CN217071209U - Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device - Google Patents
Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN217071209U CN217071209U CN202220543723.6U CN202220543723U CN217071209U CN 217071209 U CN217071209 U CN 217071209U CN 202220543723 U CN202220543723 U CN 202220543723U CN 217071209 U CN217071209 U CN 217071209U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- welding wire
- wire
- welding
- traction
- accumulating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 136
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 206010066054 Dysmorphism Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001391944 Commicarpus scandens Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004021 metal welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Wire Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model discloses a dysmorphism spiral welding wire and apparatus for producing, dysmorphism spiral welding wire include the welding wire body, the inside of welding wire body is equipped with the center post, is equipped with the recess of a plurality of equipartitions on the welding wire body, and the welding wire body is heliciform structure around the center post. The production device comprises a pay-off mechanism, a wire outlet end of the pay-off mechanism is matched with a traction mechanism, a primary rolling mechanism, a final rolling mechanism and a sizing die structure are sequentially arranged between the pay-off mechanism and the traction mechanism, a wire outlet end of the traction mechanism is matched with a wire accumulating mechanism, and a wire outlet end of the wire accumulating mechanism is matched with an inward-contraction twisting mechanism. The welding wire has simple structure and low cost. The production device of the application utilizes rolling production, and the requirement on production environment is low; the traction mechanism draws the welding wire to perform initial rolling, final rolling and shaping die to roll the welding wire conveniently and quickly; the wire accumulating mechanism is used for winding the rolled welding wire, so that the rolling effect can be better checked, and meanwhile, the welding wire which is far from the inner closing twisting mechanism can be provided.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a welding material welding wire product and processing technology field especially indicate a dysmorphism spiral welding wire and apparatus for producing.
Background
The welding wire is used as a filling metal in metal welding and is also used as a welding electrode material for electric conduction of an arc power supply, and is widely applied to gas shielded welding, submerged arc welding, electroslag welding and other consumable electrode shielded arc welding. In gas welding and gas tungsten arc welding, a welding wire is used as a filler metal; in submerged arc welding, electroslag welding and other gas metal arc welding, the wire is both a filler metal and a conductive electrode. The surface of the wire is not coated with a flux that resists oxidation. However, the existing cable type welding wire (formed by twisting a plurality of thin welding wires) is complex in production process and high in cost, the existing welding wire is not well combined with a contact tip, and the welding process is easy to change (the heated welding wire is easy to break away), so that the quality of a welding seam is unstable.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
To the not enough in the above-mentioned background art, the utility model provides a dysmorphism spiral welding wire and apparatus for producing provides a simple structure, and production is convenient, excellent in use effect's different in nature spiral welding wire, with this welding wire complex apparatus for producing and production method.
The technical scheme of the utility model is realized like this: the utility model provides a dysmorphism spiral welding wire, includes the welding wire body, the inside of welding wire body is equipped with the center post, is equipped with the recess of a plurality of equipartitions on the welding wire body, and the welding wire body is helical structure setting around the center post.
The special-shaped spiral welding wire production device comprises a pay-off mechanism, wherein a wire outlet end of the pay-off mechanism is matched with a traction mechanism, a primary rolling mechanism, a final rolling mechanism and a shaping die structure are sequentially arranged between the pay-off mechanism and the traction mechanism, a wire outlet end of the traction mechanism is matched with a wire accumulating mechanism, and a wire outlet end of the wire accumulating mechanism is matched with an inward-closing twisting mechanism.
Further, the paying-off mechanism is provided with a spool, and the spool is provided with a welding wire body. The entrance of the initial rolling mechanism is connected with a positioning die for positioning the groove, the initial rolling mechanism and the final rolling mechanism both comprise at least two rollers, the rollers are arranged in the shell through rotating shafts and rotating, grooves are arranged on the rollers, and arc-shaped blocks are arranged in the grooves.
Furthermore, a through hole is formed in the shell. The distance between the arc blocks on the initial rolling mechanism is larger than that between the arc blocks on the final rolling mechanism.
Furthermore, the traction mechanism comprises a traction wheel, a connecting shaft is connected to the traction wheel, and the connecting shaft is connected with the motor through a belt assembly.
