CN210846797U

CN210846797U - Horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator

Info

Publication number: CN210846797U
Application number: CN201921683953.7U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄晓卫; 马双; 陈启远; 黄晓军; 王景花; 黄毅忱; 孟祥林; 劳家仁; 张丽
Original assignee: Shanghai Zhuoxuan Chemical Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Shanghai Zhuoxuan Chemical Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2019-10-10
Filing date: 2019-10-10
Publication date: 2020-06-26
Anticipated expiration: 2029-10-10

Abstract

The utility model discloses a horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator, which comprises an exhaust port (1), a central tube (2), a middle sealing head (3), a middle cylinder body (4), a spiral belt (5), a left large sealing head (6), a volute outlet (7), an outer cylinder body (8), a guide double cone (9), a fixed ring plate (11), a right large sealing head (12), a reflection cone component (13), a vortex-proof component (14), an ash discharge port (15), an ash bucket (16), an annular sealing plate (17) and an air inlet (22); the utility model discloses can the at utmost reduce the interference to the inside flow field of cyclone, avoid the dust to smuggle secretly and back-mix at the air current of "interior whirl" and "outer whirl" turn department, improved the efficiency of cyclone entrapment dust granule or liquid drop by a wide margin, have the separation efficiency who is not less than the high-efficient cyclone of vertical structure, separation efficiency can improve 0.2 ~ 2.3%, and total resistance can reduce about 3.0 ~ 11.0%.

Description

Horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a device for gas-solid or gas-liquid separation especially relates to a horizontal high-efficient cyclone.

Background

Cyclone separator is used in heterogeneous separation in chemical engineering and is one kind of dry gas-solid separator to separate dust from airflow by means of the centrifugal force produced during high speed rotation of gaseous heterogeneous system. As the centrifugal force borne by the particles is far greater than the gravity force and the inertia force, the minimum particle size of the cyclone separator which can economically separate the particles can reach 5-10 mu m. In addition, the cyclone separator has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation and maintenance, stable performance, no limitation of concentration, temperature, physical property and the like of dust-containing gas, and low manufacturing cost, so the cyclone separator is widely applied to industrial production of petroleum, chemical industry, coal, electric power, environmental protection, metallurgy and the like. Cyclone separators are generally of the vertical type, i.e. the cylinder of the separator is arranged vertically, mainly to facilitate discharge of the material. When the amount of gas processed by the cyclone separator is large, a very large height space is needed to meet the requirement, and sometimes the requirement cannot be met, for example, the height of a vehicle-mounted mobile cyclone separator is strictly limited due to the height limit of national roads, and the design scheme of the vertical cyclone separator cannot be realized at all; for another example, the height of part of building floor is limited and is not allowed to be damaged, the air inlet connecting pipe, the air outlet connecting pipe and the material outlet connecting pipe of the vertical cyclone separator all need a certain height, and at this time, the design of the vertical cyclone separator is often not feasible.

The operation of the cyclone separator is mainly based on the action of centrifugal force and gravity, and when dusty airflow enters the vertical cyclone dust collector from the air inlet pipe at the speed of 12-25 m/s, the airflow changes from linear motion into circular motion. The majority of the rotating gas flow spirally flows down the cylinder along the wall and towards the cone, which is commonly referred to as "outer swirl". The dust-containing gas generates centrifugal force in the rotating process, and dust particles with density higher than that of the gas are thrown to the wall of the device. Once in contact with the wall, the dust particles lose their inertia and fall down the wall by the momentum of the inlet velocity and downward gravity, entering the dust discharge pipe. When the rotating and descending outward rotating airflow reaches the cone, the outward rotating airflow is closed to the center of the dust remover due to the conical contraction. According to the principle of constant rotation moment, the tangential speed of the rotor is continuously improved. When the airflow reaches a certain position at the lower end of the cone, the airflow continuously flows spirally from bottom to top from the middle part of the cyclone dust collector in the same rotating direction, namely, the airflow is internally swirled. Finally, the purified gas is discharged out of the device through the exhaust pipe, and a part of dust particles which are not captured escape from the device.

The airflow movement in the cyclone separator is very complex and belongs to the strong cyclone of three-dimensional turbulence, and the structural form of the cyclone separator directly influences the separation performance. The secondary vortex is commonly existed in the cyclone separator and is composed of an axial speed Vz and a radial speed Vr, the secondary vortex has a large influence on the performance of the cyclone separator, particularly on the separation efficiency, and the secondary vortices influencing the cyclone efficiency are mainly concentrated on the head part of the cyclone (namely the part above the cyclone cylinder), such as upper vortex (or called short-circuit flow), "longitudinal vortex" and "local vortex in the outer layer cyclone".

