CN211535271U - Auxiliary getting-on and getting-off bed at bed tail - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model provides an auxiliary bed at the end of the bed, which comprises a front bed leg, a back bed leg, a bed frame connecting and supporting the front bed leg and the back bed leg, and a bed board placed on the bed frame, and the bed frame is sleeved with a bed frame. A sliding table, the front leg is provided with a first push rod, the first push rod is connected with the sliding table and pushes the sliding table to reciprocate along the bed frame, and the bed board is divided into an upper body board, thigh board and calf board, the upper body board and the thigh board, the thigh board and the calf board are connected by hinges, and the one end of the thigh board connected to the calf board is provided with a rotating shaft hinged on the sliding table, The sliding table is hinged with a pneumatic spring and a second push rod that push the upper body board and the thigh board to turn over. The bed end of the utility model assists in getting on and off the bed, which saves the step of turning around on the bed, and fundamentally solves the situation that the waist of the elderly may be injured due to the overturning of the upper body.

Description

A bed end assisting getting in and out of bed

technical field

The utility model relates to the technical field of mechanical equipment, in particular to a bed end assisting getting up and down a bed.

Background technique

In 2008, the National Bureau of Statistics released a data that the proportion of my country's population aged 65 and above reached 11.9%, and the proportion of the population aged 0-14 dropped to 16.9%, and the aging of the population continued to deepen. With the gradual deepening of the aging degree and the increasing social pressure in the modern society, young people have to bear more burdens. This phenomenon leads to limited time for young people to accompany the elderly, and the elderly spend more time alone. Due to the principle of age, the physical function of the elderly has declined significantly. In daily life for many years, many joints have certain pain due to wear and tear, such as shoulder joints, knee joints, etc., and the waist muscles are weakened and prone to strains. Important structures are also aging to a certain extent. Therefore, the daily living of the elderly when they are alone at home has become a problem that cannot be ignored, and it is more and more important to alleviate the pain of the elderly when they get out of bed or at other times.

At present, the existing folding beds on the market mainly use the method of getting on and off the bed on the side of the bed. The elderly still need to turn around after getting up from the bed. When getting up, the joint weakness and pain caused by aging knees still cannot be solved. In view of this, the applicant files this application.

Utility model content

The utility model discloses a bed end assisting getting in and out of bed, which is simple in structure and convenient in operation, and aims to solve the problem that the elderly people turn over when getting out of bed and easily causing waist sprain.

The utility model adopts the following scheme:

A bed end assisting getting in and out of bed, comprising a front bed leg, a back bed leg, a bed frame connecting and supporting the front bed leg and the back bed leg, a bed board placed on the bed frame, a sliding table is sleeved on the bed frame, and the A first push rod is arranged on the front leg of the bed, the first push rod is connected with the sliding table and pushes the sliding table to reciprocate along the bed frame, and the bed board is divided into an upper body board, a thigh board and a The calf board, the upper body board and the thigh board, the thigh board and the calf board are connected by hinges, and one end of the thigh board connected to the calf board is provided with a rotating shaft hinged on the sliding table, on the sliding table A pneumatic spring and a second push rod are hinged to push the upper body board and the thigh board to turn over.

As a further improvement, the top of the sliding table is provided with a supporting surface extending toward the end of the bed, the length of the supporting surface is greater than the thickness of the rear leg, and the hinge point between the thigh board and the sliding table is located on the supporting surface The length above and away from the sliding table is greater than the thickness of the rear leg.

As a further improvement, the height of the rear bed legs is the same as the height of the bed frame and the outer side of the top has an arc-shaped chamfer.

As a further improvement, the sliding table is further provided with a sliding wheel, and the sliding wheel is in contact with the bed frame to support the sliding table to reciprocate on the bed frame.

As a further improvement, the first push rod and the second push rod are electric push rods with self-locking devices.

As a further improvement, the calf board can be divided into an upper calf board and a lower calf board, and the upper calf board and the lower calf board are connected by a hinge.

