the temperature of circulating backwater of a heat supply network is reduced to a preset temperature range through open water of a cooling water tower, so that the steam discharge amount of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electric load by providing electric energy according to the actual demand of power supply is reduced;
and then, the cooled circulating backwater of the heat supply network is heated through the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine, and the temperature of the heated circulating backwater of the heat supply network meets the requirement in the state.
Preferably, the first and second electrodes are formed of a metal,
the wet cooling unit also comprises a condenser and a condenser water inlet main valve arranged at one end of the condenser, and the condenser is connected with the exhaust end of the turbine low-pressure cylinder;
the cooling water tower comprises a water-water heat exchanger, the water-water heat exchanger comprises a main path, a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve and a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve which are arranged on the main path of the water-water heat exchanger, and an open water circulating water pump connected to the water-water heat exchanger;
the cooling water tower further comprises: the open water pipeline, the open water inlet valve of the water-water heat exchanger and the open water return valve of the water-water heat exchanger are arranged on the open water pipeline;
circulating backwater of a heat supply network passing through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger enters the condenser through the condenser water inlet main valve;
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, opening an open water inlet valve of the water-water heat exchanger, and introducing open water of the cooling water tower into the water-water heat exchanger by the open water circulating water pump; when the water return valve of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is in an open state, circulating backwater of the heat supply network enters the main path of the water-water heat exchanger through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger, the water outlet valve of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is in an open state, and the circulating backwater of the heat supply network flows out of the water-water heat exchanger.
Preferably, the first and second electrodes are formed of a metal,
the water-water heat exchanger also comprises a bypass parallel to the main path and a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve arranged on the water-water heat exchanger bypass;
circulating backwater of a heat supply network passing through the water-water heat exchanger bypass enters the condenser through a condenser water inlet main valve; when the heat supply is in a normal state, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve is in an open state, the condenser water inlet main valve is in an open state, and the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve is in a closed state.
Preferably, the open water circulating water pump pipeline is connected to the condenser.
Preferably, the system further comprises a heat supply network heater, wherein the heat supply network heater is arranged at the rear end of the condenser on a path of circulating backwater of the heat supply network; and the heat supply network heater receives the exhaust steam in the adjacent machine of the adjacent wet cooling unit.
Preferably, the wet cooling unit further comprises a condenser water outlet main valve, and the condenser water outlet main valve is arranged at the other end of the condenser;
and a heat supply network circulating water pump is arranged on a path between the condenser and the heat supply network heater and is used for boosting the circulating return water of the heat supply network.
The technical scheme has the following beneficial effects: the open water of the cooling water tower is utilized to reduce the temperature of the return water of the urban heat supply network, so that the wet cooling unit is not influenced by the size of the urban heat load during high-back-pressure heat supply, and the thermoelectric decoupling is realized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high back pressure heating system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a high back pressure heating system according to the present invention;
the reference numerals are represented as:
101. exhausting steam in an adjacent machine; 104. a low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine; 105. a condenser; 106. a heat supply network circulating water pump; 107. an open water circulating pump; 108. a cooling water tower; 109. a heat supply network heater; 111. a water-water heat exchanger; 208. a water outlet valve of a heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger; 209. a water bypass valve of a heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger; 210. a water return valve of a heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger; 211. a main water outlet valve of the condenser; 212. a main water inlet valve of the condenser;
102. steam is fed into a steam turbine intermediate pressure cylinder; 103. a turbine intermediate pressure cylinder; 110. an urban heat supply network; 201. an adjacent machine steam extraction regulating valve; 202. a middle exhaust steam extraction regulating valve; 203. an open water supply shutoff valve; 204. an open water return shutoff valve; 205. an open water inlet valve of the water-water heat exchanger; 206. an open water return valve of the water-water heat exchanger; 207. condenser bypass valve.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative work belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, in combination with the embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a high back pressure heating system, including:
the wet cooling unit comprises a turbine intermediate pressure cylinder 103 and a turbine low pressure cylinder 104 connected to the turbine intermediate pressure cylinder 103;
the heat supply network circulates the backwater, in the heating period, adopt the exhaust of the said steam turbine low pressure cylinder 104 to heat the backwater of heat supply network circulation;
a cooling tower 108, wherein during a non-heating period, the open water of the cooling tower 108 cools the exhaust gas of the steam turbine low pressure cylinder 104; in an abnormal state of a heating period and when the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the open water of the cooling tower 108 is used for assisting the wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling;
the high back pressure heating system has a heating period and a non-heating period; the heating period comprises that the heating is in a normal state and the heating is in an abnormal state; wherein:
when the heat supply is in a normal state, the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 provided with the wet cooling unit operates in a high back pressure state, the exhaust gas of the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 is cooled through the circulating return water of the heat supply network, and the circulating return water of the heat supply network heated by the exhaust gas of the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 is used for heat supply; the exhaust of the turbine low-pressure cylinder 104 heats the circulating return water of the heat supply network to a preset temperature, and the actual power supply requirement can be met.