Theoretically, the horizontal structure of the cyclone separator is feasible, and the problem is mainly focused on how to discharge the dust particles thrown by centrifugal force to the wall of the separator. The solution adopted in engineering is to bend the cone downwards by 90 degrees gradually (commonly called as 'bull horn bend' or 'shrimp bend'), which is common in the dust removing equipment of small boiler flue gas in the early stage. However, the cyclone separation efficiency is obviously reduced in the scheme, and the mode that the cone bends downwards by an angle of 90 degrees greatly disturbs the flow field in the separator, so that dust is easily entrained and backmixed at the turning point of the inner cyclone and the outer cyclone.

Chinese utility model patent ZL 201610062580.6 discloses a take horizontal circulation cyclone of draft tube, by the cylinder that the level was arranged, with the draft tube of cylinder with the axle center, spiral case formula intake pipe, two end cover, two blast pipes, two divide dirt pipe and two dust exhaust pipe to constitute, solved the intake pipe mouth and divided the problem that the dirt was easily formed the short-circuit and is flowed between the pipe. However, this horizontal solution also has several significant drawbacks: 1) the gas outlet needs to be connected with two exhaust pipes, and the connecting pipeline is too complex; 2) two sets of ash discharge pipes are required to be connected to ash discharge of the separator, namely two sets of ash discharge valve systems are required, so that the equipment cost is increased; 3) the separator is not suitable for the working condition of gas pressure; 4) The separator does not solve the problem of air flow entrainment and back mixing of dust at the turning point of the inner rotational flow and the outer rotational flow, namely the inner rotational flow of the structure can entrain a large amount of dust into the guide cylinder and bring the dust out of the exhaust pipe.

Chinese utility model patent ZL 201410027461.8 discloses a horizontal gas-solid cyclone separator, comprises gas-solid two-phase flow import, gas outlet, separator barrel, separator cone, solid dust collecting box. Can greatly reduce the height of the flue gas outlet, shorten the length of the flue gas outlet pipeline, and has compact structure and smaller resistance. However, the horizontal gas-solid cyclone separator also has several obvious defects: 1) because the bottom of the horizontal cylinder is provided with the strip-shaped larger slotted hole, the internal flow field (namely 'main cyclone', including 'outer cyclone' and 'inner cyclone') of the separator is damaged, the main separation mechanism is only similar to that of the guide baffle type gravity separator, and the separation efficiency is greatly reduced; 2) the solid dust collecting box occupies a larger height space, and is particularly obvious in the working condition of larger gas handling capacity; 3) the separator is not suitable for the working condition of gas pressure.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

An object of the utility model is to provide a horizontal high-efficient cyclone adopts horizontal structure, satisfies the use of highly restricted operating mode occasion to can follow and take the pressure to separate dust particle or liquid drop in the gas, and improve separation efficiency greatly.

The utility model discloses a realize like this:

a horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator comprises an air exhaust port, a central pipe, a middle seal head, a middle cylinder body, a spiral belt, a left large seal head, a volute outlet, an outer cylinder body, a guide double cone, a fixed ring plate, a right large seal head, a reflection cone assembly, a vortex-preventing assembly, an ash discharge port, an ash bucket, an annular seal plate and an air inlet; the middle sealing head is arranged at one end of the middle cylinder, the air inlet is vertically connected with one end of the middle cylinder, the other end of the middle cylinder is sealed by the annular sealing plate and inserted into one end of the outer cylinder, and a plurality of volute outlets are respectively arranged between the other end of the middle cylinder and the outer cylinder at intervals, so that the middle cylinder is communicated with the outer cylinder through the volute outlets; the central tube is arranged in the middle cylinder body, one end of the central tube extends to the outside of one end of the outer cylinder body and is connected with the exhaust port, and the other end of the central tube penetrates through the annular closing plate and extends into one end of the outer cylinder body; the spiral belt is arranged between the central pipe and the middle cylinder body, and the central pipe is communicated with the middle cylinder body through the spiral belt; the two ends of the outer cylinder are respectively sealed by a left large end socket and a right large end socket, the reflection cone assembly is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder and is fixedly connected with the right large end socket, the vortex prevention assembly is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder through a fixed ring plate, one end of the reflection cone assembly is inserted into the vortex prevention assembly, and an annular gap is reserved between the reflection cone assembly and the vortex prevention assembly; the guide double cone is arranged in the outer cylinder body, one end of the vortex-preventing component is inserted into the guide double cone, and an annular gap is reserved between the vortex-preventing component and the guide double cone; the ash bucket is arranged at the bottom of the other end of the outer cylinder and communicated with the outer cylinder, and the ash discharge port is positioned at the bottom of the ash bucket.

