CN213447315U - Electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen - Google Patents
Electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen Download PDFInfo
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- CN213447315U CN213447315U CN202022292586.7U CN202022292586U CN213447315U CN 213447315 U CN213447315 U CN 213447315U CN 202022292586 U CN202022292586 U CN 202022292586U CN 213447315 U CN213447315 U CN 213447315U
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Abstract
The utility model relates to an electrochemistry hydrogen pump of preparation high-pressure hydrogen, an electrochemistry hydrogen pump of preparation high-pressure hydrogen comprises including fastening end plate and fastening screw, insulation board, plate electrode, separation fixed plate, gas-liquid transmission board, membrane electrode assembly etc.. The separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate form a gas chamber assembly, and the inner hole space of the gas chamber assembly is directly used as a gas chamber, so that the dead volume is reduced, and the safety is improved; the contact area with the membrane electrode is increased, the membrane electrode is best supported, the ohmic resistance is reduced, and the efficiency of the hydrogen pump is improved; the electrochemical hydrogen pump is formed by connecting a plurality of hydrogen pumps in series, and realizes step-by-step pressurization. The structure is simple, the processing and the manufacturing are easy, the large-scale production is suitable, the cost can be greatly reduced, and meanwhile, the assembly process and the requirement are relatively simple and easy to control. The technology has wide application range, is portable mobile hydrogen pressurizing equipment, is used in fixed hydrogen pressurizing stations and the like, and can also be used for high-purity hydrogen purifying equipment.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a hydrogen manufacturing equipment technical field especially relates to an electrochemistry hydrogen pump of preparation high pressure hydrogen.
Background
At present, the full utilization of natural energy and hydrogen energy is the optimal choice for realizing carbon emission reduction and dealing with fossil energy exhaustion. The key problems of production, storage, transportation, utilization and other major links of the hydrogen are solved by utilizing the hydrogen energy.
Hydrogen is mostly present in a gaseous state, and during storage and transportation, hydrogen gas is compressed into high-pressure hydrogen gas or liquefied into liquid hydrogen. The method for compressing hydrogen into high-pressure hydrogen mainly comprises the steps of compressing the hydrogen by repeatedly doing work through mechanical energy and then storing the hydrogen in a high-pressure gas cylinder, so that not only is the pressurizing device huge, but also a large amount of energy is consumed in the working process, the noise is large, the sealing piece is abraded due to reciprocating motion of the pressurizing pump to cause gas leakage, and more importantly, after the hydrogen is compressed to a certain high pressure, the compression factor is increased, the hydrogen is difficult to further compress, and meanwhile, more energy is consumed.
At present, the electrochemical hydrogen pump can replace a common reciprocating mechanical supercharging device, and compared with the latter, the electrochemical hydrogen pump has the advantages of compactness, high boosting efficiency, no mechanical action part, no need of maintenance, almost no noise and the like. The electrochemical hydrogen pump is basically composed of two gas chambers separated by a proton conducting membrane, electrochemical catalysts are arranged on two sides of the proton conducting membrane, and when direct current is externally connected, low-pressure hydrogen in a positive electrode gas chamber is dissociated into protons under the action of the electrochemical catalysts, and the protons are transmitted to a negative electrode gas chamber through the proton conducting membrane to regenerate high-pressure hydrogen, as shown in formula (1).
E＝(RT/2F)ln(P2/P2)+ir (1)
In the formula (1), E is a direct current voltage (V) applied to both sides of the hydrogen pump, R is a gas constant (8.3145J/K.mol), T is a temperature (K) in the hydrogen pump, F is a Faraday constant (96485C/mol), and P is a Faraday constant1Indicating the positive electrode side pressure (Pa), P2The negative electrode pressure (Pa) is shown, i is the current (a), and r is the total cell resistance (Ω).
When the temperature, the current and the total resistance are unchanged, the higher the applied direct current voltage is, the higher the hydrogen pressure is, the multiple increase is close to the natural constant power of the voltage value, and the boosting effect is increased sharply.
The electrochemical hydrogen pump of japan panasonic corporation has made some work, chinese patent 110552014a mainly describes a strong support structure for a membrane in single-stage pressurization, chinese patent 111082091a mainly describes a multi-unit hydrogen pump structure, japanese patent 666751B1, 6719054B2, 6719075B1, 2020117782A and so on describe a multi-unit hydrogen pump structure that all use a series mode of applied voltage, and low-pressure hydrogen gas entering each unit hydrogen pump is a parallel mode of communicating together (same common pipe, same gas pressure), and high-pressure hydrogen gas coming out from a plurality of groups of hydrogen pumps is a parallel mode of communicating together (same common pipe, same gas pressure), and such a structure can only increase the generation amount of high-pressure hydrogen gas without increasing the hydrogen pressure several times.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
Therefore, it is necessary to provide an electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen, aiming at the problems of high energy consumption, high noise and low efficiency in the pressurization process of the existing hydrogen production equipment.
