CN216770220U - Oxygenation mixed flue gas recycle system - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses an oxygenation mixed flue gas recycling system which comprises a hearth, a first flue gas inlet, a second flue gas inlet, a first flue gas outlet and a second flue gas outlet, wherein a bottom plate is welded on the lower surface of the hearth; the processing box is welded on the outer side surface of the top end of the hearth, the first mixing box is positioned on the right side of the hearth, the right end of the first mixing box is connected with an oxygen pipeline, an oxygen control valve is arranged in the oxygen pipeline, and a baffle is fixed in the second mixing box below the first mixing box; and the purification tower is positioned above the first mixing box, and a spraying mechanism is connected below the liquid conveying pipe. This add mixed flue gas recycle system of oxygen avoids the pipeline to be blockked up by the impurity in the flue gas, when purifying the flue gas, evenly sprays the flue gas, improves gas cleaning efficiency, and when flue gas and pure oxygen mix, the flue gas just collides in the mixing box with pure oxygen hedging, improves mixing efficiency.

Description

Oxygenation mixed flue gas recycle system

Technical Field

The utility model relates to the technical field of flue gas recycling, in particular to an oxygenation mixed flue gas recycling system.

Background

The industrial furnace is used for oil refining, heating and the like, smoke is generated in the working process of the industrial furnace, in order to prevent the smoke from being directly discharged to the external environment and causing pollution to the external environment, the smoke recycling system is arranged beside the industrial furnace, the smoke recycling system mainly comprises a hearth, a smoke purifying structure and a smoke and pure oxygen mixing structure, oxygen in the smoke can be recycled, and the purpose of energy conservation is achieved;

however, the existing oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system still has the following problems;

1. impurities are contained in the flue gas, and the impurities in the flue gas easily block a pipeline in the conveying process, so that the conveying efficiency of the flue gas is influenced;

2. when the flue gas is purified, the liquid cannot be uniformly sprayed inside the purification tower, and the flue gas purification efficiency needs to be improved;

3. when flue gas is mixed with pure oxygen, the mixing efficiency of the flue gas and the pure oxygen needs to be improved, so an oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system is provided so as to solve the problems.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

The utility model aims to provide an oxygen-added mixed flue gas recycling system, which aims to solve the problems that in the existing oxygen-added mixed flue gas recycling system provided in the background art, impurities in flue gas easily block a pipeline, the flue gas conveying efficiency is influenced, liquid cannot be uniformly sprayed in a purification tower when the flue gas is purified, the flue gas purification efficiency needs to be improved, and the mixing efficiency of the flue gas and pure oxygen needs to be improved when the flue gas is mixed with the pure oxygen.

In order to achieve the purpose, the utility model provides the following technical scheme: an oxygenation mixed flue gas recycling system, comprising:

the lower surface of the hearth is welded with a bottom plate, a heat absorption coil is arranged inside the hearth, and a flue is fixed at the top end of the hearth;

the device comprises a pure oxygen combustor, a fuel control valve, a steel pipe, a switch valve and a first telescopic pipe, wherein the pure oxygen combustor is installed at the bottom end of a hearth, a pipeline at the left lower end of the pure oxygen combustor is connected with the fuel control valve, a pipeline at the right lower end of the pure oxygen combustor is connected with the steel pipe, the switch valve is installed inside the steel pipe, and the right end of the steel pipe is fixedly provided with the first telescopic pipe;

the processing box is welded on the outer side surface of the top end of the hearth, a metal ring is connected to the right lower end of the processing box in a threaded manner, a receiving bag is integrally connected to the right end of the metal ring, a first motor is fixed to the front end of the processing box, a cleaning brush is fixed to the output end of the first motor, a filter plate is installed inside the processing box, a wire folding pipe is connected to the right end of the processing box, and a circulation control valve is fixed to the bottom end of the wire folding pipe;