The central tube, the middle seal head, the middle cylinder body, the spiral band, the left large seal head, the outer cylinder body, the guide double cones, the fixed ring plate, the right large seal head, the reflection cone assembly vortex-proof assembly and the annular sealing plate are coaxially arranged.

The volute outlets are symmetrically arranged in the outer barrel body relative to the central axis of the middle barrel body, each volute outlet comprises a volute bottom plate, a volute plate and a volute top plate, the volute bottom plates, the two volute plates and the volute top plate are connected to form an obliquely arranged tubular outlet, an acute included angle formed between each volute bottom plate and the corresponding volute top plate and a horizontal plane ranges from 30 degrees to 75 degrees, and the length-width ratio of the cross section of each volute outlet ranges from 1.5 degrees to 3.0 degrees.

The spiral belt is an equidistant spiral structure formed by sequentially connecting a plurality of spiral sheets, the rotating direction of the spiral belt is consistent with the inclined direction of the volute outlet, and the range of the ratio of the pitch of the spiral belt to the diameter of the central pipe is 0.8-1.5.

The guide double cone comprises a front cone and a rear cone, the front cone is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small rear part, the rear cone is of a conical structure with a small front part and a large rear part, the rear end of the front cone and the front end of the rear cone are in equal diameter and are coaxially welded, the included angle between the cone bus of the front cone and the horizontal line ranges from 8 degrees to 30 degrees, and the included angle between the cone bus of the rear cone and the horizontal line ranges from 45 degrees to 80 degrees; the ratio of the diameter of the small end of the guide double cone to the diameter of the outer cylinder body ranges from 0.25 to 0.6; the ratio of the distance between the front end of the front cone and the front end of the outer cylinder to the diameter of the outer cylinder ranges from 1.8 to 2.5.

The vortex-preventing assembly comprises a vortex-preventing cone and a vortex-preventing cylinder, wherein the vortex-preventing cone is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small back part, the front end of the vortex-preventing cylinder is coaxially connected to the middle part of the vortex-preventing cone (141), the included angle between a cone generatrix of the vortex-preventing cone and a horizontal line is 8-30 degrees, the depth of the vortex-preventing assembly inserted into a guide double cone is (D0-D3)/(2tg β) + 0-100, wherein D0 is the diameter of an outer cylinder, D3 is the small end diameter of the guide double cone, β is the included angle between the cone generatrix of the back cone of the guide double cone and the horizontal line, the ratio of the large end diameter of the vortex-preventing cone to the small end diameter of the guide double cone is 0.65-0.9, and the ratio of the total length of the vortex-preventing assembly to the depth of the vortex-preventing assembly inserted into the guide double cone is 2..

The reflecting cone assembly comprises a reflecting cone, a circular plate and a circular tube; one end of the circular tube is sealed by a circular plate and is coaxially connected with the reflection cone, and the other end of the circular tube is fixed on the right large sealing head; the reflecting cone is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small back part, and is inserted into the vortex prevention cylinder of the vortex prevention assembly; the included angle between the cone generatrix of the reflecting cone and the horizontal line is 8-30 degrees; the depth range of the reflection cone inserted into the vortex prevention cylinder is 50-200 mm; the ratio of the diameter of the large end of the reflection cone to the inner diameter of the vortex breaker is in the range of 0.65-0.9.

The ratio of the diameter of the middle cylinder to the diameter of the outer cylinder ranges from 0.55 to 0.80; the ratio of the depth of the middle cylinder body inserted into the outer cylinder body to the diameter of the outer cylinder body ranges from 0.5 to 1.0.

The other end of the central tube is circumferentially provided with a plurality of slotted holes, the length direction of each slotted hole is parallel to the axial direction of the central tube, the length of each slotted hole is h7, the width of each slotted hole is z, and m × h7 × z is 0.125 × pi × (D2)²D2 is the diameter of the central tube, and m is the number of slotted holes; the ratio of the diameter of the central tube to the diameter of the middle cylinder body ranges from 0.45 to 0.70, and the ratio of the depth of the central tube inserted into the outer cylinder body to the diameter of the outer cylinder body ranges from 1.0 to 1.5; the caliber of the air inlet is consistent with the diameter of the central tube.

