CN211653426U - Fuzzy control device and circulating cooling water system comprising same - Google Patents

Fuzzy control device and circulating cooling water system comprising same Download PDF

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CN211653426U
CN211653426U CN201921828849.2U CN201921828849U CN211653426U CN 211653426 U CN211653426 U CN 211653426U CN 201921828849 U CN201921828849 U CN 201921828849U CN 211653426 U CN211653426 U CN 211653426U
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fuzzy control
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刘杰
马全
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Shougang Jingtang United Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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Shougang Jingtang United Iron and Steel Co Ltd
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Abstract

The utility model discloses a fuzzy control device which is applied to a circulating cooling water system comprising N fans; the fuzzy control device comprises: the device comprises a temperature acquisition unit, a judgment unit, a first calculation unit, a fuzzy control unit and a fan control unit; the output end of the temperature acquisition unit is connected with the input end of the judgment unit, the output end of the judgment unit is respectively connected with the input end of the first calculation unit and the input end of the fan control unit, the output end of the first calculation unit is connected with the input end of the fuzzy control unit, and the output end of the fuzzy control unit is connected with the input end of the fan control unit. The fuzzy control unit in the fuzzy control device performs fuzzy reasoning according to the detected water supply temperature variable, so that the fan control unit can start or close the fan, and the quantitative and accurate adjustment of the running quantity of the fan according to the real-time detected temperature variable is realized.

Description

Fuzzy control device and circulating cooling water system comprising same
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a ferrous metallurgy equipment technical field especially relates to a fuzzy control device and include fuzzy control device's recirculating cooling water system.
Background
And each process section of the steel plant is provided with a circulating water pump station for cooling production line equipment and processes. Because the temperature of the circulating water rises after the production cooling link, the temperature of the circulating water needs to be reduced through a fan of a cooling tower, the water supply temperature is ensured not to exceed the upper limit value, and otherwise, the stable production and even the accident shutdown can be influenced. Generally, circulating water pump station is equipped with several cooling tower fans, and in order to save the fund expense, reduce the trouble and take place, the cooling tower fan all designs for power frequency motor and drags, can't carry out frequency control, and the cooling capacity of single fan is invariable can't dynamic adjustment promptly. The adjustable cooling variable is therefore the number of fans turned on: when the water supply temperature is detected to rise to a certain stage, the fan needs to be started; when the cooling capacity of the existing fan is detected to be insufficient, the number of the started fans needs to be increased; when the existing cooling capacity is detected to be excessive, the number of the started fans needs to be reduced, and the electric energy waste is avoided.
At present, no unified quantitative refinement standard exists for the fan start-stop control, the fan start-stop control usually depends on the personal experience and habit of operators, and different people can have different control schemes under the same condition due to the lack of the refinement standard. Generally speaking, to avoid possible electrical faults due to overheating and frequent start-up and shut-down of the production line, the field personnel usually use as many openings as possible to ensure that the temperature of the supplied water meets the production requirements, thus resulting in more electric energy being consumed. However, at present, enterprises pay more and more attention to energy conservation, environmental protection and cost control, on one hand, the use of electric energy is required to be reduced, on the other hand, the number of running fans of the cooling tower needs to be adjusted more accurately, and electrical faults caused by frequent starting and stopping are avoided. Therefore, how to solve the problem of uncertainty of controlling the starting and stopping of the fan by means of personal experience, realizing the accurate control of the starting and stopping of the fan, reducing the electric energy waste, and avoiding the equipment fault caused by frequent starting and stopping of the equipment is a problem which needs to be solved at present.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The utility model provides a fuzzy control device reaches recirculating cooling water system including fuzzy control device to solve or partly solve and rely on artifical judgement control fan to open and stop and can't compromise the energy saving and consume and reduce the fan and frequently open and stop the technical problem who produces the equipment trouble.