the first mixing box is positioned on the right side of the hearth, the right end of the first mixing box is connected with an oxygen pipeline, an oxygen control valve is installed inside the oxygen pipeline, hollow plates are fixed at the left end and the right end inside the first mixing box, the inner ends of the hollow plates are connected with a counter flushing pipe, and a second telescopic pipe is fixed at the bottom end of the first mixing box;

the second mixing box is positioned below the first mixing box, a baffle is fixed inside the second mixing box, side plates are arranged on the front side and the rear side of the second mixing box, the lower surfaces of the side plates are welded on the upper surface of the hearth, a second motor is fixed at the rear end of each side plate, and a transmission roller is fixed at the output end of each second motor;

the purifying column, the purifying column is located the top of first mixing box, the inside of purifying column is fixed with the purifying box, the top of purifying column is fixed with servo motor, servo motor's output is fixed with the gear, servo motor's right side is provided with the liquid conveyer pipe, the below of liquid conveyer pipe is connected with spray mechanism.

Preferably, the right end of the first telescopic pipe is fixed at the left end of the second mixing box, and the second mixing box is communicated with the first mixing box through the second telescopic pipe.

Preferably, the lateral surface of clearance brush is laminated mutually with the lateral surface of filter, and the longitudinal section of filter is the arc structure.

Preferably, the hedging pipe is fixed at the inner end of the hollow plate at equal intervals, and the outer ends of the oxygen pipeline and the folded pipe are both connected with the hedging pipe in a welding mode.

Preferably, the bottom of second mixing box is serration structure, and the connected mode of second mixing box and driving roller is connected for the meshing, and second mixing box and curb plate constitute left right slip structure.

Preferably, the spraying mechanism comprises a vertical pipe, an annular disc, a rectangular pipe and a spray head, the rectangular pipe is fixed at the bottom end of the vertical pipe, the annular disc is fixed at the outer end of the rectangular pipe, and the spray head is uniformly fixed at the bottom end of the annular disc.

Preferably, the top end of the vertical pipe is connected with the bottom end of the liquid conveying pipe through a rotary sealing ring, and a gear is fixed on the outer side surface of the vertical pipe.

Preferably, the outer end of the annular disc is clamped and installed in the purification tower, and a vertical pipe penetrates through the top end of the purification tower.

The utility model also provides a recycling method of the oxygenated mixed flue gas, which comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: the fuel enters the pure oxygen burner through the fuel control valve, and the pure oxygen burner fires the interior of the hearth;

step two: the flue gas generated in the hearth flows to the processing box through the flue, and the flue gas flows to the bend pipe after being filtered by the filter plate;

step three: opening a circulation control valve between the folding pipe and the first mixing box, allowing the filtered flue gas to flow into the first mixing box, and mixing the flue gas with pure oxygen in the first mixing box and the second mixing box;

step four: opening the switch valve, enabling the mixed gas to flow to the pure oxygen burner through the first extension pipe and the steel pipe, and burning the mixed gas to serve as nutrients of the pure oxygen burner;

step five: when discharging the flue gas, open the circulation control valve between broken line pipe and the purifying column, handle the inside flue gas through prefilter of box and pass through broken line pipe flow to the purifying column, utilize the purifying column to purify the flue gas.

Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the beneficial effects that: according to the oxygenation mixed flue gas recycling system, a pipeline is prevented from being blocked by impurities in flue gas, the flue gas is uniformly sprayed when being purified, the flue gas purification efficiency is improved, and when the flue gas is mixed with pure oxygen, the flue gas and the pure oxygen collide with each other and collide in a mixing box, so that the mixing efficiency is improved;

1. the cleaning brush is provided with the processing box, the receiving bag and the filter plate, impurities adhered to the filter plate are cleaned in the rotating process of the cleaning brush, fall on the inclined surface of the processing box and then flow to the inside of the receiving bag along the inclined surface at the bottom end of the processing box, so that the impurities in the flue gas can be collected conveniently, and the pipeline is prevented from being blocked by the impurities;

2. the purification tower and the spraying mechanism are arranged, and the spraying mechanism consisting of the vertical pipe, the annular disc, the rectangular pipe and the spray head uniformly sprays the purified liquid into the purification tower, so that the flue gas purification efficiency is improved;