The above purpose is realized by the following technical scheme:
an electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen comprises a fixed end plate, an insulating plate, an electrode plate, a separation fixed plate, a gas-liquid transmission plate and a membrane electrode assembly which are fixedly connected into a whole, wherein the gas-liquid transmission plate is fixedly connected with the separation fixed plate to form a gas chamber assembly; the number of the fixed end plates, the number of the insulating plates and the number of the electrode plates are two and are oppositely arranged, and the fixed end plates, the insulating plates and the electrode plates are sequentially arranged from outside to inside; the number of the air chamber assemblies is multiple, the air chamber assemblies are arranged between the two electrode plates, and one membrane electrode assembly is arranged between any two adjacent air chamber assemblies.
In one embodiment, the separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate have the same thickness, the separation fixing plate is provided with a mounting step, the gas-liquid transmission plate is provided with a mounting boss, and the mounting boss is clamped on the mounting step so that the gas-liquid transmission plate is fixed on the separation fixing plate.
In one embodiment, one side or two sides of the separation fixing plate are provided with grooves, the thickness of the gas-liquid transmission plate is equal to the depth of the grooves, and the gas-liquid transmission plate is embedded into the grooves and fixedly connected with the separation fixing plate; the separation fixing plate is provided with a through hole, and the through hole is formed in the bottom surface of the groove.
In one embodiment, the through holes on the separation fixing plate in two adjacent air chamber assemblies are arranged in a staggered manner.
In one embodiment, the electrode plate comprises a positive plate and a negative plate, the fixed end plate close to the positive plate is provided with a low-pressure hydrogen inlet and a low-pressure hydrogen outlet, and the fixed end plate close to the negative plate is provided with a high-pressure hydrogen outlet.
In one embodiment, the gas-liquid transmission plate is a porous conductive metal plate or a porous conductive carbon plate.
In one embodiment, the membrane electrode assembly comprises a proton-conducting membrane, a catalytic layer and a diffusion layer arranged in this order from the inside to the outside.
In one embodiment, a carbon paper or carbon felt is disposed between the membrane electrode assembly and the gas-liquid transport plate.
The utility model has the advantages that:
1. the electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen has the advantages of compactness, high boosting efficiency, no need of maintenance due to no mechanical action part, almost no noise and the like;
2. the porous gas-liquid transmission plate is adopted, and the inner pore space of the porous gas-liquid transmission plate is directly used as a gas chamber, so that the gas space of the multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump is reduced, the dead volume is reduced, the safety is improved, and the volume of the multi-stage hydrogen pump is reduced; meanwhile, the contact area with the membrane electrode is increased, the membrane electrode is best supported, the ohmic resistance is reduced, and the efficiency of the hydrogen pump is improved;
3. the separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate are processed into correspondingly matched convex-concave shapes to form an assembly, so that the assembly bears the pressure difference on two sides of the membrane electrode together, the membrane electrode is effectively supported and does not deform, and the stability and the service life of the membrane electrode and the hydrogen pump are prolonged;
4. a plurality of hydrogen pumps are connected in series to form a multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump, the electronic conduction and the ionic conduction are sequentially connected in series, and the low-pressure air chamber and the high-pressure air chamber are sequentially connected in series, so that the supercharging effect is improved, and the energy consumption is reduced;
5. the structure is simple, the processing and the manufacturing are easy, the large-scale production is suitable, the cost can be greatly reduced, and meanwhile, the assembly process and the requirement are relatively simple and easy to control. The device is applied to portable mobile hydrogen pressurizing equipment, fixed hydrogen pressurizing stations and the like, and can also be used for high-purity hydrogen preparation equipment.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a middle air chamber assembly of an electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen according to the embodiment of FIG. 1;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a middle gas chamber assembly of an electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen according to another embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen according to the embodiment of fig. 3.