The fixed ring plate is of a circular ring structure, the lower part of the fixed ring plate is provided with a slotted hole, the slotted hole and the fixed ring plate are concentrically arranged, and the included angle range of the slotted hole is 15-30 degrees.

Compared with the prior art, the utility model, following beneficial effect has:

1. the utility model discloses horizontal high-efficient cyclone has solved current horizontal cyclone through succinct structure and has arranged the difficult problem of material, has adopted the whirlwind head structure that radial air inlet mode and the axial symmetry's of high-efficient separation characteristic spiral case export constitutes simultaneously, makes the utility model discloses have the separation efficiency that is not less than vertical structure's high-efficient cyclone: under the same process conditions, compared with the prior art, adopt the utility model discloses horizontal high-efficient cyclone's separation efficiency can improve 0.2 ~ 2.3%, and total resistance can reduce about 3.0 ~ 11.0%.

2. The utility model discloses a direction bipyramid, vortex-proof subassembly and reflection awl subassembly's afterbody structure, the at utmost reduces the interference to the inside flow field of cyclone, avoids the air current of dust at "interior whirl" and "outer whirl" turn department smugglies secretly and backmixes, has improved the efficiency of cyclone separation entrapment dust granule or liquid drop by a wide margin.

3. The utility model discloses horizontal high-efficient cyclone has that space height is low, simple to operate, maintenance are simple, high-efficient low resistance, operation elasticity are big, strong adaptability and cost a great deal of advantage such as lower, applicable operating mode occasion in gaseous area.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the outer cylinder in example 1 of the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an outer cylinder in embodiment 2 of the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a front view of the spiral belt of the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of the slotted holes in the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the guiding double cone in the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a reflection cone assembly in the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the vortex breaker assembly of the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a front view of a stationary ring plate in the horizontal high efficiency cyclone of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a graph comparing the separation efficiency of the horizontal high efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention with that of the prior art separator;

fig. 12 is a graph comparing the resistance drop of the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention with that of the prior art separator.

In the figure, 1 exhaust port, 2 central pipe, 201 slotted hole, 3 middle head, 4 middle barrel, 5 helical band, 51 helical blade, 6 left big head, 7 volute outlet, 8 outer barrel, 9 guide double cone, 91 front cone, 92 rear cone, 10 access hole, 11 fixed ring plate, 111 slotted hole, 12 right big head, 13 reflection cone component, 131 reflection cone, 132 round plate, 133 round pipe, 14 vortex-proof component, 141 vortex-proof cone, 142 vortex-proof barrel, 15 ash discharge hole, 16 ash bucket, 17 annular closing plate, 18 saddle, 19 volute bottom plate, 20 volute shell plate, 21 volute top plate, 22 air inlet.

Detailed Description

The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.

Referring to the attached

drawings

1 and 2, the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator comprises an exhaust port 1, a central pipe 2, a middle seal head 3, a middle cylinder 4, a spiral belt 5, a left large seal head 6, a volute outlet 7, an outer cylinder 8, a guide double cone 9, a fixed ring plate 11, a right large seal head 12, a reflection cone assembly 13, a vortex prevention assembly 14, an ash discharge port 15, an ash bucket 16, an annular seal plate 17 and an air inlet 22; the middle sealing head 3 is arranged at one end of the middle cylinder 4, the air inlet 22 is vertically connected with one end of the middle cylinder 4, the other end of the middle cylinder 4 is sealed by the annular sealing plate 17 and inserted into one end of the outer cylinder 8, and the plurality of volute outlets 7 are respectively arranged between the other end of the middle cylinder 4 and the outer cylinder 8 at intervals, so that the middle cylinder 4 is communicated with the outer cylinder 8 through the volute outlets 7; the central tube 2 is arranged in the middle cylinder body 4, one end of the central tube 2 extends to the outside of one end of the outer cylinder body 8 and is connected with the exhaust port 1, and the other end of the central tube 2 penetrates through the annular closing plate 17 and extends to the inside of one end of the outer cylinder body 8; the spiral belt 5 is arranged between the central pipe 2 and the middle cylinder 4, and the central pipe 2 is communicated with the middle cylinder 4 through the spiral belt 5; the two ends of the outer cylinder 8 are respectively sealed by a left large end socket 6 and a right large end socket 12, a reflection cone assembly 13 is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder 8 and is connected and fixed with the right large end socket 12, a vortex prevention assembly 14 is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder 8 through a fixed ring plate 11, one end of the reflection cone assembly 13 is inserted into the vortex prevention assembly 14, and an annular gap is reserved between the reflection cone assembly 13 and the vortex prevention assembly 14; the guide double cone 9 is arranged in the outer cylinder body 8, one end of the vortex-preventing component 14 is inserted into the guide double cone 9, and an annular gap is reserved between the vortex-preventing component 14 and the guide double cone 9; the ash bucket 16 is arranged at the bottom of the other end of the outer cylinder 8 and is communicated with the outer cylinder 8, and the ash discharge port 15 is positioned at the bottom of the ash bucket 16.