As a further improvement, the rotating shaft and the thigh plate are integrally arranged and fixed on the sliding table through a fixing member, and a bearing sleeved over the rotating shaft is arranged in the fixing member.

As a further improvement, the rotating shaft passes through the thigh plate and has a gap with the through hole passing through the thigh plate, and the rotating shaft is fixed on the sliding table by a fixing member.

As a further improvement, armrests are provided on both sides of the thigh plate.

As a further improvement, the horizontal runout of the bed frame should be less than 2mm.

By adopting the above-mentioned technical scheme, the utility model can obtain the following technical effects:

1. By assisting in getting on and off the bed at the end of the bed, the step of turning around on the bed is omitted, which fundamentally solves the situation that the waist of the elderly may be injured due to the overturning of the upper body.

2. Through the arc-shaped chamfering of the back legs, the lower leg board can be buffered, and the calf board can be divided into multiple pieces, which can minimize the pain caused by the bending of the knee of the elderly. The upper body is adjusted by the pneumatic spring and the second push rod The slow lift of the plank and thigh plank allows the elderly to stand without causing pain due to excessive pressure on the knee.

3. The armrests on both sides can be used as a support when getting up, reduce the stress on the knees of the elderly, and can be used as a guardrail when falling asleep to prevent accidental falls, and improve the safety when using and the stability of getting up and standing.

Description of drawings

In order to illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, the accompanying drawings required in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, it should not be regarded as a limitation of the scope. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other related drawings can also be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the utility model in the initial state of lying flat;

Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the motion state of the present utility model;

Icons: 1. Front bed leg; 2. Back bed leg; 3. Bed frame; 4. Bed board; 5. First push rod; 6. Pneumatic spring; 7. Second push rod; 8. Armrest; 9. Fixing part; 31, sliding table; 41 upper body board; 42, thigh board; 43, calf board; 311, supporting surface; 431, upper calf board; 432, lower calf board.

Detailed ways

In order to make the purposes, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described The embodiments of the present invention are a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative work fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative work fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "Back", "Left", "Right", "Vertical", "Horizontal", "Top", "Bottom", "Inner", "Outer", "Clockwise", "Counterclockwise" etc. Or the positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, which is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation and operation, so it cannot be construed as a limitation to the present invention.

In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes, and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may expressly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "plurality" means two or more, unless otherwise expressly and specifically defined.

In the present utility model, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation", "connection", "connection", "fixed" and other terms should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it may be a fixed connection or a detachable connection Connection, or integration; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, and it can be the internal communication between the two elements or the interaction relationship between the two elements. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific situations.

In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, a first feature "on" or "under" a second feature may include the first and second features in direct contact, or may include the first and second features The features are not in direct contact but through additional features between them. Also, the first feature being "above", "over" and "above" the second feature includes the first feature being directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is level higher than the second feature. The first feature is "below", "below" and "below" the second feature includes the first feature being directly below and diagonally below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature has a lower level than the second feature.