In order to solve the technical problem, the utility model provides a fuzzy control device which is applied to a circulating cooling water system comprising N fans, wherein N is more than or equal to 2 and is a positive integer; the fuzzy control device comprises: the device comprises a temperature acquisition unit, a judgment unit, a first calculation unit, a fuzzy control unit and a fan control unit;
the output end of the temperature acquisition unit is connected with the input end of the judgment unit, the output end of the judgment unit is respectively connected with the input end of the first calculation unit and the input end of the fan control unit, the output end of the first calculation unit is connected with the input end of the fuzzy control unit, and the output end of the fuzzy control unit is connected with the input end of the fan control unit;
the temperature acquisition unit continuously acquires the water supply temperature T of the cooling water and transmits the water supply temperature T to the judgment unit; the judging unit judges the magnitude relation between the water supply temperature T and a first preset temperature T1 and a second preset temperature T2;
when the judging unit judges that the water supply temperature T is between the first preset temperature T1 and the second preset temperature T2, the first calculating unit calculates the temperature variable of the cooling water and transmits the temperature variable to the fuzzy control unit; the fuzzy control unit carries out fuzzy reasoning according to the temperature variable of the cooling water, outputs the number U of the running fans and transmits the number U to the fan control unit, wherein U is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to N; and the fan control unit opens or closes the fans according to the number U of the running fans.
Optionally, the fuzzy control device further includes a second calculating unit, an input end of the second calculating unit is connected to an output end of the first calculating unit, and an output end of the second calculating unit is connected to an input end of the fuzzy control unit.
Further, the first calculating unit includes a subtractor, and the second calculating unit includes a differentiator.
According to the technical scheme, the fuzzy control device further comprises a fan selecting unit;
the fan selection unit is connected between the fuzzy control unit and the fan control unit;
the fan selection unit determines fans to be started or closed according to the number U of the running fans and the running parameters of all the fans; and the fan control unit controls the corresponding fan to be turned on or turned off according to the fan to be turned on or turned off determined by the fan selection unit.
Furthermore, the fuzzy control device also comprises a fan monitoring unit for monitoring the operation parameters of all fans; the output end of the fan monitoring unit is connected with the input end of the fan selecting unit.
According to the technical scheme, the temperature acquisition unit comprises a temperature sensor assembly and a signal conversion assembly.
The utility model also provides a recirculating cooling water system, including N fans to and as above-mentioned any one fuzzy control device in the technical scheme, N more than or equal to 2 just is the positive integer.
Through the utility model discloses an one or more technical scheme, the utility model has following beneficial effect or advantage:
the utility model provides a be applied to recirculated cooling water system's that has a plurality of cooling blower fuzzy control device to the temperature variable of cooling water is as fuzzy control unit's input, and through fuzzy reasoning output operation fan quantity U, controls opening of cooling blower in view of the above and stops. Due to the obvious nonlinear relation and hysteresis of the running quantity of the fans and the water supply temperature, compared with the original manual control which is full of uncertain factors and only depends on personal experience and habits, the fuzzy control device can establish a set of scientific and reasonable fan starting and stopping control standard, realize quantitative and accurate adjustment of the running quantity of the fans according to the temperature variable detected in real time, solve the problems of insufficient or excessive running quantity of the fans or frequent starting and stopping of the fans caused by the difference of personal control experience, reduce the unnecessary energy consumption and avoid the possible equipment failure caused by frequent starting and stopping of the fans.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a fuzzy control device of a circulating cooling water system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a fuzzy control device with a second computing unit for circulating cooling water system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a structural diagram of a fuzzy control device of a recirculating cooling water system, to which a second calculating unit, a fan selecting unit and a fan monitoring unit are added according to an embodiment of the present invention;
description of reference numerals:
1. a temperature acquisition unit; 2. a judgment unit; 3. a first calculation unit; 4. a fuzzy control unit; 5. a fan control unit; 6. a second calculation unit; 7. a fan selection unit; 8. and a fan monitoring unit.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical personnel in the technical field of the present invention understand the present invention more clearly, the following description is made in detail for the technical solution of the present invention through the specific embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
Generally speaking, more cooling fans are started when the water temperature is high, and part of the cooling fans are closed when the water temperature is low, which is the most basic control experience, but how to quantitatively and finely start and stop the fans according to the water temperature cannot be realized through an accurate control method, because the start and stop of the cooling fans affect the change of the water supply temperature, which has significant nonlinearity and large delay, and a parameter which is accurate enough cannot be obtained to establish an accurately controlled mathematical model. The fuzzy control method based on fuzzy set theory, fuzzy linguistic variables and fuzzy logic reasoning is an intelligent control method simulating human fuzzy reasoning and decision making process in behavior, and is suitable for the field of nonlinear control. In the present invention, the applicant applies the fuzzy control method to the fan control in the cooling circulation water system, and proposes the following fuzzy control device suitable for controlling the start and stop of a plurality of cooling fans.