When the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, if the electricity is determined by heat, the steam turbine low-pressure cylinder 104 cannot operate with high load, so if the actual power supply requirement is required to be met, the actual power supply requirement is met by improving the electrical load, and the common wet cooling unit is assisted by open water of the cooling water tower 108 to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling; the temperature of the circulating return water of the heat supply network in the state is lower than that of the circulating return water of the heat supply network in the normal state, the temperature requirement of the urban heat supply network 110 in the abnormal state is met, the electric load in the state is equivalent to that in the normal state, and electric energy can be provided according to the actual power supply requirement.
Open water through cooling tower 108 assists common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply, power supply decoupling specifically includes:
firstly, the temperature of the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is reduced to a preset temperature range through the open water of the cooling water tower 108, so that the steam discharge amount of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electric load by providing electric energy according to the actual demand of power supply is reduced;
and then the temperature of the cooled circulating return water of the heat supply network is raised through the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine, the temperature of the heated circulating return water of the heat supply network meets the requirement in the state, the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine is cooled, and the consumption of the exhaust of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electrical load is realized.
Because the wet cold unit of (high back pressure) is with the characteristic of heat fixed electricity, the utility model discloses be applied to wet cold unit high back pressure system, solved the operation of the high back pressure of present internal wet cold unit, when the unmatched restriction of thermoelectricity appears, the heat load is little promptly, leads to wet cold unit to be in the low-load operation for a long time. The utility model discloses an open water system of cooling tower is utilized to the method, reduces the temperature of city heat supply network return water, makes wet cold unit not influenced by city heat load size when high back pressure heat supply, realizes thermoelectric decoupling zero.
Preferably, the first and second electrodes are formed of a metal,
the wet cooling unit further comprises a condenser 105 and a condenser water inlet main valve 212 arranged at one end of the condenser 105, wherein the condenser 105 is connected with the exhaust end of the steam turbine low-pressure cylinder 104;
the cooling water tower 108 comprises a water-water heat exchanger 111, and the water-water heat exchanger 111 comprises a main path, a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210 and a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve 208 which are arranged on the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111, and an open water circulating water pump 107 connected to the water-water heat exchanger 111; the open water circulating pump 107 is used to provide open water for the water-water heat exchanger 111.
The cooling water tower further comprises: the open water pipeline, the open water inlet valve of the water-water heat exchanger and the open water return valve of the water-water heat exchanger are arranged on the open water pipeline;
the heat supply network circulating backwater passing through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111 enters the condenser 105 through the condenser water inlet main valve 212;
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the open water inlet valve 205 of the water-water heat exchanger is opened, and the open water of the cooling water tower 108 is introduced into the water-water heat exchanger 111 by the open water circulating water pump 107; when the water return valve 210 of the water-water heat exchanger is in an open state, the circulating backwater of the heat supply network enters the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111 through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111, the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is cooled by utilizing the open water in the water-water heat exchanger 111, the temperature of the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is reduced to a preset temperature range, and then the cooled circulating backwater of the heat supply network can cool the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine, so that the consumption of the exhaust steam of the main steam flow increased by the electric load is realized. Then, the water outlet valve 208 of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is opened, and the circulating return water of the heat supply network flows out of the water-water heat exchanger 111. And opening the open water return valve 206 of the water-water heat exchanger to discharge the open water introduced into the water-water heat exchanger 111 so as to introduce the open water into the water-water heat exchanger 111 again and ensure the cooling effect of the open water on the circulating return water of the heat supply network.
Preferably, the water-water heat exchanger 111 further comprises a bypass parallel to the main path, a water-water heat exchanger heat network water bypass valve 209 provided on the water-water heat exchanger 111 bypass;
the heat supply network circulating backwater bypassing the water-water heat exchanger 111 enters the condenser 105 through a condenser water inlet main valve 212; when the heating is in a normal state, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209 is in an open state, the condenser water inlet main valve 212 is in an open state, and the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209 is in a closed state. At this time, the water-water heat exchanger 111 is not used, the bypass is in parallel relation with the main path, the bypass is only a pipeline, the function of cooling the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is not realized, and the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is only conveyed to the condenser 105.
Preferably, the open water circulating pump 107 is connected to the condenser 105 through a pipeline.