Example

1 and 2 , the present embodiment provides an auxiliary bed at the end of the bed, including a front bed leg 1 , a rear bed leg 2 , a bed frame 3 and a bed board 4 , and the front bed leg 1 and the rear bed leg 2 pass through the bed frame 3 . Connected together, preferably, the bed frame 3 is two parallel opposite sides connected to the front bed leg 1 and the rear bed leg 2 respectively. It can be supported vertically, and the bed board 4 is placed on the bed frame 3 to form a stable bed that can be used for rest. In this embodiment, in order to save the step of turning around on the bed for the elderly and fundamentally solve the situation that the elderly may be injured due to the upper body turning over, a sliding table 31 is sleeved on the bed frame 3, and the sliding table Both sides of 31 are provided with sliding grooves for socketing the bed frame 3 , and the length of the sliding table 31 is less than that of the bed frame 3 , so that the sliding table 31 can reciprocate along the bed frame 3 . A first push rod 5 is provided in the middle of the front bed leg 1 , and the first push rod 5 is connected with the sliding table 31 and provides power to push the sliding table 31 to reciprocate along the bed frame 3 . The bed board 4 is divided into an upper body board 41, a thigh board 42 and a calf board 43. The upper body board 41 and the thigh board 42, the thigh board 42 and the calf board 43 are connected by hinges, and the sliding table 31 is hinged to push the upper body board 41 and the thigh board. 42 the overturned pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7, so that the upper body plate 41, the thigh plate 42 and the calf plate 43 are separated, so that different degrees of bending can be performed according to needs, reducing the damage to the elderly knee. In order to prevent the upper body board 41 and the thigh board 42 from being offset when the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 push the upper body board 41 and the thigh board 42, the bed board 4 is separated from the sliding table 31, and a hinge is provided at one end of the thigh board 42 connected to the calf board 43. On the rotating shaft of the sliding table 31, the thigh plate 42 is fixed on the sliding table 31 and can be rotated under the driving of external force. Through the cooperation of the telescopic motion of the first push rod 5, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7, the bed board 4 can be moved from a horizontal state to a state where the upper part is slightly bent, so that the elderly can go from lying flat to standing with their knees slightly bent to complete the action of getting out of bed. , or make the bed board 4 from the state of slightly bent knees at the upper part to the horizontal state, so as to let the elderly stand up from slightly bent knees to lying flat, so as to complete the going to bed.

Referring to FIG. 2 , preferably, the first push rod 5 can be fixed on the front bed leg 1 by riveting. When the first push rod 5 is retracted to the minimum, the sliding table 31 also has a certain gap from the front bed leg 1. This requires The length of the upper body plate 41 is extended forward, so that the upper body plate 41 can cover the gap between the two when viewed from the upper surface, so that the whole is more beautiful. Of course, it can also be fixed by bolt connection. In another embodiment, the first push rod 5 can also be fixed on the sliding table 31 , and the other end of the first push rod 5 is fixedly connected to the front bed leg 1 , so that the first push rod 5 can be extended and retracted at the same time. It can drive the sliding table 31 to reciprocate.

Further, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 are hinged on the middle platform of the sliding table 31. Preferably, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 are hinged on the middle of the sliding table 31 at the center of the position, so that the flip can be turned over. better strength. The pneumatic spring 6 is connected to the upper body plate 41, and the second push rod 7 is connected to the thigh plate 42. When the upper body plate 41 and the thigh plate 42 are in a horizontal state, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 are both in a vertical state. Of course, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 are retracted to the minimum state, and their heights are not greater than the height they are placed in the sliding table 31, so that the upper body plate 41 and the thigh plate 42 can abut on the sliding table 31 horizontally, not The pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 are supported horizontally, which can ensure the safety of the elderly when they lie down. When the second push rod 7 pushes the upper body plate 42 to turn over, it will drive the pneumatic spring 6 to push the upper body plate 41 to turn over. , so that the two are in a state of equilibrium. Preferably, the connection point between the pneumatic spring 6 and the upper body plate 41 should be close to the front end of the upper body plate 41, and the same connection point between the second push rod 7 and the thigh plate 42 should be close to the front end of the thigh plate 42, so that the pneumatic spring 6 and the upper body plate 42 should be connected to each other. When the second push rod 7 is stretched and retracted, the upper body plate 41 and the thigh plate 42 are turned relatively slowly, and will not be turned too large to cause damage to the waist of the elderly.