3. be provided with to dashing pipe and second mixing box, through dashing pipe dispersion flue gas and pure oxygen, when carrying flue gas and pure oxygen to the inside of first mixing box, flue gas and pure oxygen are to dashing for pure oxygen mixes with the flue gas, and the rotation of driving roller drives the second mixing box and removes, rocks the inside flue gas of second mixing box and pure oxygen, improves the mixing efficiency of flue gas and pure oxygen.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a front view of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the structure at A in FIG. 2 according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a cross-sectional top view of the purification tower of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the cleaning brush and the filter plate according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the connection structure of the metal ring and the receiving bag according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a side view of the connection between the driving roller and the second mixing box;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the connection structure of the counter flushing pipe and the hollow plate according to the present invention;

fig. 9 is a schematic view of the working process of the present invention.

In the figure: 1. a hearth; 2. a base plate; 3. a heat absorbing coil; 4. a pure oxygen burner; 5. a fuel control valve; 6. a steel pipe; 7. an on-off valve; 8. a first telescopic tube; 9. a flue; 10. a process cartridge; 11. a metal ring; 12. receiving the bag; 13. a first motor; 14. cleaning a brush; 15. a filter plate; 16. a line folding pipe; 17. a circulation control valve; 18. a first mixing tank; 19. an oxygen pipeline; 20. an oxygen control valve; 21. a hollow plate; 22. washing the pipe; 23. a second telescopic tube; 24. a second mixing tank; 25. a baffle plate; 26. a side plate; 27. a second motor; 28. a driving roller; 29. a purification tower; 30. a purification box; 31. a servo motor; 32. a gear; 33. a liquid delivery pipe; 34. a spraying mechanism; 3401. a vertical tube; 3402. an annular disc; 3403. a rectangular tube; 3404. and (4) a spray head.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Referring to fig. 1-9, the present invention provides a technical solution: an oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system comprises a hearth 1, a bottom plate 2, a heat absorption coil 3, a pure oxygen burner 4, a fuel control valve 5, a steel pipe 6, a switch valve 7, a first extension pipe 8, a flue 9, a processing box 10, a metal ring 11, a receiving bag 12, a first motor 13, a cleaning brush 14, a filter plate 15, a wire folding pipe 16, a circulation control valve 17, a first mixing box 18 and an oxygen pipeline 19, the device comprises an oxygen control valve 20, a hollow plate 21, an opposite flushing pipe 22, a second telescopic pipe 23, a second mixing box 24, a baffle 25, a side plate 26, a second motor 27, a transmission roller 28, a purification tower 29, a purification box 30, a servo motor 31, a gear 32, a liquid conveying pipe 33, a spraying mechanism 34, a vertical pipe 3401, an annular disc 3402, a rectangular pipe 3403 and a spray head 3404, wherein the lower surface of a hearth 1 is welded with a bottom plate 2, a heat absorption coil pipe 3 is installed inside the hearth 1, and a flue 9 is fixed at the top end of the hearth 1;

the device comprises a pure oxygen combustor 4, wherein the pure oxygen combustor 4 is installed at the bottom end of a hearth 1, a pipeline at the left lower end of the pure oxygen combustor 4 is connected with a fuel control valve 5, a pipeline at the right lower end of the pure oxygen combustor 4 is connected with a steel pipe 6, a switch valve 7 is installed inside the steel pipe 6, and a first telescopic pipe 8 is fixed at the right end of the steel pipe 6;

the processing device comprises a processing box 10, wherein the processing box 10 is welded on the outer side surface of the top end of a hearth 1, the right lower end of the processing box 10 is in threaded connection with a metal ring 11, the right end of the metal ring 11 is integrally connected with a receiving bag 12, a first motor 13 is fixed at the front end of the processing box 10, a cleaning brush 14 is fixed at the output end of the first motor 13, a filter plate 15 is installed inside the processing box 10, a folding pipe 16 is connected at the right end of the processing box 10, and a circulation control valve 17 is fixed at the bottom end of the folding pipe 16;