Preferably, the system further comprises a heat supply network heater 109, and the heat supply network heater 109 is arranged at the rear end of the condenser 105 on a path of circulating return water of the heat supply network; the heating network heater 109 receives the exhaust steam 101 from the adjacent machine of the adjacent wet cooling unit. The heat supply network circulating backwater is first heated by the exhaust gas in the condenser 105, and then is first heated by the heat supply network heater 109. The exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine needs to be judged according to the heat load of a specific external heat supply network, and if the heat supply capacity of the unit is completely used up, the exhaust steam in the adjacent machine needs to be put into operation at the moment, particularly when the heat supply is in a normal state. When the heat supply is in an abnormal state, the wet cooling unit can not use the electric energy provided by the wet cooling unit according to the actual demand of the power supply.
Preferably, the wet cooling unit further comprises a condenser water outlet main valve 211, and the condenser water outlet main valve 211 is arranged at the other end of the condenser 105;
a heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is arranged on a path between the condenser 105 and the heat supply network heater 109, and the heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is used for boosting the pressure of heat supply network circulating return water.
As shown in fig. 2, in combination with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for high back pressure heating with a cooling tower participating in regulation, including:
when the heat supply is in a normal state, the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 provided with the wet cooling unit operates in a high back pressure state, the exhaust gas of the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 is cooled through the circulating return water of the heat supply network, and the circulating return water of the heat supply network heated by the exhaust gas of the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 is used for heat supply; the exhaust of the turbine low-pressure cylinder 104 heats the circulating return water of the heat supply network to a preset temperature, and the actual power supply requirement can be met.
When the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, if the electricity is fixed by heat, the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 cannot operate in a high-load state, so if the actual electricity requirement is met and the actual power supply requirement is met by increasing the electricity load, the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 operates in a high-back-pressure state, the open water of the cooling water tower 108 assists the common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling; the temperature of the circulating return water of the heat supply network in the state is lower than that of the circulating return water of the heat supply network in the normal state, the temperature requirement of the urban heat supply network 110 in the abnormal state is met, the electric load in the state is equivalent to that in the normal state, and electric energy can be provided according to the actual power supply requirement.
Open water through cooling tower 108 assists common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply, power supply decoupling specifically includes:
firstly, the temperature of the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is reduced to a preset temperature range through the open water of the cooling water tower 108, so that the steam discharge amount of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electric load by providing electric energy according to the actual demand of power supply is reduced;
and then the temperature of the cooled circulating return water of the heat supply network is raised through the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine, the temperature of the heated circulating return water of the heat supply network meets the requirement in the state, the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine is cooled, and the consumption of the exhaust of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electrical load is realized.
Because the wet cold unit of (high back pressure) is with the characteristic of heat fixed electricity, the utility model discloses be applied to wet cold unit high back pressure system, solved the operation of the high back pressure of present internal wet cold unit, when the unmatched restriction of thermoelectricity appears, the heat load is little promptly, leads to wet cold unit to be in the low-load operation for a long time. The utility model discloses an open water system of cooling tower is utilized to the method, reduces the temperature of city heat supply network return water, makes wet cold unit not influenced by city heat load size when high back pressure heat supply, realizes thermoelectric decoupling zero.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: discharging exhaust gas of a turbine low pressure cylinder 104 of the wet cooling unit to a condenser 105;
the high back pressure heat supply method with the cooling water tower participating in regulation further comprises the following steps:
when the heating is in a normal state, the open water circulating pump 107 connected to the cooling water tower 108 is in a stop state; closing the water return valve 210 of the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water, and closing the water outlet valve 208 of the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water;
the cooling of the exhaust gas of the turbine low pressure cylinder 104 by circulating return water through the heat supply network specifically includes:
opening a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209 for controlling the bypass of the water-water heat exchanger 111; opening a main water inlet valve 212 of the condenser; at the moment, the water-water heat exchanger 111 is not used, the bypass is in parallel relation with the main path, the bypass is only a pipeline, and the function of cooling the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is not achieved.
Circulating return water of a heat supply network flows through a bypass of the water-water heat exchanger 111, enters the condenser 105 through the condenser water inlet main valve 212 to absorb heat of exhausted steam, is discharged through the condenser water outlet main valve 211, and cools exhaust gas (exhausted steam) of the low-pressure turbine cylinder 104 through the condenser 105, so that the purpose of cooling is achieved, and the requirement of heating is met.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
on a path of the heat supply network circulating backwater, a heat supply network heater 109 is arranged at the rear end of the condenser 105; that is, the heat supply network circulating backwater passes through the condenser 105 and then passes through the heat supply network heater 109. Introducing exhaust steam 101 in an adjacent machine into a heating network heater 109; the domestic unit construction usually comprises one-time parallel construction of 2 wet cooling units, and the adjacent unit is another wet cooling unit which is parallel to the current wet cooling unit. The exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine refers to the exhaust steam of another wet cooling unit which is parallel to the current wet cooling unit.