In an alternative embodiment, referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a fuzzy control device, which is applied to a recirculating cooling water system including N fans, where N is greater than or equal to 2 and is a positive integer; the fuzzy control device comprises: the device comprises a temperature acquisition unit 1, a judgment unit 2, a first calculation unit 3, a fuzzy control unit 4 and a fan control unit 5;
the output end of the temperature acquisition unit 1 is connected with the input end of the judgment unit 2, the output end of the judgment unit 2 is respectively connected with the input end of the first calculation unit 3 and the input end of the fan control unit 5, the output end of the first calculation unit 3 is connected with the input end of the fuzzy control unit 4, and the output end of the fuzzy control unit 4 is connected with the input end of the fan control unit 5;
the temperature acquisition unit 1 continuously acquires the water supply temperature T of the cooling water and transmits the water supply temperature T to the judgment unit 2; the judging unit 2 judges the magnitude relation between the water supply temperature T and the first preset temperature T1 and the second preset temperature T2;
the specific functions of the judging unit 2 are as follows:
if the water temperature T is lower than the first preset temperature T1, outputting a signal that "the number U of running fans is 0" to the fan control unit 5, so that the fan control unit 5 turns off all fans; if the water temperature T is higher than the second preset temperature T2, outputting a signal that the number U of running fans is N to the fan control unit 5, so that the fan control unit 5 turns on all fans; if the water temperature T is between a first preset temperature T1 and a second preset temperature T2, starting the first calculating unit 3 and the fuzzy control unit 4; wherein T2 > T1.
When the judging unit 2 judges that the supplied water temperature T is between the first preset temperature T1 and the second preset temperature T2, the first calculating unit 3 calculates the temperature variation of the cooling water and transmits to the fuzzy control unit 4; the fuzzy control unit 4 performs fuzzy reasoning according to the temperature variable of the cooling water, outputs the number U of the running fans and transmits the number U to the fan control unit 5, wherein U is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to N; the fan control unit 5 turns on or off the fans according to the number U of the operating fans.
The first preset temperature T1 is the lowest water supply temperature for starting a cooling fan, which indicates that if the water supply temperature is lower than T1, all fans should be in an off state; the second preset temperature T2 is the minimum water supply temperature when the fans are fully opened, and when the water supply temperature exceeds T2, all the fans must be fully opened; when the water supply temperature is between T1 and T2, the fuzzy control unit 4 is started, the temperature variable obtained by calculation of the first calculation unit 3 is used as an input variable of fuzzy control, and the running number of the cooling fans is output through fuzzy control rule reasoning in the fuzzy control unit 4. Optionally, the temperature obtaining unit 1 includes a temperature sensor component and a signal conversion component, and the signal conversion component is configured to convert a temperature signal obtained by the temperature sensor into a temperature value for the determining unit 2 to use.
The utility model provides a be applied to recirculated cooling water system's that has a plurality of cooling blower fuzzy control device to the temperature variable of cooling water is as fuzzy control unit's input, and through fuzzy reasoning output operation fan quantity U, controls opening of cooling blower in view of the above and stops. Because of the obvious nonlinear relation and hysteresis of the fan operation quantity-water supply temperature, compared with the original manual control which is full of uncertain factors only depending on personal experience and habits, the fuzzy control device can establish a set of scientific and reasonable fan starting and stopping control standard, realize quantitative and accurate adjustment of the fan operation quantity according to the temperature variable detected in real time, solve the problems of insufficient or excessive fan operation quantity or frequent starting and stopping of the fan caused by the difference of personal control experience, reduce the unnecessary energy consumption, avoid the equipment fault possibly caused by frequent starting and stopping of the fan, reduce the workload of operators and improve the working efficiency.