the first mixing box 18 is positioned on the right side of the hearth 1, the right end of the first mixing box 18 is connected with an oxygen pipeline 19, an oxygen control valve 20 is installed inside the oxygen pipeline 19, hollow plates 21 are fixed at the left end and the right end inside the first mixing box 18, the inner ends of the hollow plates 21 are connected with a counter flushing pipe 22, and a second telescopic pipe 23 is fixed at the bottom end of the first mixing box 18;

a baffle plate 25 is fixed inside the second mixing box 24, the second mixing box 24 is positioned below the first mixing box 18, side plates 26 are arranged on the front side and the rear side of the second mixing box 24, the lower surfaces of the side plates 26 are welded on the upper surface of the hearth 1, a second motor 27 is fixed on the rear end of each side plate 26, and a driving roller 28 is fixed on the output end of each second motor 27;

the purification tower 29 is positioned above the first mixing box 18, the purification box 30 is fixed inside the purification tower 29, the servo motor 31 is fixed above the purification tower 29, the gear 32 is fixed at the output end of the servo motor 31, the liquid conveying pipe 33 is arranged on the right side of the servo motor 31, and the spraying mechanism 34 is connected below the liquid conveying pipe 33;

as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the right end of the first telescopic pipe 8 is fixed at the left end of the second mixing box 24, and the second mixing box 24 is communicated with the first mixing box 18 through the second telescopic pipe 23, during the process that the second mixing box 24 moves left and right, the first telescopic pipe 8 and the second telescopic pipe 23 adapt to the position change of the second mixing box 24;

as shown in fig. 2 and 5, the outer side surface of the cleaning brush 14 is attached to the outer side surface of the filter plate 15, and the longitudinal section of the filter plate 15 is in an arc-shaped structure, so that the filter plate 15 is cleaned by the cleaning brush 14 to prevent the filter plate 15 from being blocked;

like in fig. 2, 7 and 8 offset pipe 22 equidistant fix at the inner of cavity board 21, the outer end of oxygen pipeline 19 and broken line pipe 16 all with offset pipe 22 welded connection, utilize offset pipe 22 dispersion gas, the bottom of second mixing box 24 is serration structure, and second mixing box 24 is connected for the meshing with the connected mode of driving roller 28, and second mixing box 24 constitutes left and right sides sliding structure with curb plate 26, utilize the side-to-side movement of second mixing box 24 to rock gas for flue gas and oxygen fully contact.

As shown in the drawings, the spraying mechanism 34 in fig. 3 and 4 comprises a vertical pipe 3401, an annular disc 3402, a rectangular pipe 3403 and a spray nozzle 3404, the rectangular pipe 3403 is fixed at the bottom end of the vertical pipe 3401, the annular disc 3402 is fixed at the outer end of the rectangular pipe 3403, the flue gas is washed by the spraying mechanism 34, the spray nozzle 3404 is uniformly fixed at the bottom end of the annular disc 3402, the top end of the vertical pipe 3401 is connected with the bottom end of a liquid conveying pipe 33 through a rotary sealing ring, a gear 32 is fixed on the outer side face of the vertical pipe 3401, the vertical pipe 3401 and the annular disc 3402 are driven to rotate, so that the liquid is uniformly sprayed to the flue gas, the outer end of the annular disc 3402 is clamped and installed in the purification tower 29, the vertical pipe 3401 penetrates through the top end of the purification tower 29, and the annular disc 3402 is stably rotated.