The high back pressure heat supply method with the cooling water tower participating in regulation further comprises the following steps:
when the heat supply is in a normal state, the heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is in a running state;
and introducing the heat supply network circulating backwater discharged from the condenser water outlet main valve 211 into the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, boosting the heat supply network circulating backwater through the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, sending the boosted heat supply network circulating backwater into the heat supply network heater 109, and continuously heating the heat supply network circulating backwater through the exhaust steam 101 in an adjacent machine in the heat supply network heater 109. The heat supply network circulating backwater is first heated by the exhaust gas in the condenser 105, and then is first heated by the heat supply network heater 109. The exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine needs to be judged according to the heat load of a specific external heat supply network, and if the heat supply capacity of the unit is completely used up, the exhaust steam in the adjacent machine needs to be put into operation.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the open water circulating pump 107 connected with the cooling water tower 108 is in a running state; closing a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209 for controlling the bypass of the water-water heat exchanger 111; at this point the cooling tower 108 is put into service.
The temperature of the open water through cooling tower 108 with the return water of heat supply network circulation falls to predetermineeing temperature range, includes:
the water-heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210 for controlling the water inlet of the main path of the water-heat exchanger 111 is opened, the heat supply network circulating return water is introduced into the main path of the water-heat exchanger 111 through the water-heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210, the heat supply network circulating return water is cooled by using the open water in the water-heat exchanger 111, the temperature of the heat supply network circulating return water is reduced to a preset temperature range, and the cooled heat supply network circulating return water can cool the exhaust of the steam turbine low pressure cylinder 104, so that the consumption of the exhaust steam of the main steam flow increased by the improvement of the electric load is realized. Opening a water outlet valve 208 of the heat supply network water of the water-water heat exchanger, and discharging circulating return water of the heat supply network with the water temperature reduced to be within a preset temperature range; wherein the open water is from the cooling water tower 108.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
discharging exhaust gas of a turbine low-pressure cylinder 104 of the wet cooling unit to a condenser 105;
the cooling water tower participates in the high back pressure heating method for regulation, and further comprises the following steps:
opening a main water inlet valve 212 of the condenser;
and (3) returning circulating water of the heat supply network, the water temperature of which is reduced to be within a preset temperature range, enters the condenser 105 through the condenser inlet main valve 212 to absorb the heat of the exhausted steam, the condenser outlet main valve 211 is opened, and the heated returning circulating water of the heat supply network is exhausted through the condenser outlet main valve 211. The cooled circulating return water of the heat supply network can cool the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine, and the consumption of the exhaust of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electrical load is realized.
Preferably, the first and second electrodes are formed of a metal,
a heating network heater 109 is arranged at the rear end of the condenser 105, and the exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine is introduced into the heating network heater 109; introducing exhaust steam 101 in an adjacent machine into a heating network heater 109; the domestic unit construction usually comprises one-time parallel construction of 2 wet cooling units, and the adjacent unit is another wet cooling unit which is parallel to the current wet cooling unit. The exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine refers to the exhaust steam of another wet cooling unit which is parallel to the current wet cooling unit.
The high back pressure heat supply method with the cooling water tower participating in regulation further comprises the following steps:
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is in a running state;
and introducing the heat supply network circulating backwater discharged from the condenser water outlet main valve 211 into the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, boosting the heat supply network circulating backwater through the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, sending the boosted heat supply network circulating backwater into the heat supply network heater 109, and continuously heating the heat supply network circulating backwater through the exhaust steam 101 in an adjacent machine in the heat supply network heater 109. The heat supply network circulating backwater is first heated by the exhaust gas in the condenser 105, and then is first heated by the heat supply network heater 109. The exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent machine needs to be judged according to the heat load of a specific external heat supply network, and if the heat supply capacity of the unit is completely used up, the exhaust steam in the adjacent machine needs to be put into operation.
Preferably, the step of reducing the temperature of the water returned by the heat supply network circulation through the open water of the cooling water tower 108 to within the preset temperature range further comprises:
according to the increased main steam flow, the open water flow passing through the water-water heat exchanger 111 is adjusted, the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is cooled to the preset temperature range, and the existing water-water heat exchanger 111 is utilized, so that the realization is convenient.
Preferably, the method comprises the following steps:
when the water-water heat exchanger 111 bypass is overhauled, the bypass is cut off for overhauling;
the high back pressure heat supply method with the cooling water tower participating in regulation further comprises the following steps:
when the heat supply is in a normal state, the open water circulating water pump 107 connected with the cooling water tower 108 is closed, the water return valve 210 of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is opened, and the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111 is temporarily used as a bypass;
and opening a water outlet valve 208 of a heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger, and enabling circulating return water of the heat supply network to enter the condenser 105 from the main pipeline of the water-water heat exchanger 111. In the heating period, the bypass is overhauled, and the normal operation of the wet cooling unit is not delayed.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
in the non-heating period, the circulating backwater of the heat supply network stops running;
taking the open water of the cooling water tower 108 as circulating water to cool the exhaust gas of the turbine low-pressure cylinder 104;
and after the circulating water discharged from the condenser 105 returns to the cooling water tower 108, the circulating water is introduced into the cooling water tower 108 and is directly sprayed in the middle of the cooling water tower 108, and the circulating water and air exchange heat and then fall into the lower part of the cooling water tower 108 and are recycled to the condenser 105.