The central tube 2, the middle sealing head 3, the middle cylinder 4, the spiral band 5, the left large sealing head 6, the outer cylinder 8, the guide double cones 9, the fixed ring plate 11, the right large sealing head 12, the reflection cone assembly 13 vortex prevention assembly 14 and the annular sealing plate 17 are coaxially arranged.

Referring to fig. 3 and 4, the volute outlet 7 includes a volute bottom plate 19, a volute plate 20 and a volute top plate 21, the volute bottom plate 19, the two volute plates 20 and the volute top plate 21 are connected to form an inclined tubular outlet, and an acute included angle γ is formed between the volute bottom plate 19 and the volute top plate 21 and a horizontal plane. Preferably, the acute angle γ is in the range of 30 to 75 °, and the ratio of the length b to the width a of the cross-section of the volute outlet 7 is in the range of b/a 1.5 to 3.0.

The volute outlets 7 are symmetrically arranged in the outer cylinder 8 relative to the central axis of the middle cylinder 4, and the number of the volute outlets 7 is 2-4. The distribution structure of the volute outlet 7 enables the cyclone inlet airflow distribution rule to accord with quasi-free vortex (V theta/r is Const), namely the inlet airflow is promoted to tend to stable circular motion, so that the outer layer airflow close to the wall of the separator can be prevented from flowing inwards, the dust particles are prevented from being blocked from flowing to the central tube 2, the 'upper vortex' and the 'longitudinal vortex' are greatly reduced, and the separation efficiency is improved.

Referring to fig. 5, the spiral belt 5 is an equidistant spiral structure formed by connecting a plurality of spiral sheets 51 in sequence, and the rotation direction of the spiral belt 5 is consistent with the inclination direction of the volute outlet 7. Preferably, the number of spiral blades 51 is preferably 3 to 8, and the ratio of the pitch w of the spiral strip 5 to the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 ranges from 0.8 to 1.5 w/D2.

Referring to fig. 7, the guiding double cone 9 comprises a front cone 91 and a rear cone 92, the front cone 91 is of a cone structure with a large front part and a small rear part, the rear cone 92 is of a cone structure with a small front part and a large rear part, and the rear end of the front cone 91 is in equal diameter and coaxially welded with the front end of the rear cone 92. preferably, the guiding double cone 9 is arranged in the rear area of the outer cylinder 8, the included angle between the generatrix of the front cone 91 and the horizontal line is α, α 1 and 8-30 degrees, the included angle between the generatrix of the rear cone 92 and the horizontal line is β and 45-80 degrees, the ratio between the diameter D3 of the small end of the guiding double cone 9 (i.e. the rear end of the front cone 91 and the front end of the rear cone 92) and the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 ranges from D3/D0 to 0.25-0.6, and the ratio between the distance h3 of the front end of the front cone 91 and the front end of the outer cylinder 8 and the diameter D2 of the outer cylinder 8 ranges from D3/3 to 3.4934.8295.

Referring to fig. 9, the vortex breaker assembly 14 includes a vortex breaker cone 141 and a vortex breaker 142, the vortex breaker cone 141 is a cone structure with a large front part and a small rear part, and a front end of the vortex breaker 142 is coaxially connected to a middle part of the vortex breaker cone 141. preferably, an included angle between a cone generatrix of the vortex breaker cone 141 and a horizontal line is α and α degrees, the depth of the vortex breaker assembly 14 inserted into the guide double cone 9 is h4, and the insertion depth h4 satisfies a ratio of (D0-D3)/(2tg β) + 0-100 (mm). the ratio of a large end diameter D4 of the vortex breaker cone 141 to a small end D3 of the guide double cone 9 (i.e., a rear end of the front cone 91 and a front end of the rear cone 92) is D4/D3 ═ 0.65-0.9, and the ratio of a total length h5 of the vortex breaker assembly 14 to the insertion depth h3 is h5/h 465-7375.7375.