2, the sliding table 31 is pushed by the first push rod 5 to slide toward the end of the bed, the sliding groove of the sliding table 31 will not be able to slide after touching the rear leg 2, and if the connection between the thigh board 42 and the calf board 43 slides On the platform 31, then the calf plate 43 must not be in the vertical direction, which will affect the standing of the calf, so that the knees of the elderly need some bending, which will cause excessive pressure on the knees and cause pain. There is a support surface 311 extending toward the end of the bed, the length of the support surface 311 is greater than the thickness of the rear leg 2, the hinge point between the thigh plate 42 and the sliding table 31 is located on the supporting surface 311 and the length from the sliding table 31 is greater than that of the rear leg 2. When the sliding table 31 is in contact with the rear leg 2, the position of the hinge point is located on the outside of the rear leg 2. At this time, the lower leg plate 43 can be completely vertically downward under the action of gravity, so that the lower leg can be completely stepped on. floor.

It should be noted that when the first push rod 5 pushes the sliding table 31 to slide toward the end of the bed, the sliding table 31 drives the bed plate 4 hinged on the sliding table 31 through the thigh plate 42 to slide to the end of the bed together, because the tail of the thigh plate 42 is hinged at the end of the bed. On the supporting surface 311 extending from the rear of the sliding table 31, the calf board 43 can only be supported on the bed frame 3. It can be seen that if the thickness of the calf board 43 is the same as the thigh board 42, it will go down when the thigh board 42 is in a horizontal position. Tilt to the bed frame 3 for support, so that the knees of the elderly will bend when resting, which will cause pressure for a long time. For this reason, the thickness of the calf board 43 should be set as the thickness of the thigh board 42 plus the thickness of the top of the sliding table 31. And in order to make the calf board 43 be supported on the bed frame 3 in a horizontal state, the front end of the calf board 43 needs to be provided with an escape portion for the support surface 311 of the sliding table 31, so that the support surface 311 has sufficient strength to support the thigh board 42 and the upper body. Inversion of plate 41. In order to enable the bed board 4 to move outward, the height of the rear bed legs 2 cannot exceed the height of the sliding table 31 from the ground. There is no obstacle when the calf board 43 moves outward. When the first push rod 5 pushes the sliding table 31 to slide toward the end of the bed, the calf board 43 will extend out of the bed frame 3 and the back leg 2, and will tilt downward under the action of gravity. When the calf board 43 is completely extended out of the rear leg 2 and is in a vertical state under the action of gravity, in order to buffer the fall of the calf board 43 and reduce the pain caused by the bending of the knee of the elderly to the greatest extent, an arc is provided on the outer side of the rear leg 2 For chamfering, you can do a downward movement with its axis to gradually bend the calf on it, so as to achieve the purpose of slowly bending the calf and stepping on the ground. Preferably, the calf board 43 can be divided into an upper calf board 431 and a lower calf board 432, and the two are connected by hinges, so that buffering can be performed in sections, which is more conducive to reducing more pressure on knee bending. Of course, the lower leg panel 43 can also be divided into more small panels that are hinged together.

In this embodiment, in order to reduce the frictional force of the first push rod 5 pushing the sliding table 31, a sliding wheel can be provided in the sliding table 31, the sliding wheel is in contact with the bed frame 3, and the sliding table 31 is supported by the sliding wheel to make it Reciprocating motion is performed on the bed frame 3 , when the sliding table 31 is pushed, the sliding wheel can realize autorotation, thereby reducing the thrust for pushing the sliding table 31 .

In this embodiment, the pneumatic spring 6 supports the upper body plate 41 by its own properties, and does not act as an electric control power source to fully support the upper body plate 41 by thrust, but only relies on the user's own weight and the working force of the pneumatic spring 6 . The size relationship between the two assists the second push rod 7 to lift and lower the upper body plate 41 . Since there is a damper in the pneumatic spring 6, its resistance changes with the running speed, which can obviously buffer the speed of the connected mechanism, which just meets the requirement that the elderly need to get up slowly. In order to prevent interference and jamming of the pneumatic spring 6, which will affect the normal rotation and make it impossible to reach the predetermined position, it is necessary to select materials with high precision and good sealing performance.