The above technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to specific application examples, and reference may be made to the related descriptions above for technical details that are not described in the implementation process.
The utility model relates to a flexibility high back pressure heating system and method that cooling tower participated in adjusting provides the concrete configuration of this system and operation method, the system mainly includes adjacent machine middle drainage steam extraction 101, steam turbine intermediate pressure cylinder admission 102, steam turbine intermediate pressure cylinder 103, steam turbine low pressure cylinder 104, heat supply network circulating water pump 106, open water circulating water pump 107, cooling tower 108, heating network heater 109, urban heating network 110, water heat exchanger 111, adjacent machine steam extraction governing valve 201, middle drainage steam extraction governing valve 202, open water supply shut-off valve 203, open water return shut-off valve 204, water heat exchanger open water inlet valve 205, water heat exchanger open water return valve 206, condenser bypass valve 207, water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve 208, water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209, water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210, condenser play water main valve 211, condenser intake main valve 212 and connect the valve and the pipe fitting of above-mentioned equipment. The utility model discloses be applied to wet cold unit high back pressure system, can solve the present unmatched restriction of the high back pressure of domestic wet cold unit operation thermoelectricity, the heating load is little promptly, because the characteristic of back pressure unit with the heat fixed electricity leads to the unit to be in the low-load operation for a long time. The utility model discloses make wet cold machine group not influenced by city heat load size when high back pressure heat supply, utilize cooling tower's open water system, reduce the temperature of city heat supply network return water, realize the thermoelectric decoupling zero.
The to-be-solved technical problem of the utility model is:
1. the flexibility of the unit electrical load is solved, and thermoelectric decoupling is realized.
2. Under the condition of adjusting the electrical load of the unit, the heat supply quality is not influenced; wherein, the influence on the heat supply quality means that the heat supply capacity reaches the upper limit due to certain restrictions of the thermal power plant, and the flow rate and the water supply temperature of the heat supply network cannot meet the scheduling requirements of the heating power company at the moment.
The utility model discloses a cooling tower flexibility participates in adjusting high back pressure heating system, increases water heat exchanger on city heat supply network return water pipe, utilizes open water cooling city heat supply network return water, makes the unit realize thermoelectric decoupling zero. Therefore, the problem that the wet cooling unit is subjected to high back pressure operation to fix the power by heat is solved, and the thermoelectric decoupling is realized; under the condition of adjusting the electric load of the unit, the heat supply quality is not influenced.
Typical operating conditions for a flexible high back pressure heating system with cooling tower involved in regulation during the heating period are as follows:
1. in the heating period, when the system is in a normal state, the system operates according to the high back pressure state of the conventional steam turbine low pressure cylinder 104, and the heat supply network circulating water (heat supply network circulating water) cools the steam turbine to exhaust steam. The normal state refers to that the steam turbine is cooled by adopting heat supply network water to discharge steam, the temperature of the heat supply network water heated by the condenser meets the requirement of the operation in the design state, and the power generation load of the unit is not limited by the flow of the heat supply network water. The principle of high backpressure is that the low pressure cylinder operates in a mode that the backpressure is slightly higher than that of the normal operation, so that the loss of the cold end can be utilized by heat supply network water, and the loss of the cold end is reduced.
The specific operation is as follows:
the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209, the condenser water inlet main valve 212, the condenser water outlet main valve 211 and the adjacent unit steam extraction regulating valve 201 are in an open state, the middle exhaust steam extraction regulating valve 202, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve 208, the water-water heat exchanger open water inlet valve 205, the water-water heat exchanger open water return valve 206, the open water return water shut-off valve 204, the open water supply shut-off valve 203 and the condenser bypass valve 207 are in a closed state, the open water circulating water pump 107 is in a stop state, and the heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is in an operating state.
In a normal state, return water of the heat supply network passes through a water-water heat exchanger 111 bypass, enters the condenser 105 through a condenser water inlet main valve 212 to absorb heat of exhausted steam, passes through a condenser water outlet main valve 211, is boosted through the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, and is sent to the heat supply network heater 109 to be continuously heated.