Furthermore, a plurality of guide wheels are arranged between the wire accumulating mechanism and the inward-closing twisting mechanism. The wire accumulating mechanism comprises wire accumulating wheels which are symmetrically arranged, and wire winding grooves are formed in the wire accumulating wheels.
The utility model has the advantages that:
1. the welding wire is simple in structure and low in cost.
2. The production device of the application utilizes rolling production, and the requirement on production environment is low; the traction mechanism draws the welding wire to perform initial rolling, final rolling and shaping die to realize the rolling of the welding wire, and the rolling is convenient and fast; the wire accumulating mechanism is used for winding the rolled welding wire, so that the rolling effect can be better checked, and meanwhile, the welding wire which is far from the inner closing twisting mechanism can be provided.
3. The production method is simple and the twisting efficiency is high.
Drawings
In order to illustrate the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, the drawings that are needed in the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the description below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive work.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a profiled helical wire;
FIG. 2 is a structural view of a production apparatus of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a-a in fig. 2.
In the figure: 1. the welding wire comprises a welding wire body, 2 parts of a central column, 3 parts of a groove, 4 parts of a pay-off mechanism, 5 parts of a primary rolling mechanism, 6 parts of a final rolling mechanism, 7 parts of a shaping die structure, 8 parts of a traction wheel, 9 parts of a connecting shaft, 10 parts of a belt assembly, 11 parts of a motor, 12 parts of a wire accumulation mechanism, 13 parts of a guide wheel, 14 parts of a twisting mechanism, 15 parts of a shell, 16 parts of a rotating shaft, 17 parts of a through hole, 18 parts of a bearing, 19 parts of a roller, 20 parts of a groove and 21 parts of an arc-shaped block.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without any creative effort belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, embodiment 1 is a special-shaped spiral welding wire, including welding wire body 1, the inside of welding wire body 1 is equipped with center post 2, is equipped with the recess 3 of a plurality of equipartitions on welding wire body 1, and welding wire body 1 is helical structure around center post 2. As shown in a, two grooves 3 which are symmetrically arranged at 180 degrees are arranged on a welding wire body 1; as shown in the figure b, three grooves 3 which are uniformly distributed at 120 degrees are arranged on the welding wire body 1; as shown in figure c, grooves 3 are uniformly distributed at 90 degrees on the welding wire body 1. The bottom edge of the groove 3 is of an arc-shaped structure, the outer arc of the central column is superposed with the circle center of the arc-shaped structure, the circle center of the central column is superposed with the circle center of the welding wire body, the diameter of the central column is smaller than one half of the diameter of the welding wire body, and the preferred diameter of the central column is one third of the diameter of the welding wire body; when the diameter of center post was one third of welding wire body diameter, the practical function of welding wire was better when the spiral effect of welding wire was better. The number of wire convolutions, i.e. the number of grooves 3, depends on the size of the wire diameter and the conditions involved. The number of spiral heads of the welding wire T is (D/2) + 1, wherein D is the outer diameter (mm) of the welding wire; such as 6mm welding wire head number T ═ (6/2) ten 1 ═ 4; 4-head spiral welding wires are adopted.
Compare the cable formula welding wire of the circular single welding wire and many twists of existing, the utility model discloses there are obvious advantage and substitutional. Firstly, the special-shaped spiral welding wire and the circular welding wire are both single integral welding wires and are different in shape, and the shape condition of a welding material is relatively stable and unchangeable in the continuous fusion welding process of the welding wires, which is very important for the stability of welding quality. Secondly, due to the sector design of more than two separated sectional surfaces of the special-shaped spiral welding wire and the axial spiral design of the welding wire, when the welding wire is in conductive melting in welding, the continuous consistency of the electrode and the electric arc is good. The welding weld pool forms a rotating effect due to the rotation change of the spiral change of the welding wire, and at the moment, the welding weld pool and the welding seam obtain more stable and consistent welding quality due to the change of the consistency of the welding wire in the continuous welding process due to the special-shaped integral design of the welding wire. And thirdly, the quality level which is more stable and reliable than that of the cable type welding wire can be achieved, and because the process adopts welding material raw materials with thicker diameters and is formed by rolling and cutting through a roller die, the process has obvious energy-saving effect compared with a thin wire drawing processing method of the cable type welding wire.