In this embodiment, the first push rod 5 and the second push rod 7 are electric push rods with a self-locking device, and the push rods can keep the upper body plate 41 , the thigh plate 42 and the calf plate 43 when they are not working through self-locking The static stability increases the safety of use. It should be noted that the first push rod 5 and the second push rod 7 are both electrically connected to a control system, and the telescopic movement of the first push rod 5 and the second push rod 7 is controlled by the control system to realize the auxiliary up and down at the end of the bed. How to connect and control the bed is a conventional method, and will not be repeated here.

In this embodiment, the rotating shaft provided on the thigh plate 42 can be integrally arranged with the thigh plate 42, and the rotating shaft is fixed on the sliding table 31 by the fixing member 9, and the fixing member 9 is provided with a bearing sleeved on the rotating shaft, so that the second When the push rod 7 applies a thrust to turn the thigh plate 42 over, it can rotate with the axis of the rotation shaft as the rotation axis, so that the rotation shaft and the thigh plate 42 are turned over together. In another embodiment, the rotating shaft provided on the thigh plate 42 may transversely pass through the thigh plate 42 and have a gap with the through hole for penetrating the thigh plate 42 , and the rotating shaft is fixed on the sliding table 31 by the fixing member 9 , when the second push rod 7 exerts a thrust to turn the thigh plate 42 over, the thigh plate 42 will be overturned with the axis of the rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft at this time is fixed and will not be overturned with the thigh plate 42 .

In this embodiment, handrails 8 can also be provided on both sides of the bed board 4, preferably, handrails 8 are provided on both sides of the thigh board 42, and the handrails 8 on both sides can be used as a support when getting up, reducing the knees of the elderly. It can also be used as a guardrail when falling asleep, preventing accidental falling, and improving the safety in use and the stability of getting up and standing.

In this embodiment, the horizontal runout of the bed frame 3 should be less than 1 mm, which can keep the sliding stability of the sliding table 31 .

The utility model realizes the method for assisting getting out of bed at the end of the bed as follows:

1) Control the first push rod 5 to work, push the sliding table 31 to slide toward the end of the bed, and the thigh plate 42 hinged on it moves to the end of the bed, which drives the upper body plate 41 and the calf plate 43 to move. The plate 43 will be slowly lowered to the vertical position along the curved chamfer of the rear leg 2 under the action of gravity;

2) when controlling the first push rod 5 to work, also control the second push rod 7 to start simultaneously, lift the thigh plate 42 at a certain speed, and make the thigh plate 42 turn over a certain angle;

3) When the second push rod 7 pushes the thigh plate 42, due to the change of the angle, the pressure of the human body on the pneumatic spring 6 is changed, and at the same time, the upper body plate 41 is pushed up until the upper body plate 41 is turned over to reach the desired height. set location.

4) The pneumatic spring 6 pushes and slowly pushes the second push rod 7 at the same time until the elderly stand with their knees slightly bent, and the lifting work is completed, which can be supported by the handrail 8 and then stand.

After the action is completed, the first push rod 5, the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7 will be self-locked to stabilize the components and prevent them from falling or sliding. The action of going to bed is carried out in the reverse motion of the above steps.

To sum up, for getting out of bed, through the elongation of the first push rod 5, the second push rod 7 pushes up the hips of the elderly at a certain angle, and then through the push of the pneumatic spring 6 and the second push rod 7, the sitting The elderly standing at the end of the bed have already achieved the standing action of slightly bending their knees on the bottom surface of the end of the bed, and then stand up after being supported by the armrest 8, that is, the requirement of getting out of bed at the end of the bed is realized.

For going to bed, the elderly sit on the inclined thigh board 42, back against the upper body board 41, and hold the armrest 8 with both hands. First, the second push rod 7 performs a contraction movement, and the change of the angle and the weight of the body together drive the pneumatic spring 6. The contraction is changed from standing position to sitting position, and then the pneumatic spring 6 is contracted to become the lying position with the lower leg lowered. Finally, the first push rod 5 is contracted, and the calf plate 43 gradually becomes a horizontal state, driving the calf until the elderly lie flat on their back. On the bed board 4, the bed-up action from standing at the end of the bed to lying down is realized.