Optionally, the temperature variables as the fuzzy input amounts include a temperature deviation E and a temperature deviation-time change rate Ec. Here, the temperature deviation E is a fuzzy input variable that must be input, and the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec is selected as a second optional fuzzy input variable because the membership function of the zero linguistic value of the temperature deviation-time change rate is relatively flat, while the membership function of the other variables is relatively sharp. The curve shape of the membership function is sharper, the resolution is higher, and the change of the output quantity caused by the change of the input variable is more violent; and the curve shape of the membership function is mild, then the change of the output quantity that corresponds is more steady, and the control characteristic is more mild, has better system stability, more is applicable to the cooling blower in this application and opens and stop control.
In an alternative embodiment, referring to fig. 2, the fuzzy control device further comprises a second calculating unit 6, an input end of the second calculating unit 6 is connected with an output end of the first calculating unit 3, and an output end is connected with an input end of the fuzzy control unit 4;
the first calculation unit 3 includes a subtractor for calculating the temperature deviation E ═ T2-T; the second calculation unit 6 includes a differentiator for calculating the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec ═ d (T2-T)/dt.
Based on the same implementation principle of the previous embodiment, in some alternative embodiments, referring to fig. 3, the fuzzy control device further includes a fan selecting unit 7; the fan selection unit 7 is connected between the fuzzy control unit 4 and the fan control unit 5;
the fan selecting unit 7 determines fans to be started or closed according to the number U of the running fans and the running parameters of all the fans; the fan control unit 5 controls the corresponding fan to be turned on or turned off according to the fan to be turned on or turned off determined by the fan selection unit 7.
Optionally, the fuzzy control device further includes a fan monitoring unit 8 for monitoring operating parameters of all fans; the output end of the fan monitoring unit 8 is connected with the input end of the fan selecting unit 7.
The fan selecting unit 7 comprehensively judges and selects which fans need to be preferentially started or which fans need to be preferentially closed according to the fan operating parameters monitored by the fan monitoring unit 8 in real time. The operating parameters of the fan include: at least one of the accumulated operation time of the current fan, the failure frequency of the current fan and the working temperature of the current fan.
For example, the fan selecting unit 7 determines the fans to be turned on in order of the accumulated running time, and/or the ascending order of the number of failures; the fans to be shut down may be determined in descending order of the number of failures, or cumulative operating time, or operating temperature.
Specifically, the number of started fans output by the fuzzy control unit 4 is compared with the number of currently started fans, and when it is determined that a new fan needs to be started, a fan with short accumulated operation time or less failure times is preferably started, so as to improve the operation stability of the fan device. Similarly, when it is determined that a part of the fans need to be shut down, it is preferable to shut down the fan with the largest failure frequency, or shut down the fan with the longest accumulated operation time, or shut down the fan with the highest operating temperature. Optionally, the number of failures is used as a primary consideration for fan shutdown, followed by fan operating temperature, and again accumulated operating time. When the fan selection unit 7 selects a fan, the fan which cannot be started or stopped due to reasons such as faults can also output alarm information in the cooling water control system.
Next, a process of the present application applied to the fuzzy control apparatus in the circulating water pumping station will be specifically described, where the fuzzy control unit 4 uses 3 fuzzy variables, where the input variables are the temperature deviation E and the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec, and the output variable is the number U of the fan operating units.