The condenser is constructed by a plurality of tube bundles, open water or heat supply network water is filled in the tube bundles, the exhaust steam of the low-pressure cylinder 104 of the steam turbine is radiated and condensed in the condenser 105, and the open water can be cooled by a cooling water tower 108.
2. In the heating period, at the beginning and the end of heating, heating is less unstable, and the power supply demand cannot be met according to the heating demand, so that the unit needs to improve the electric load (when the power grid needs to schedule the power generation load of the power plant, the power generation load needs to be increased and decreased according to the scheduling demand), and the main steam flow needs to be increased. However, if the exhaust steam cannot be cooled due to the increase of the main steam flow, the main steam is fed into the water-water heat exchanger 111. Specifically, the return water of the heat supply network directly enters the condenser 105 in a normal state, the return water of the heat supply network firstly enters the water heat exchanger 111 and then enters the condenser 105, and the open water of the cooling water tower 108 is used for reducing the temperature of the return water of the heat supply network on the other side of the water heat exchanger 111, so that the heat absorption capacity of the return water of the heat supply network in the condenser 105 is increased.
Open water: in the non-heating period, the waterway of the cooling condenser in the cooling tower 108 is called as open water, the open water is not used in the normal state of the heating period and is in a standby state, and the open water is intervened to operate through a switching valve when needing to be adjusted.
The method has the advantages that the main steam flow is increased, the open water flow is adjusted, and the open water is used for cooling the backwater of the heat supply network, so that the electric load of the unit is not limited by the heat load (heat supply heat load). The open water is heated and then is cooled by the cooling tower 108 and then circulates back to the water-water heat exchanger 111 to form a loop for operation.
Wherein, the water-water heat exchanger 111 bypass is that the return water of the heat supply network directly enters the condenser 105 to absorb heat and cool the dead steam; therefore, a bypass needs to be added to the main path of the water-water heat exchanger 111, so that the return water of the heat supply network can also be bypassed to the water-water heat exchanger 111 and then returned after being cooled, the bypass and the main path can be switched, the bypass can be cut off when the bypass is considered to be overhauled, and the original main path is temporarily used as the return water of the bypass heat supply network to operate from the original main path.
In the heating period, the heat supply network return water is used for the heat supply all the time, the utility model discloses mainly through utilizing current cooling tower system, before getting into condenser 105, cool off certain temperature of heat supply network return water in advance for the heat supply network return water can absorb the increase of host computer load rising back condenser 105 steam extraction heat load, maintains new balance.
The domestic unit construction usually comprises one-time parallel construction of 2 wet cooling units, wherein an adjacent unit refers to another wet cooling unit parallel to the current wet cooling unit, the exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent unit refers to the exhaust steam of the other wet cooling unit parallel to the current wet cooling unit, the exhaust steam 101 in the adjacent unit needs to be judged according to the heat load of a specific external heat supply network, and if the heat supply capacity of the unit is completely used up, the exhaust steam in the adjacent unit needs to be put into operation. This configuration is a conventional configuration, and is used in thermal power plants to prevent the heating grid from having heated steam first when a single unit is shut down.
The specific operation is as follows:
the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve 208, the water-water heat exchanger open water inlet valve 205, the water-water heat exchanger open water return valve 206, the condenser water inlet main valve 212, the condenser water outlet main valve 211 and the adjacent machine steam extraction regulating valve 201 are in an open state, the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve 209, the open water return shut-off valve 204, the open water supply shut-off valve 203, the condenser bypass valve 207 and the intermediate discharge steam extraction regulating valve 202 are in a closed state, the open water circulating water pump 107 is in an operating state, and the heat supply network circulating water pump 106 is in an operating state.
The return water of the heat supply network enters the water-water heat exchanger 111 through the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve 210, is cooled by open water of the cooling tower 108, flows out through the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve 208, enters the condenser through the condenser water inlet main valve 212 to absorb heat of exhaust steam, passes through the condenser water outlet main valve 211, is boosted through the heat supply network circulating water pump 106, and is sent to the heat supply network heater 109 to be continuously heated.
In the non-heating period, heat supply is not needed, the heat supply network circulating water stops running, circulating water flows in the condenser 105, the main machine of the wet cooling unit is cooled through the circulating water, and the circulating water is cooled through the cooling water tower. At this time, the operation of the wet cooling unit is in a normal operation state, and the electric load is directly adjusted through circulating water. The method specifically comprises the following steps: after entering the cooling tower 108, the open water directly adopts a spraying form to enter the middle part of the cooling tower 108, and after exchanging heat with air, the open water falls into the lower part of the cooling tower 108 and then returns to the circulation, and the open water exchanges heat with exhaust steam through a tube bundle in the condenser 105.