As shown in fig. 2, embodiment 2 is a production device of a special-shaped spiral welding wire, and the production device includes a paying-off mechanism 4, wherein a wire outlet end of the paying-off mechanism 4 is matched with a traction mechanism, a primary rolling mechanism 5, a final rolling mechanism 6 and a shaping die mechanism 7 are sequentially arranged between the paying-off mechanism 4 and the traction mechanism, working surfaces of the paying-off mechanism, the primary rolling mechanism, the final rolling mechanism and the shaping die mechanism are all arranged on the same horizontal line, a wire outlet end of the traction mechanism is matched with a wire accumulating mechanism 12, a wire outlet end of the wire accumulating mechanism 12 is matched with an inside-closing twisting mechanism 14, a wire rod is arranged on the paying-off mechanism, and the wire rod is in an initial state of a welding wire body. The traction mechanism draws the welding wire to pass through the initial rolling mechanism, the final rolling mechanism and the sizing die structure, the initial rolling mechanism is matched with the final rolling mechanism to finish two times of rolling, and the rolling effect is good; the wire inlet end of the shaping die mechanism is larger than the wire outlet end, and the rolled welding wire is subjected to rounding treatment; the wire accumulating device can accumulate enough rolled welding wires, so that the inside-closing twisting mechanism can twist the welding wires into a spiral structure conveniently, and meanwhile, the twisting speed of the inside-closing twisting mechanism can be adjusted conveniently.
As shown in fig. 2, in embodiment 3, a spool is arranged on a paying-off mechanism 4, the spool is rotatably connected to the paying-off mechanism, a wire rod is arranged on the spool, the wire rod is pulled out from the wire rod to form a welding wire body 1, and the welding wire body 1 is led out from the spool. The entrance of blooming mechanism 5 is connected with positioning die 5 that is used for the location to recess 3, positioning die 51 and drive mechanism cooperation, can be used for drawing the location to recess 3 through drive mechanism's traction, the nib of positioning die is installed according to rolling position design, blooming mechanism 5 all includes two at least running rollers 19 with finish rolling mechanism 6, the angle is the same with welding wire body 1 treat the angle of processing recess 3 between the running roller 19, running roller 19 rotates through pivot 16 and casing 15 to be connected, running roller 19 is optional to be connected with the pivot through bearing 17, be convenient for the rolling of welding wire body 1, be equipped with slot 20 on the running roller 19, be provided with arc piece 21 in the slot 20. The shell 15 is provided with a through hole 17, and the through hole 17 is used for the welding wire body 1 to pass through the initial rolling mechanism 5 and the final rolling mechanism 6. The distance between the arc-shaped blocks 21 on the initial rolling mechanism 5 is greater than the distance between the arc-shaped blocks 21 on the final rolling mechanism 6, namely the depth of the groove 3 of the welding wire body 1 passing through the initial rolling mechanism is less than the depth of the groove 3 of the welding wire body passing through the final rolling mechanism 6; the initial rolling mechanism 5 and the final rolling mechanism 6 are both arranged on a processing table or the ground, so that the initial rolling mechanism 5 and the final rolling mechanism 6 are prevented from deviating to influence the rolling effect.
In this embodiment, the traction mechanism includes a traction wheel 8, a connection shaft 9 is connected to the traction wheel 8, and the connection shaft 9 is connected to a motor 11 through a belt assembly 10. The motor 11 drives the connecting shaft 9 to rotate through the belt assembly 10 so as to drive the traction wheel 8 to rotate. A guide wheel 13 is arranged between the wire accumulating mechanism 12 and the inward-closing twisting mechanism 17, and the guide wheel 13 guides the motion track of the welding wire body 1, so that the welding wire body is more suitable for processing. The wire accumulating mechanism 12 comprises wire accumulating wheels which are symmetrically arranged, a winding groove is formed in each wire accumulating wheel, the welding wire body 1 is arranged in the winding groove and wound around the wire accumulating wheels for multiple circles, and the inward-closing twisting mechanism is convenient to twist.