When the oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system is used, fuel enters a pure oxygen burner 4 through a fuel control valve 5 in fig. 2, the pure oxygen burner 4 burns the fuel to spray fire into a hearth 1, flue gas generated inside the hearth 1 flows to a treatment box 10 through a flue 9, a filter plate 15 is installed inside the treatment box 10, the flue gas flows to a baffle pipe 16 after being filtered by the filter plate 15, as shown in fig. 5, the longitudinal section of the filter plate 15 is of an arc-shaped structure, the outer side surface of a cleaning brush 14 is attached to the inner side surface of the filter plate 15, a first motor 13 in fig. 1 is started, the first motor 13 drives the cleaning brush 14 to rotate, the cleaning brush 14 cleans the filtering surface of the filter plate 15, impurities fall on the inclined surface at the bottom end of the treatment box 10 and flow to the inside of a receiving bag 12 along the inclined surface at the bottom end of the treatment box 10;

when it is required to treat the foreign matter inside the receiving bag 12, as shown in fig. 6, the receiving bag 12 is integrally connected to the metal ring 11, the receiving bag 12 and the metal ring 11 are rotated, the metal ring 11 is taken out from the right lower end of the process cartridge 10, and then the foreign matter inside the receiving bag 12 is treated;

opening a circulation control valve 17 between a folded pipe 16 and a first mixing box 18, allowing the filtered flue gas to flow into the first mixing box 18, allowing the flue gas to enter the hollow plate 21, flowing out through a hedging pipe 22, simultaneously opening an oxygen control valve 20 inside an oxygen pipeline 19, allowing pure oxygen to flow into the hollow plate 21 through the oxygen pipeline 19, flowing out from the hedging pipe 22, allowing the flue gas inside the hedging pipe 22 and the pure oxygen flowing out from the right-end hedging pipe 22 to be hedging, allowing the oxygen and the flue gas to be mixed, allowing the primarily mixed flue gas and oxygen to flow into a second mixing box 24 through a second telescopic pipe 23, opening a second motor 27, allowing the second motor 27 to drive the second mixing box 24 to move left and right through a driving roller 28, allowing the outer end of the second mixing box 24 to slide left and right on the inner side of a side plate 26, and allowing the oxygen to fully contact with the flue gas by shaking the second mixing box 24 left and right, the mixing efficiency is improved;

opening the switch valve 7, allowing the mixed gas to flow to the pure oxygen burner 4 through the first extension pipe 8 and the steel pipe 6, and burning the mixed gas to serve as nutrients for the pure oxygen burner 4;

when the smoke is discharged, the induced draft fan is opened, then the circulating control valve 17 between the elbow pipe 16 and the purification tower 29 is opened, the smoke which is primarily filtered in the processing box 10 flows to the purification tower 29 through the elbow pipe 16, and is purified by the purification particles in the purification box 30;

because the bottom end of the liquid conveying pipe 33 is connected with the vertical pipe 3401 inside the spraying mechanism 34 through a rotary sealing ring, the external purified liquid conveying mechanism is connected with the liquid conveying pipe 33 through a flange plate, the purified liquid conveys the liquid to the spraying mechanism 34 through the liquid conveying pipe 33, the servo motor 31 is started, the servo motor 31 drives the gear 32 to rotate, so that the vertical pipe 3401, the annular disc 3402, the rectangular pipe 3403 and the spray head 3404 rotate, and the purified liquid is sprayed out from the spray head 3404 and uniformly falls inside the purification tower 29;

then the filtered flue gas flows to the outside through the output end of the induced draft fan at the upper right end of the purification tower 29, so that a series of operations of the oxygenation mixed flue gas recycling system are completed, and the content which is not described in detail in the description belongs to the prior art which is well known to the technicians in the field.

The standard parts used in the utility model can be purchased from the market, the special-shaped parts can be customized according to the description of the specification and the accompanying drawings, the specific connection mode of each part adopts conventional means such as bolts, rivets, welding and the like mature in the prior art, the machines, the parts and equipment adopt conventional models in the prior art, and the circuit connection adopts the conventional connection mode in the prior art, so that the detailed description is omitted.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof.