Examples illustrate that:
a certain 300MW wet cooling unit is subjected to high back pressure heat supply transformation, heat supply network circulating water is used as primary heating through a condenser, a peak heater (equivalent to the heat supply network heater 109) is used as secondary heating, however, after two years of operation, power plant personnel find that the unit is mainly influenced by small urban heat load in the early and late stages, the unit operates under low load for a long time, and the unit exhaust steam is often in an overheat state under the low load. However, in the cold period of heat supply, the influence of high temperature of the return water of the urban heat supply network is caused (the limit of the power generation load of the main engine can be removed by putting in the water-water heat exchanger bypass in the early and later periods, and in the cold period, the temperature of the return water of the urban heat supply network is reduced by the water-water heat exchanger bypass, so that the limit of the power generation load of the main engine is removed), the load of the unit cannot be improved, and the load increasing capacity of the unit is seriously influenced. Examples are: the beginning and the end refer to the time that the whole heat supply network operates in 11 months 15 to 11 months 31,2 months 20 to 3 months 15 each year, the water supply temperature of the heat supply network is low, and the flow of the heat supply network is low. The operation conditions in the past typical period of the year are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Item | Unit of | Beginning and end stage | Cold period |
| Temperature of return water | ℃ | 40 | 47 |
| Heat supply network circulation water flow | t/h | 6600 | 7800 |
| Main steam flow | t/h | 605 | 565 |
| Load of unit | MW | 177.1 | 165.9 |
| Exhaust pressure | kPa | 45 | 45 |
| Steam turbine exhaust | t/h | 392.4 | 366.6 |
| Exhaust enthalpy of steam turbine | kJ/kg | 2664.8 | 2675.6 |
| Exhaust steam volume of small machine | t/h | 38 | 38 |
| Hydrophobic enthalpy of condenser | kJ/kg | 329.6 | 329.6 |
| Water outlet temperature of condenser | ℃ | 76.2 | 76.2 |
| End difference of condenser | ℃ | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Through the table, the maximum load of the unit is 177.1MW under the initial and final typical working conditions, and the maximum load capacity of the unit is 165.9MW under the severe cold typical working conditions, if the load needs to be increased continuously, only a method for reducing the exhaust pressure of the unit can be adopted, which can cause the reduction of the heat supply economy and the heat supply quality of the unit. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the cost of the waste steam supply is lower than the cost of the medium extraction steam used for the heating grid heater 109. By reducing the exhaust steam pressure, the heating load of the high back pressure is reduced, and in order to keep the heating capacity unchanged, the heating capacity of the heating network heater is increased, and the medium exhaust steam quantity is increased, so that the steam turbine exhaust steam heating is not used for heating economically. If the heating network heater 109 cannot increase the extraction steam to supply heat, the heating temperature of the heating network is reduced, and the heating quality is reduced.
Use the utility model discloses afterwards, the unit is shown as table 2 in the running state under typical operating mode in the past year.
TABLE 2
The open water heat exchanger operating parameters are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3
| Item | Unit of | Beginning and end stage | Cold period |
| Return water temperature of heat supply network | ℃ | 40 | 47 |
| Open water inlet temperature | ℃ | 20 | 20 |
| Open water outlet temperature | ℃ | 35 | 42 |
| End difference | ℃ | 5 | 5 |
| Open water flow | t/h | 6653 | 5030 |
| Water temperature drop of heat supply network | ℃ | 15.13 | 14.18 |
| Inlet water temperature of condenser | ℃ | 24.87 | 32.81 |
Through the upper table, use the utility model discloses afterwards, the unit load homoenergetic reaches 256.2MW load at heating very first and last stage and severe cold period, and this load is the highest load of unit high back pressure operation under 45kPa under the THA admission, if will continue to improve the load, can adopt the method that increases the main vapour volume, and the corresponding open circulation water flow of adjusting according to load increment volume and the open circulation water temperature rise condition of correspondence need can not influence the quality of heat supply like this. The end difference is the characteristic of heat exchanger equipment, and under the condition of reverse flow, the temperature of outlet water of cold fluid subtracted from the temperature of inlet water of hot fluid side is called upper end difference, and the temperature of outlet water of hot fluid minus the temperature of inlet water of cold fluid is called lower end difference, which means upper end difference.
Use the utility model discloses a behind the method, can overcome traditional wet cold unit high back pressure with the heat decide the electricity problem, improve the flexibility of unit greatly.
It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes disclosed is an example of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not intended to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
In the foregoing detailed description, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the subject matter require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, the invention lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby expressly incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. To those skilled in the art; various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments described herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, any use of the term "or" in the specification of the claims is intended to mean a "non-exclusive or".