Referring to fig. 8, the reflecting cone assembly 13 includes a reflecting cone 131, a circular plate 132 and a circular tube 133, one end of the circular tube 133 is closed by the circular plate 132 and is coaxially connected with the reflecting cone 131, the other end of the circular tube 133 is fixed on the right large end enclosure 12, the reflecting cone 131 is in a tapered structure with a large front part and a small rear part, the reflecting cone 131 is inserted into the vortex preventing cylinder 142 of the vortex preventing assembly 14, preferably, an included angle between a cone generatrix of the reflecting cone 131 and a horizontal line is α degrees and α degrees is 8-30 degrees, a depth of the reflecting cone 131 inserted into the vortex preventing cylinder 142 is h6, an insertion depth h6 is 50-200mm, and a ratio of a large end diameter D6 of the reflecting cone 131 to an inner diameter D5 of the vortex preventing cylinder 142 is D6/D5 is 0.65-0.9.

The ratio of the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 ranges from D1/D0 to 0.55-0.80; the depth of the middle cylinder 4 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 is h1, and the ratio of the insertion depth h1 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 ranges from h1/D0 to 0.5-1.0.

Referring to fig. 6, the other end of the central tube 2 is circumferentially provided with a plurality of slotted holes 201, the length direction of the slotted holes 201 is parallel to the axial direction of the central tube 2, preferably, the slotted holes 201 have a length h7 and a width z, and m × h7 × z is 0.125 × pi × (D2)²Wherein m is the number of the slotted holes 201.

The ratio of the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 to the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 ranges from D2/D1 to 0.45-0.70, the depth of the central tube 2 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 is h2, and the ratio of the insertion depth h2 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 ranges from h2/D0 to 1.0-1.5.

The aperture of the air inlet 22 is consistent with the diameter D2 of the central tube 2.

Referring to fig. 10, the fixed ring plate 11 is a circular ring structure, and the lower portion of the fixed ring plate 11 is provided with a slot 111, the slot 111 and the fixed ring plate 11 are concentrically arranged, preferably, an included angle of the slot 111 is δ, and a value range of δ is 15-30 °.

The outer cylinder 8 is fixedly installed through a pair of saddles 18, wherein one saddle 18 is fixedly connected with the outer cylinder 8, and the other saddle 18 is slidably connected with the outer cylinder 8, so that the distance between the two saddles 18 can be adjusted, and the support stability of the pair of saddles 18 to the outer cylinder 8 is ensured.

The upper part of the ash bucket 16 is a tapered square tube structure, and the lower part of the ash bucket 16 is a round tube structure, so that a square-to-round smooth transition ash bucket structure is formed.

The utility model discloses horizontal high-efficient cyclone's theory of operation is: the gas containing impurities is introduced into the separator through the gas inlet 22 in a radial gas inlet mode, so that the separator can bear the working condition under pressure; the impurity-containing gas enters an annular gap between the central tube 2 and the middle cylinder 4 and rotates under the flow guiding action of the spiral belt 5, dust particles or liquid drops in the gas are thrown to the inner wall of the central tube 2 under the action of centrifugal force, and the dust particles or the liquid drops in the gas are primarily separated; the air flow gradually goes to the right along with the rotation, enters a volute outlet 7 consisting of a volute bottom plate 19, a volute top plate 21 and a volute plate 20, at the moment, the air flow rotates fast, enters the outer cylinder 8 under the guide effect of the volute outlets 7 which are arranged in an axial symmetry manner, and dust particles or liquid drops are thrown to the inner wall of the outer cylinder 8 under the action of strong centrifugal force.

Since the direction of the gravity (vector) is parallel to the direction of the centrifugal force (vector), it is difficult to discharge the dust particles or liquid droplets thrown by the centrifugal force to the inner wall of the outer cylinder 8. The solutions in the prior art have large interference on the flow field inside the cyclone separator, which is very easy to cause the entrainment and back mixing of the dust at the turning point of the inner cyclone and the outer cyclone, and greatly reduces the efficiency of collecting dust particles or liquid drops by cyclone separation. Thus, the passage guide double cone 9, vortex breaker assembly 14 and reflection cone assembly 13 reduce as much as possible the disturbance of the flow field inside the cyclone separator and guide the dust particles or droplets out of the separator.