As shown in fig. 2, embodiment 4, a method for producing a shaped spiral welding wire includes the following steps: s1: leading out the welding wire body 1 from an I-shaped wheel of the paying-off mechanism 4; s2: the welding wire body 1 enters the blooming mechanism 5 through the positioning die 51, the positioning die 51 is convenient for positioning the grooves 3, the number of welding wire spiral heads, namely the number of the grooves 3, is determined according to the diameter of the welding wire and relevant conditions, and the number of the welding wire spiral heads T is (D/2) + 1, wherein D is the external diameter (mm) of the welding wire; such as 6mm welding wire head number T ═ (6/2) ten 1 ═ 4; adopting 4-head spiral welding wires, and carrying out primary rolling on the welding wire body 1 by a primary rolling mechanism 5; s3: the welding wire body 1 which is subjected to the initial rolling enters a final rolling mechanism 6, and the final rolling mechanism 6 rolls the welding wire body 1 further; s4: the welding wire body 1 in the step S3 moves to the shaping die structure 7 for rounding treatment, and the welding wire body 1 with the groove 3 is formed on the welding wire body 1; s5: the welding wire body 1 in the step S4 reaches the drawing mechanism, the welding wire body 1 with the groove 3 enters the adduction twisting mechanism 14 from the drawing mechanism through the wire accumulating mechanism 12, and the welding wire body 1 is twisted into a spiral welding wire.
The welding wire is led out from a spool on the pay-off mechanism 4, the welding wire sequentially passes through the primary rolling mechanism 5, the final rolling mechanism 6, the shaping die assembly 7, the traction mechanism and the wire accumulating mechanism 12 from the positioning die 51 and enters the inside contraction twisting mechanism 14, the welding wire is drawn by the traction mechanism, the welding wire is sequentially rolled by the primary rolling mechanism 5 from the pay-off mechanism 4, the final rolling mechanism 6 further rolls the welding wire, the primary rolling depth is smaller than the final rolling depth, two sides are adopted for rolling, the traction mechanism with smaller traction force can be used when the processing is convenient, the application range of the traction mechanism is wider, the welding wire reaches the traction mechanism after the shaping die structure 7 is shaped into a circular welding wire body with a groove, and the welding wire body 1 with the groove enters the inside contraction twisting mechanism 14 from the traction mechanism through the wire accumulating mechanism 12 and is twisted into a spiral welding wire. The welding wire body is few from raw materials to spiral welding wire finished product step, and apparatus for producing is simple, is convenient for improve production efficiency, and the shaping is effectual, can improve the production income.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and should not be taken as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A special-shaped spiral welding wire is characterized in that: including welding wire body (1), the inside of welding wire body (1) is equipped with center post (2), is equipped with recess (3) of a plurality of equipartitions on welding wire body (1), and welding wire body (1) is the heliciform structure setting around center post (2).
2. The utility model provides a apparatus for producing of dysmorphism spiral welding wire which characterized in that: the production device is used for producing the special-shaped spiral welding wire according to claim 1 and comprises a pay-off mechanism (4), a wire outlet end of the pay-off mechanism (4) is matched with a traction mechanism, a primary rolling mechanism (5), a final rolling mechanism (6) and a sizing die structure (7) are sequentially arranged between the pay-off mechanism (4) and the traction mechanism, a wire outlet end of the traction mechanism is matched with a wire accumulating mechanism (12), and a wire outlet end of the wire accumulating mechanism (12) is matched with an inward-coiling twisting mechanism (14).
3. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire as defined in claim 2, wherein: and a spool is arranged on the pay-off mechanism (4), and a welding wire body (1) is arranged on the spool.
4. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire according to claim 2 or 3, wherein: the inlet of the initial rolling mechanism (5) is connected with a positioning die (51) used for positioning the groove (3), the initial rolling mechanism (5) and the final rolling mechanism (6) respectively comprise at least two rollers (19), the rollers (19) are arranged in the shell (15) through rotating shafts (16) and rotating, grooves (20) are formed in the rollers (19), and arc-shaped blocks (21) are arranged in the grooves (20).
5. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire as defined in claim 4, wherein: the shell (15) is provided with a through hole (17).
6. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire as defined in claim 5, wherein: the distance between the arc blocks (21) on the initial rolling mechanism (5) is larger than the distance between the arc blocks (21) on the final rolling mechanism (6).
7. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire of claim 6, wherein: the traction mechanism comprises a traction wheel (8), a connecting shaft (9) is connected to the traction wheel (8), and the connecting shaft (9) is connected with a motor (11) through a belt assembly (10).
8. The special-shaped spiral welding wire production device as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein: a plurality of guide wheels (13) are arranged between the wire accumulating mechanism (12) and the inward-closing twisting mechanism (14).
9. The apparatus for producing a shaped spiral welding wire of claim 8, wherein: the wire accumulating mechanism (12) comprises wire accumulating wheels which are symmetrically arranged, and wire winding grooves are formed in the wire accumulating wheels.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202220543723.6U CN217071209U (en) | 2022-03-14 | 2022-03-14 | Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202220543723.6U CN217071209U (en) | 2022-03-14 | 2022-03-14 | Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN217071209U true CN217071209U (en) | 2022-07-29 |
Family
ID=82546753
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202220543723.6U Active CN217071209U (en) | 2022-03-14 | 2022-03-14 | Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN217071209U (en) |
-
2022
- 2022-03-14 CN CN202220543723.6U patent/CN217071209U/en active Active
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN212042145U (en) | Numerical control bending die for guide pipe with variable bending radius | |
| US4843696A (en) | Method and apparatus for forming a stranded conductor | |
| CN217798187U (en) | Pre-straightening machine for producing cold-drawn precise seamless steel pipe | |
| CN217071209U (en) | Special-shaped spiral welding wire and production device | |
| CN210966405U (en) | Wire drawing machine | |
| CN1151899C (en) | Production process of rolled straight steel rod for cold drawing multiple thread steel bar | |
| CN208200002U (en) | A kind of bus cable device of the Internet of Things convenient for lineation | |
| CN114406519A (en) | Special-shaped spiral welding wire and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN206544841U (en) | A kind of circle, flat filament one-step method band twist winder | |
| US1950623A (en) | Method of and machine for producing spiral fin tubing | |
| CN107701823B (en) | Metal composite pipe and preparation method thereof | |
| US4066202A (en) | Method for making tubular welded wire screens | |
| US3835287A (en) | Apparatus for automatic electric arc welding | |
| CN101651027A (en) | Tool for bending electrostatic ring lead of transformer | |
| CN2853228Y (en) | Adjustable screw pre-tsisting wire forming equipment | |
| CN211218121U (en) | Cold-drawn precise seamless steel pipe straightening device | |
| CN210059359U (en) | Cold-drawn steel wire drawing device | |
| CN212404599U (en) | Steel cord and tire | |
| JP3325104B2 (en) | Method of manufacturing spiral rod with ridge | |
| US3568288A (en) | Apparatus and method for making finned tubing | |
| JPS5827025B2 (en) | Cylindrical object manufacturing equipment | |
| CN220426686U (en) | Wire feeding device for nail making machine | |
| JPS62503177A (en) | Wire rope manufacturing method and wire rope twisting machine for carrying out the method | |
| CN204076807U (en) | A kind of flexible pipe tubulation shaping mechanism | |
| CN220744930U (en) | Coiling mechanism for copper plating steel strand wires |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20240402 Address after: Building 9, No. 33 Nanhong Second Street, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, 519000 Patentee after: Wang Hesheng Country or region after: China Address before: 458000 Hexiang West District, Huanghe Road, Qibin District, Hebi City, Henan Province Patentee before: Wang Xinsheng Country or region before: China |
|
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20240531 Address after: 071000 Workshop 1, No. 5989 North Third Ring Road, Gaokai District, Baoding City, Hebei Province Patentee after: Baoding Mingsheng Welding Industry Technology Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: China Address before: Building 9, No. 33 Nanhong Second Street, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, 519000 Patentee before: Wang Hesheng Country or region before: China |