The above-mentioned embodiments, further detailed description of the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, it should be understood that the above description is only the embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A high back pressure heating system, comprising:
the wet cooling unit comprises a turbine intermediate pressure cylinder (103) and a turbine low pressure cylinder (104) connected to the turbine intermediate pressure cylinder (103);
the method comprises the following steps that (1) the heat supply network circulates backwater, and in the heating period, the heat supply network circulates backwater to be heated by exhaust of the steam turbine low-pressure cylinder (104);
a cooling water tower (108), wherein during a non-heating period, the open water of the cooling water tower (108) cools the exhaust gas of the steam turbine low pressure cylinder (104); in an abnormal state of a heating period and when the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the open water of the cooling water tower (108) is used for assisting the wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling;
the high back pressure heating system has a heating period and a non-heating period; the heating period comprises that the heating is in a normal state and the heating is in an abnormal state; wherein:
when heat supply is in a normal state, a turbine low pressure cylinder (104) of the wet cooling unit is set to operate in a high back pressure state, exhaust of the turbine low pressure cylinder (104) is cooled through heat supply network circulating return water, and the heat supply network circulating return water heated by the exhaust of the turbine low pressure cylinder (104) is used for heat supply;
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, the actual power supply requirement is met by lifting the electric load, and the open water of the cooling tower (108) assists the common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply and power supply decoupling; the circulating backwater temperature of the heat supply network in the state is lower than that of the heat supply network in the normal state, and the electric load in the state is equivalent to that in the normal state;
open water through cooling tower (108) assists common wet cooling unit to realize heat supply, power supply decoupling zero, specifically include:
firstly, the temperature of the circulating backwater of the heat supply network is reduced to a preset temperature range through the open water of the cooling water tower (108), so that the steam discharge amount of the main steam flow increased by the increase of the electric load by providing electric energy according to the actual demand of power supply is reduced;
and then, the temperature of the cooled circulating backwater of the heat supply network is raised through the exhaust of the low-pressure cylinder (104) of the steam turbine, and the temperature of the heated circulating backwater of the heat supply network meets the requirement in the state.
2. A high back pressure heating system according to claim 1, wherein:
the wet cooling unit further comprises a condenser (105) and a condenser water inlet main valve (212) arranged at one end of the condenser (105), and the condenser (105) is connected with the exhaust end of the turbine low-pressure cylinder (104);
the cooling water tower (108) comprises a water-water heat exchanger (111), the water-water heat exchanger (111) comprises a main path, a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water return valve (210) and a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water outlet valve (208) which are arranged on the main path of the water-water heat exchanger (111), and an open water circulating water pump (107) connected to the water-water heat exchanger (111);
the cooling water tower (108) further comprises: the system comprises an open water pipeline, a water-water heat exchanger open water inlet valve (205) and a water-water heat exchanger open water return valve (206) which are arranged on the open water pipeline;
the heat supply network circulating backwater passing through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger (111) enters the condenser (105) through the condenser water inlet main valve (212);
when the heat supply is in an abnormal state and the wet cooling unit provides electric energy according to the actual power supply requirement, opening an open water inlet valve (205) of the water-water heat exchanger, and introducing open water of the cooling water tower (108) into the water-water heat exchanger (111) by the open water circulating water pump (107); when the water return valve (210) of the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network is in an open state, circulating backwater of the heat supply network enters the main path of the water-water heat exchanger (111) through the main path of the water-water heat exchanger (111), the water outlet valve (208) of the water-water heat exchanger heat supply network is in an open state, and the circulating backwater of the heat supply network flows out of the water-water heat exchanger (111).
3. A high back pressure heating system according to claim 2, wherein:
the water-water heat exchanger (111) further comprises a bypass parallel to the main path, and a water-water heat exchanger heat supply network water bypass valve (209) arranged on the water-water heat exchanger (111) bypass;
circulating backwater of a heat supply network passing through a bypass of the water-water heat exchanger (111) enters the condenser (105) through a condenser water inlet main valve (212); when the heat supply is in a normal state, the water bypass valve (209) of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is in an open state, the water inlet main valve (212) of the condenser is in an open state, and the water bypass valve (209) of the heat supply network of the water-water heat exchanger is in a closed state.
4. A high back pressure heating system according to claim 2, wherein the open water circulating pump (107) is piped to the condenser (105).
5. A high back pressure heating system according to claim 2, further comprising a heat supply network heater (109), wherein the heat supply network heater (109) is provided at the rear end of the condenser (105) on a path of the heat supply network circulating back water; the heating network heater (109) receives exhaust steam (101) in an adjacent machine of an adjacent wet cooling unit.
6. A high back pressure heating system according to claim 5, wherein the wet cooling unit further comprises a condenser water outlet main valve (211), and the condenser water outlet main valve (211) is arranged at the other end of the condenser (105);
and a heat supply network circulating water pump (106) is arranged on a path between the condenser (105) and the heat supply network heater (109), and the heat supply network circulating water pump (106) is used for boosting the pressure of heat supply network circulating backwater.
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