The gas flowing to a certain area at the rear part of the front cone 91 realizes natural reversal from 'outer cyclone' to 'inner cyclone', namely, the 'main cyclone' comprises 'outer cyclone' and 'inner cyclone', which is completely consistent with the mechanism of a common vertical cyclone separator. However, in the tail region of the "main cyclone," a small portion of gas (called "wake vortex") still enters the rear cone 92, the "wake vortex" gas carries dust particles or liquid droplets and is still in a rotating state, but the rotating strength of the gas is gradually weakened, the dust particles or liquid droplets in the region lose centrifugal force and gradually settle to the lower portion of the outer cylinder 8 under the action of gravity, gas-solid (liquid) -two phase "back mixing" in the region is very serious, if not limited, the dust particles or liquid droplets are rewound by the central gas flow rotated by the "wake vortex" and escape through the central tube 2, the cyclone efficiency is seriously affected, at this time, the dust particles or liquid droplets thrown to the wall by the centrifugal force are separated from the central rotating gas flow of the "wake vortex" by the vortex breaker assembly 14, when the dust particles or liquid droplets reach the vicinity of the rear cone 92 along with the centrifugal force, the dust particles or liquid droplets enter the annular gap between the front cone 91 and the breaker cone 141, due to the shielding effect of the vortex breaker assembly 14, only a few "wake vortex" gases can rotate into the space between the outer cylinder 8 and the vortex breaker assembly 141, where the dust particles or droplets quickly lose centrifugal force and fall under gravity to the bottom of the outer cylinder 8, thus entering the ash hopper 16 and being discharged from the ash discharge opening 15. In the tail region of the "main rotational flow", a small amount of airflow rotating at the center of the "wake vortex" still contains a small amount of dust particles or liquid drops, the part of airflow rotating at the "wake vortex" will go deep into the anti-vortex assembly 14, because the diameter of the anti-vortex cylinder 142 is small, the very small amount of dust particles or liquid drops will be accelerated by centrifugal force and thrown onto the inner wall of the anti-vortex cylinder 142, when the airflow reaches the end of the anti-vortex cylinder 142, the dust particles or liquid drops will enter the annular space formed by the anti-vortex cylinder 142 and the reflection cone assembly 13, because the rotational speed of the airflow is greatly reduced, the dust particles or liquid drops will lose centrifugal force and fall into the bottom space of the outer cylinder 8 and the large end enclosure right 12 under the action of gravity, and gradually fall into the ash hopper 16 through the slotted hole 111 of the fixed annular plate 11. The airflow rotating at the center of the "wake vortex" enters the reflection cone assembly 13 and then is rebounded, i.e. the airflow keeps rotating in the same direction and in the opposite direction, finally joins the "internal vortex" and flows out through the central tube 2 through the exhaust port 1.

Referring to fig. 11 and fig. 12, after the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention is used, under the same process conditions, compared with the prior art, the separation efficiency of the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator of the present invention can be improved by 0.2-2.3%, and the total resistance can be reduced by about 3.0-11.0%.

Example 1:

referring to the attached

drawings

1 and 2, the horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator comprises an exhaust port 1, a central pipe 2, a middle seal head 3, a middle cylinder 4, a spiral belt 5, a large seal head left 6, a volute outlet 7, an outer cylinder 8, a guide double cone 9, an inspection hole 10, a fixed ring plate 11, a large seal head right 12, a reflection cone assembly 13, a vortex prevention assembly 14, an ash discharge hole 15, an ash bucket 16, an annular closing plate 17, a saddle 18 and an air inlet 22.

Referring to fig. 3, the volute bottom plate 19, the volute top plate 21 and the volute plate 20 together form the volute outlet 7, and the volute outlet 7 is located between the middle cylinder 4 and the outer cylinder 8. The included angles between the volute bottom plate 19 and the volute top plate 21 and the horizontal line are both gamma, the angle gamma is 75 degrees, and the length-width ratio b/a of the cross section of the volute outlet 7 is 3.0; the 4 volute outlets 7 are arranged axisymmetrically inside the outer cylinder 8.

Referring to fig. 5, the spiral belt 5 is located between the middle cylinder 4 and the central tube 2, the spiral belt 5 is composed of 8 spiral sheets 51, the spiral belt 5 is an equidistant spiral, the pitch of the spiral belt 5 is w, and the ratio w/D2 of the pitch w to the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 is 1.5. The direction of rotation of the spiral belt 5 is maintained in line with the direction of rotation of the volute outlet 7.