Based on the above, the present invention is used for the independent bed end assisting getting in and out of bed for the elderly, and the control system (not shown in the figure) can be arranged on the armrest 8, or the place where the hand can be touched under various conditions, these are conventional means, which will not be repeated here.

The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present utility model, and the protection scope of the present utility model is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and all technical solutions under the idea of the present utility model belong to the protection scope of the present utility model.

Claims (10)

1. A bed end assisting getting in and out of bed, comprising a front bed leg (1), a rear bed leg (2), a bed frame (3) connecting and supporting the front bed leg (1) and the back bed leg (2), a bed frame (3) placed on the bed frame (3) The bed board (4), characterized in that the bed frame (3) is sleeved with a sliding table (31), and the front bed leg (1) is provided with a first push rod (5), The first push rod (5) is connected with the sliding table (31) and pushes the sliding table (31) to reciprocate along the bed frame (3), and the bed board (4) is divided into an upper body board (41), a thigh board (42) and a calf board (43), the upper body board (41) and the thigh board (42), the thigh board (42) and the calf board (43) are connected by hinges, and the thigh board (42) is connected with the calf board (43). One end of the plate (42) connected to the calf plate (43) is provided with a rotating shaft hinged to the sliding table (31), and the sliding table (31) is hinged to push the upper body plate (41) and the thigh plate (42) The overturned pneumatic spring (6) and the second push rod (7). 2 . The bed end assisting getting up and down the bed according to claim 1 , wherein the top of the sliding table ( 31 ) is provided with a support surface ( 311 ) extending toward the bed end, and the length of the support surface ( 311 ) is greater than that of the bed end. 3 . The thickness of the rear leg (2), the hinge point of the thigh board (42) and the sliding table (31) is located on the supporting surface (311) and the length from the sliding table (31) is greater than The thickness of the rear bed legs (2). 3 . The bed end assisting getting in and out of bed according to claim 1 , wherein the height of the rear bed legs ( 2 ) is the same as the height of the bed frame ( 3 ) and the outer side of the top has an arc-shaped chamfer. 4 . 4 . The bed end assisting getting up and down the bed according to claim 1 , wherein the sliding table ( 31 ) is further provided with a sliding wheel, and the sliding wheel is in contact with the bed frame ( 3 ) to support. 5 . The sliding table (31) reciprocates on the bed frame (3). 5 . The bed end assisting getting in and out of bed according to claim 1 , wherein the first push rod ( 5 ) and the second push rod ( 7 ) are electric push rods with a self-locking device. 6 . 6. A bed end assisting getting on and off the bed according to claim 1, wherein the calf board (43) can be divided into an upper calf board (431) and a lower calf board (432), and the upper calf board (432) 431) and the lower calf plate (432) are connected by hinges. 7 . The auxiliary bed at the end of the bed according to claim 1 , wherein the rotating shaft and the thigh plate ( 42 ) are integrally provided and fixed on the sliding table ( 31 ) by a fixing member ( 9 ). 8 . , the fixing member (9) is provided with a bearing sleeved with the rotating shaft. 8 . The auxiliary bed at the end of the bed according to claim 1 , wherein the rotating shaft passes through the thigh plate ( 42 ) and has a gap with the through hole passing through the thigh plate ( 42 ). The rotating shaft is fixed on the sliding table (31) through a fixing member (9). 9 . The auxiliary bed at the end of the bed according to claim 1 , wherein handrails ( 8 ) are provided on both sides of the thigh board ( 42 ). 10 . 10 . The bed end assisting getting on and off the bed according to claim 1 , wherein the horizontal jump of the bed frame ( 3 ) should be less than 1 mm. 11 .

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