(1) Input variable obfuscation
And detecting the water supply temperature T, starting the fuzzy control unit 4 when T is not less than T2 and T1 is not less than T, wherein the temperature deviation E is T2-T, the physical discourse domain is [0, T2-T1], T1 is the initial water temperature required to be cooled by starting the fan, and the initial water temperature is generally determined according to experience, and T2 is the required upper limit of the water supply temperature. The ambiguity domain for the temperature deviation E is set to [0,3 ];
the physical argument domain of the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec is [ -Tcmax, Tcmax ], wherein Tcmax is the supply water temperature deviation-time change rate when the fan is completely started, and the corresponding fuzzy argument domain is set to [ -3,3 ];
the physical discourse domain of the number of the running fans is [0, N ], wherein N is the number of the running fans; the ambiguity domain is generally the same as the physical domain, and is analyzed in 4 stages in the following.
(2) Determining membership functions
According to the fuzzy domain of the set temperature deviation E, determining a membership function of E as shown in Table 1:
table 1: membership function of temperature deviation E
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000081
In the above table, the linguistic values in the first column of table 1 are linguistic variables of the temperature deviation E, the first row of table 1 is a fuzzy domain value of the temperature deviation E, and the numerical values in the middle of table 1 are corresponding membership values.
According to the fuzzy domain of the set temperature deviation-time change rate Ec, the membership function of Ec is determined as shown in table 2:
table 2: membership function of temperature deviation-time rate of change Ec
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000082
According to the fuzzy domain of the set number U of the running fans, the membership function of U is determined to be shown in the table 3:
table 3: membership function of number U of running fans
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000083
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000091
(3) Determining fuzzy rule control tables
The fuzzy control table is a core rule table stored in the fuzzy control unit 4, and is a fuzzy control rule obtained by summarizing field control experience with expert knowledge, and the fuzzy control rule in the fuzzy control table can be expressed by adopting if … then …: if E is Ei and Ec is Ecj the U is Uij.
Table 4: fuzzy control rule table
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000092
After the tables 1 to 4 are determined, the output of the number U of operating fans can be obtained according to the input temperature deviation E and the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec: firstly, fuzzifying the accurate input quantity of the temperature deviation E and the temperature deviation-time change rate Ec, then respectively determining the language value of E and the language value of Ec, then reasoning and outputting the language value of U according to a table 4, and finally defzifying the language value of U to obtain the accurate value of U, namely outputting the specific value of the number of running fans to a fan control unit 5 or a fan selection unit 7 to realize the start-stop operation of the fans.
In practical use, in order to facilitate program control, a fuzzy control look-up table is established, and as shown in table 5, after fuzzy input values of E and Ec are determined, the number of the running numbers U of fans can be looked up through table 5.
Table 5: fuzzy query control table
Figure DEST_PATH_GDA0002589771430000101
The following description will be made with specific data: a cooling tower of a certain circulating water pump station is provided with 4 power frequency cooling fans, and cooling water circulates once every 1 hour. The starting temperature T1 of the fan is 28 ℃, the upper limit T2 of the water supply temperature is 33 ℃, namely, the fan is completely stopped when the temperature is lower than 28 ℃, and the fan is completely started when the temperature is higher than 33 ℃; when the water supply temperature is between 28 and 33 ℃, the fuzzy control device is started.
(1) Obtaining the accurate values of E and Ec
Obtaining the current actual water supply temperature difference E from the temperature obtaining unit 1, if the current actual water supply temperature is TPractice ofWhen the temperature is 31 ℃, the judging unit 2 confirms TPractice ofIn the range of T1 and T2, the fuzzy control unit 4 is activated;
the first calculation unit 3 calculates the precise value E of the temperature deviation T2-TPractice of=33℃-31℃=2℃;
The second calculation unit 6 calculates the current water supply temperature-time change rate Ec to 1.5 ℃/hr.