Wherein:
fastening the end plate 1; a screw 2; an insulating pad 3; a positive plate 4; a negative electrode plate 5; a separation fixing plate 6; separating the fixed plate original plate 6 a; a gas-liquid transmission plate 7; a plenum assembly 6-7; a membrane electrode assembly 8; a through hole 9; a through hole 10; a low pressure hydrogen inlet 11, a low pressure hydrogen outlet 12; a high pressure hydrogen outlet 13.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail by the following embodiments in combination with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the invention.
The numbering of the components themselves, such as "first", "second", etc., is used herein only to distinguish between the objects depicted and not to have any sequential or technical meaning. The term "connected" and "coupled" when used in this application, unless otherwise indicated, includes both direct and indirect connections (couplings). In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the present application, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, the first feature may be directly on or directly under the second feature or indirectly via intermediate members. Also, a first feature "on," "over," and "above" a second feature may be directly or diagonally above the second feature, or may simply indicate that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. A first feature being "under," "below," and "beneath" a second feature may be directly under or obliquely under the first feature, or may simply mean that the first feature is at a lesser elevation than the second feature.
The utility model provides a preparation high-pressure hydrogen's electrochemistry hydrogen pump through adopting multistage electrochemistry hydrogen pump series connection mode, and the direct current that applys promptly is the series connection mode, and positive negative pole air chamber also is the series connection mode in the hydrogen pump, can improve hydrogen pressure step by step rapidly like this, and this technique application scope is wide, little to portable removal hydrogen supercharging equipment, uses such as fixed hydrogen hydrogenation station greatly, also can be used to high-purity hydrogen preparation facilities.
Specifically, the utility model provides a preparation high pressure hydrogen's electrochemistry hydrogen pump is including linking firmly fixed end plate, insulation board, plate electrode as an organic whole, separating fixed plate, gas-liquid transmission board and membrane electrode assembly, and gas-liquid transmission board fixed connection forms the air chamber subassembly after separating the fixed plate, separates the fixed plate and is used for supporting gas-liquid transmission board to play sealed gas-liquid transmission board effect all around, gas-liquid transmission board is porous current conducting plate, guarantees that hydrogen and water pass through. The number of the air chamber assemblies is multiple, the air chamber assemblies are arranged between the two electrode plates, and a membrane electrode assembly is arranged between any two adjacent air chamber assemblies; the two gas chamber assemblies and the membrane electrode assembly form a single-stage hydrogen pump, a plurality of single-stage hydrogen pumps are connected in series to form a multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump, wherein electronic conduction and ion conduction are sequentially connected in series, and a plurality of gas chambers are sequentially connected in series to realize the step-by-step pressurization from low pressure to high pressure. The number of the fixed end plates, the insulating plates and the electrode plates is two and the fixed end plates, the insulating plates and the electrode plates are arranged oppositely and are sequentially arranged from outside to inside.
In one embodiment, the separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate have the same thickness, the separation fixing plate is provided with a mounting step, the gas-liquid transmission plate is provided with a mounting boss, and the mounting boss is clamped on the mounting step so that the gas-liquid transmission plate is fixed on the separation fixing plate. The air chamber assembly forms a concave-convex structure consisting of the mounting bosses and the mounting steps, and can effectively support the membrane electrode assembly, so that the membrane electrode assembly is not deformed under high pressure.
In one embodiment, one side or two sides of the separation fixing plate are provided with grooves, the thickness of the gas-liquid transmission plate is equal to the depth of the grooves, and the gas-liquid transmission plate is embedded into the grooves and fixedly connected with the separation fixing plate. Because the fixed plate is not separated to groove structure link up, need set up the through-hole on separating the fixed plate this moment, the through-hole is seted up in the recess bottom surface for separate fixed plate both sides intercommunication, the quantity of through-hole can be one also can be a plurality of.
In one embodiment, the through holes on the separation fixing plate in two adjacent air chamber assemblies are arranged in a staggered mode, and the staggered arrangement enables air and liquid to flow sufficiently.
In one embodiment, the electrode plate comprises a positive plate and a negative plate, a low-pressure hydrogen inlet and a low-pressure hydrogen outlet are arranged on a fixed end plate close to the positive plate, and a high-pressure hydrogen outlet is arranged on a fixed end plate close to the negative plate.
In one embodiment, the gas-liquid transmission plate is a porous conductive metal plate or a porous conductive carbon plate, the porous space in the plate is used as a gas chamber of the hydrogen pump, and the porous space between two adjacent membrane electrode assemblies is used as the same gas chamber.