Claims (8)

1. The utility model provides an add mixed flue gas recycle system of oxygen which characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

the heat-absorbing furnace comprises a hearth (1), wherein a bottom plate (2) is welded on the lower surface of the hearth (1), a heat-absorbing coil (3) is installed inside the hearth (1), and a flue (9) is fixed at the top end of the hearth (1);

the device comprises a pure oxygen combustor (4), wherein the pure oxygen combustor (4) is installed at the bottom end of a hearth (1), a pipeline at the left lower end of the pure oxygen combustor (4) is connected with a fuel control valve (5), a pipeline at the right lower end of the pure oxygen combustor (4) is connected with a steel pipe (6), a switch valve (7) is installed inside the steel pipe (6), and a first telescopic pipe (8) is fixed at the right end of the steel pipe (6);

the treatment device comprises a treatment box (10), wherein the treatment box (10) is welded on the outer side surface of the top end of a hearth (1), the right lower end of the treatment box (10) is in threaded connection with a metal ring (11), the right end of the metal ring (11) is integrally connected with a receiving bag (12), a first motor (13) is fixed at the front end of the treatment box (10), a cleaning brush (14) is fixed at the output end of the first motor (13), a filter plate (15) is installed inside the treatment box (10), the right end of the treatment box (10) is connected with a folded wire pipe (16), and a circulation control valve (17) is fixed at the bottom end of the folded wire pipe (16);

the furnace hearth structure comprises a first mixing box (18), wherein the first mixing box (18) is located on the right side of a furnace hearth (1), the right end of the first mixing box (18) is connected with an oxygen pipeline (19), an oxygen control valve (20) is installed inside the oxygen pipeline (19), hollow plates (21) are fixed at the left end and the right end of the inside of the first mixing box (18), the inner ends of the hollow plates (21) are connected with a counter flushing pipe (22), and a second telescopic pipe (23) is fixed at the bottom end of the first mixing box (18);

the second mixing box (24) is positioned below the first mixing box (18), a baffle plate (25) is fixed inside the second mixing box (24), side plates (26) are arranged on the front side and the rear side of the second mixing box (24), the lower surfaces of the side plates (26) are welded on the upper surface of the hearth (1), a second motor (27) is fixed on the rear end of each side plate (26), and a transmission roller (28) is fixed on the output end of each second motor (27);

purifying column (29), purifying column (29) are located the top of first mixing box (18), the inside of purifying column (29) is fixed with purifying box (30), the top of purifying column (29) is fixed with servo motor (31), the output of servo motor (31) is fixed with gear (32), the right side of servo motor (31) is provided with liquid delivery pipe (33), the below of liquid delivery pipe (33) is connected with spraying mechanism (34).

2. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the right end of the first telescopic pipe (8) is fixed at the left end of the second mixing box (24), and the second mixing box (24) is communicated with the first mixing box (18) through the second telescopic pipe (23).

3. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the lateral surface of clearance brush (14) and the lateral surface of filter (15) are laminated mutually, and the longitudinal section of filter (15) is the arc structure.

4. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the opposite flushing pipes (22) are fixed at the inner ends of the hollow plates (21) at equal intervals, and the outer ends of the oxygen pipelines (19) and the broken line pipes (16) are welded and connected with the opposite flushing pipes (22).

5. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the bottom end of the second mixing box (24) is of a sawtooth structure, the second mixing box (24) is connected with the transmission roller (28) in a meshing mode, and the second mixing box (24) and the side plate (26) form a left-right sliding structure.

6. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the spraying mechanism (34) comprises a vertical pipe (3401), an annular disc (3402), a rectangular pipe (3403) and a spray head (3404), the bottom end of the vertical pipe (3401) is fixed with the rectangular pipe (3403), the outer end of the rectangular pipe (3403) is fixed with the annular disc (3402), and the spray head (3404) is uniformly fixed at the bottom end of the annular disc (3402).

7. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: the top end of the vertical pipe (3401) is connected with the bottom end of the liquid conveying pipe (33) through a rotary sealing ring, and a gear (32) is fixed on the outer side surface of the vertical pipe (3401).

8. The oxygen-adding mixed flue gas recycling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: the outer end of the annular disc (3402) is clamped and installed in the purification tower (29), and a vertical pipe (3401) penetrates through the top end of the purification tower (29).

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