(2) Determining fuzzy input values of E and Ec;
the physical argument field of E is [0,5 ℃), the precise value of E is converted into the argument field of E [0,3] in the fuzzy control unit 4, the fuzzy value of E is determined to be 1 after rounding up, and the corresponding language value is middle;
it is determined that the domain of physics of the water supply temperature-time change rate Ec is [ -2.5 ℃/hour, 2.5 ℃/hour ], the precise value of Ec is converted into the Ec domain of ambiguity [ -3,3] in the fuzzy control unit 4, the fuzzy value of Ec is determined to be 2 after rounding up, and the corresponding language value of Ec is plus or minus;
(3) determining an output value of U;
after determining the fuzzy input value E1 and Ec 2, the fuzzy control unit 4 may be directly queried about table 5: a fuzzy control lookup table is used for determining that the number U of fans needing to operate is 3; if table 5 is not available, the language value of U can be inferred in table 4 according to the language values corresponding to E and Ec, and then U is defuzzified to obtain an accurate value.
(4) Controlling the starting and stopping of the fan;
according to the actual states (accumulated running time, fault conditions and the like) of all fans obtained by the fan monitoring unit 8, the fan selecting unit 7 selects 3 corresponding fans, and the fan control unit 5 controls the corresponding fans to be started.
Based on the implementation principle of the embodiment, the utility model also provides a recirculating cooling water system, including N fans to and as above in the embodiment arbitrary fuzzy control device, N is greater than or equal to 2 and is the positive integer.
Through the utility model discloses an one or more technical scheme, the utility model has following beneficial effect or advantage:
the utility model provides a be applied to recirculated cooling water system's that has a plurality of cooling blower fuzzy control device to the temperature variable of cooling water is as fuzzy control unit's input, and through fuzzy reasoning output operation fan quantity U, controls opening of cooling blower in view of the above and stops. Because of the obvious nonlinear relation and hysteresis of the fan operation quantity-water supply temperature, compared with the original manual control which is full of uncertain factors only depending on personal experience and habits, the fuzzy control device can establish a set of scientific and reasonable fan starting and stopping control standard, realize quantitative and accurate adjustment of the fan operation quantity according to the temperature variable detected in real time, solve the problems of insufficient or excessive fan operation quantity or frequent starting and stopping of the fan caused by the difference of personal control experience, reduce the unnecessary energy consumption, avoid the equipment fault possibly caused by frequent starting and stopping of the fan, reduce the workload of operators and improve the working efficiency.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. It is therefore intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including the preferred embodiment and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims (7)

1. A fuzzy control device is characterized in that the fuzzy control device is applied to a circulating cooling water system comprising N fans, wherein N is more than or equal to 2 and is a positive integer; the fuzzy control apparatus includes: the device comprises a temperature acquisition unit, a judgment unit, a first calculation unit, a fuzzy control unit and a fan control unit;
the output end of the temperature acquisition unit is connected with the input end of the judgment unit, the output end of the judgment unit is respectively connected with the input end of the first calculation unit and the input end of the fan control unit, the output end of the first calculation unit is connected with the input end of the fuzzy control unit, and the output end of the fuzzy control unit is connected with the input end of the fan control unit.
2. A fuzzy control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus further comprises a second computing unit, said second computing unit having an input coupled to an output of said first computing unit and an output coupled to an input of said fuzzy control unit.
3. The fuzzy control apparatus of claim 2 wherein said first computing unit comprises a subtractor and said second computing unit comprises a differentiator.
4. The fuzzy control device of claim 1 further comprising a fan selection unit;
the fan selection unit is connected between the fuzzy control unit and the fan control unit.
5. The fuzzy control device of claim 4 further comprising a fan monitoring unit monitoring operating parameters of all fans; the output end of the fan monitoring unit is connected with the input end of the fan selecting unit.
6. The fuzzy control apparatus of claim 1 wherein said temperature acquisition unit comprises a temperature sensor assembly and a signal conversion assembly.
7. A recirculating cooling water system comprising N fans and the fuzzy control apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein N is a positive integer and is 2 or more.
CN201921828849.2U 2019-10-29 2019-10-29 Fuzzy control device and circulating cooling water system comprising same Active CN211653426U (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113294374A (en) * 2021-07-27 2021-08-24 亿昇(天津)科技有限公司 Control method and control system of multi-online magnetic suspension blower

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113294374A (en) * 2021-07-27 2021-08-24 亿昇(天津)科技有限公司 Control method and control system of multi-online magnetic suspension blower

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