In one embodiment, the membrane electrode assembly comprises a proton conducting membrane, a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside, the proton conducting membrane is arranged in the middle, the catalyst layer is arranged on two sides, the diffusion layer is arranged on the outer sides, the diffusion layer is connected with the gas-liquid transmission plate, and the catalyst layer can be directly arranged on the proton conducting membrane or on the diffusion layer.
In one embodiment, carbon paper, carbon felt or other common porous conductive material is disposed between the membrane electrode assembly and the gas-liquid transport plate to increase the support strength.
Based on above-mentioned embodiment, the utility model provides a preparation high pressure hydrogen's electrochemistry hydrogen pump possesses following advantage at least:
1. the multistage electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen has the advantages of compactness, high boosting efficiency, no need of maintenance due to no mechanical action part, almost no noise and the like;
2. the porous gas-liquid transmission plate is adopted, and the inner pore space of the porous gas-liquid transmission plate is directly used as a gas chamber, so that the gas space of the multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump is reduced, the dead volume is reduced, the safety is improved, and the volume of the multi-stage hydrogen pump is reduced; meanwhile, the contact area with the membrane electrode is increased, the membrane electrode is best supported, the ohmic resistance is reduced, and the efficiency of the hydrogen pump is improved;
3. the separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate are processed into correspondingly matched convex-concave shapes to form an assembly, so that the assembly bears the pressure difference on two sides of the membrane electrode together, the membrane electrode is effectively supported and does not deform, and the stability and the service life of the membrane electrode and the hydrogen pump are prolonged;
4. a plurality of hydrogen pumps are connected in series to form a multi-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump, the electronic conduction and the ionic conduction are sequentially connected in series, and the low-pressure air chamber and the high-pressure air chamber are sequentially connected in series, so that the supercharging effect is improved, and the energy consumption is reduced;
5. the structure is simple, the processing and the manufacturing are easy, the large-scale production is suitable, the cost can be greatly reduced, and meanwhile, the assembly process and the requirement are relatively simple and easy to control. The device is applied to portable mobile hydrogen pressurizing equipment, fixed hydrogen pressurizing stations and the like, and can also be used for high-purity hydrogen preparation equipment.
The first embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, a low-pressure hydrogen inlet 11 and a low-pressure hydrogen outlet 12 are formed on one side of the end plate 1, the insulating plate 3, and the positive electrode plate 4, and a high-pressure hydrogen outlet 13 is formed on the other side of the end plate 1, the insulating plate 3, and the negative electrode plate 5. Seals are made between the fastening end plate 1 and the insulating plate 3, between the insulating plate 3 and the electrode plates 4, 5, and between the positive electrode plate 4, the negative electrode plate 5 and the partition fixing plate 6. A separation fixing plate original plate 6a with the thickness consistent with that of a gas-liquid transmission plate 7 is selected, a built-in step shape 6 is processed, the gas-liquid transmission plate is processed into a boss shape 7 corresponding to the gas-liquid transmission plate, and as shown in figure 1, an assembly of the separation fixing plate and the gas-liquid transmission plate assembly formed by convex-concave combination effectively supports a membrane electrode, so that the assembly does not deform under high pressure. The membrane electrode assembly 8 is prepared according to conventional practice for hydrogen fuel cells.
As shown in fig. 2, a fastening end plate 1 on the low-pressure hydrogen side, an insulating plate 3, a positive plate 4, a first gas chamber assembly 6-7, a first membrane electrode assembly 8, a second gas chamber assembly 6-7, a second membrane electrode assembly 8, a third gas chamber assembly 6-7, a third membrane electrode assembly 8, a fourth gas chamber assembly 6-7, a fourth membrane electrode assembly 8, a fifth gas chamber assembly 6-7, a negative plate 5, an insulating plate 3, and a fastening end plate 1 are assembled in sequence, and finally fastened by bolts 2 to assemble a multistage electrochemical hydrogen pump, which is a four-stage electrochemical hydrogen pump in this embodiment.
Forming a first air chamber with an internal pressure P in the first air chamber assembly 6-71(ii) a Forming a second air chamber with an internal pressure P in a second air chamber assembly 6-72(ii) a A third chamber is formed in the third air chamber assembly 6-7 and has an internal pressure P3(ii) a Forming a fourth air chamber with an internal pressure P in a fourth air chamber assembly 6-74(ii) a A fourth air chamber is formed in the fifth air chamber assembly 6-7 at an internal pressure P5. Under the action of the external direct current electric field, the pressure of the first air chamber is P1Hydrogen gas is dissociated under the action of the anode electrocatalyst of the first membrane electrode assembly 8The proton passes through the proton conducting membrane in the first membrane electrode assembly 8 and then generates pressure P under the action of the negative electrode electrocatalyst on the other side of the first membrane electrode assembly 82The hydrogen gas reaches the anode electrocatalyst of the second membrane electrode assembly 8 through the second gas chamber in the second gas chamber assembly 6-7 and is dissociated into protons, the protons pass through the proton conducting membrane in the second membrane electrode assembly 8, and then the hydrogen gas generates pressure P under the action of the cathode electrocatalyst at the other side of the second membrane electrode assembly 83The hydrogen gas is analogized in turn, and finally the pressure P is formed in the fifth gas chamber5Hydrogen (c) is used. Hydrogen is converted in hydrogen-proton-hydrogen reciprocating mode, and electric conduction is converted in electron conduction-proton conduction-electron conduction reciprocating mode. According to the foregoing equation 1: e ═ RT/2F) ln (P)2/P2) + ir, under the action of external electric field, passing through the first hydrogen pump, the hydrogen pressure is from P1Increase to P2(ii) a Passing through a second hydrogen pump, the hydrogen pressure is increased from P2Increase to P3(ii) a By parity of reasoning, finally pressurizing to P5. Since each supercharging process is exponential, higher pressures can be reached through multistage supercharging.
Example two:
as shown in fig. 3 and 4, the present embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that the air cell assembly 6-7 is different. In this embodiment, a separation fixing plate original plate 6a is selected, concave platforms 6 are processed on two sides of the separation fixing plate, through holes 9 and 10 are processed on the separation fixing plate, and the gas-liquid transmission plate is processed and embedded into the concave platforms of the separation fixing plate. When a plurality of separation fixing plates are used, the gas outlet channels processed on the adjacent separation fixing plates are preferably selected to be staggered so as to ensure that gas and liquid can flow fully. On the premise of ensuring good support, the gas-liquid channel can be one or a plurality of gas-liquid channels.
The technical features of the above embodiments can be arbitrarily combined, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are not described, but should be considered as the scope of the present specification as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features.
The above-mentioned embodiments only represent some embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is specific and detailed, but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, several variations and modifications can be made, which are within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for preparing high-pressure hydrogen is characterized by comprising a fixed end plate, an insulating plate, an electrode plate, a separation fixed plate, a gas-liquid transmission plate and a membrane electrode assembly which are fixedly connected into a whole, wherein the gas-liquid transmission plate is fixedly connected with the separation fixed plate to form a gas chamber assembly; the number of the fixed end plates, the number of the insulating plates and the number of the electrode plates are two and are oppositely arranged, and the fixed end plates, the insulating plates and the electrode plates are sequentially arranged from outside to inside; the number of the air chamber assemblies is multiple, the air chamber assemblies are arranged between the two electrode plates, and one membrane electrode assembly is arranged between any two adjacent air chamber assemblies.
2. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen gas according to claim 1, wherein the partition fixing plate and the gas-liquid transfer plate have the same thickness, the partition fixing plate is provided with a mounting step, and the gas-liquid transfer plate is provided with a mounting boss which is engaged with the mounting step to fix the gas-liquid transfer plate to the partition fixing plate.
3. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for high pressure hydrogen generation according to claim 1, wherein the partition fixing plate is provided with a groove at one side or both sides thereof, the gas-liquid transfer plate has a thickness equal to the depth of the groove, and the gas-liquid transfer plate is embedded in the groove and is fixedly attached to the partition fixing plate; the separation fixing plate is provided with a through hole, and the through hole is formed in the bottom surface of the groove.
4. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for high pressure hydrogen gas generation according to claim 3, wherein the through holes of the partition fixing plate in two adjacent ones of the gas chamber modules are offset.
5. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen gas according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the electrode plates include a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate, a low-pressure hydrogen gas inlet and a low-pressure hydrogen gas outlet are provided on the fixed end plate adjacent to the positive electrode plate, and a high-pressure hydrogen gas outlet is provided on the fixed end plate adjacent to the negative electrode plate.
6. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen gas according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the gas-liquid transport plate is a porous conductive metal plate or a porous conductive carbon plate.
7. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high-pressure hydrogen according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the membrane electrode assembly comprises a proton-conducting membrane, a catalytic layer and a diffusion layer arranged in this order from the inside to the outside.
8. An electrochemical hydrogen pump for producing high pressure hydrogen according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a carbon paper or carbon felt is provided between the membrane electrode assembly and the gas-liquid transport plate.
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