Referring to fig. 7, the guiding double cone 9 is fixed in the rear area of the outer cylinder 8 and the central lines of the guiding double cone 9 are overlapped, the guiding double cone 9 is composed of a front cone 91 and a rear cone 92, the small ends of the front cone 91 and the rear cone 92 are butt-welded and have the same diameter, the included angle α 1 between the generatrix of the front cone 91 and the horizontal line is 30 degrees, the included angle β between the generatrix of the rear cone 92 and the horizontal line is 80 degrees, the ratio of the diameter D3 of the small end of the guiding double cone 9 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is D3/D0 is 0.6, the distance from the large end of the guiding double cone 9 to the front end of the outer cylinder 8 is h3, and the ratio of the distance h3 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h3/D0 is.

Referring to fig. 9, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is mounted on the fixed ring plate 11, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is composed of two parts, namely a vortex breaker cone 141 and a vortex breaker cylinder 142, the central lines of the two parts are coincident with the central axis of the outer cylinder 8, the included angle α 2 between the generatrix of the vortex breaker cone 141 and the horizontal line is 30 °, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is inserted into the guide double cone 9, the insertion depth h4 is (D0-D3)/(2tg β) +100(mm), the large end diameter D4 of the vortex breaker cone 141 and the small end diameter D3 of the guide double cone 9 satisfy D4/D3 being 0.9, and the ratio of the total length h5 to the insertion depth h4 of the vortex breaker assembly 14 is h5/h4 being 5.0.

Referring to fig. 8, the reflecting cone assembly 13 is fixed inside the large head right 12, the reflecting cone assembly 13 is composed of a reflecting cone 131, a circular plate 132 and a circular tube 133, the central lines of the three coincide with the central axis of the outer cylinder 8, an included angle α 3 between a cone generatrix of the reflecting cone 131 and the horizontal line is 30 degrees, the reflecting cone 131 is inserted into the vortex-proof assembly 14, the insertion depth h6 is 200mm, and the ratio of the diameter D6 of the large end of the reflecting cone 131 to the inner diameter D5 of the vortex-proof cylinder 142 is D6/D5 is 0.9.

The middle cylinder 4 penetrates through the left large seal head 6 and is inserted into the outer cylinder 8, and the central axes of the middle cylinder, the left large seal head and the outer cylinder are overlapped. The ratio of the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is D1/D0 equal to 0.80. The ratio of the depth h1 of the middle cylinder 4 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h1/D0 equal to 1.0.

The central tube 2 penetrates through the middle seal head 3, the middle cylinder 4 and the annular closing plate 17 to be inserted into the outer cylinder 8, the central axes of the five parts coincide, the ratio of the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 to the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 is D2/D1 ═ 0.70, the ratio of the depth h2 of the central tube 2 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h2/D0 ═ 1.5, please refer to the attached figure 6, the tail end of the central tube 2 is provided with a plurality of slotted holes 201, the length of each slotted hole 201 is h7, the width of each slotted hole is z, and the opening conditions of the slotted holes 201 meet that m × h7 × z is 0.125 × ═ × (D2)²Wherein m is the number of the slotted holes 201.

The air inlet 22 is positioned at the front end of the middle cylinder 4 and is communicated with the middle cylinder 4, and the diameter of the air inlet 22 is consistent with the diameter D2 of the central tube 2.

The ash bucket 16 is positioned at the bottom of the tail area of the outer cylinder 8, the ash bucket 16 is of a square connecting round structure, and the upper end (square end) of the ash bucket is communicated with the outer cylinder 8. The lower end (round end) of the ash bucket 16 is connected with the ash discharge port 15.

Referring to fig. 10, a fixed ring plate 11 is fixed to the inner wall of the end of the outer cylinder 8, an anti-vortex assembly 14 is fixed to the inner ring of the fixed ring plate 11, and a slot 111 with an included angle δ is formed in the lower portion of the fixed ring plate 11, and the included angle δ is 30 °.

The saddles 18 are positioned at the outer bottom of the outer cylinder 8, and the saddles 18 are a pair, one is a fixed saddle and the other is a sliding saddle.

Example 2:

referring to the attached

drawings

Referring to fig. 4, the volute bottom plate 19, the volute top plate 21 and the volute plate 20 together form the volute outlet 7, and the volute outlet 7 is located between the middle cylinder 4 and the outer cylinder 8. The included angles between the volute bottom plate 19 and the volute top plate 21 and the horizontal line are both gamma, the angle gamma is 30 degrees, and the length-width ratio b/a of the cross section of the volute outlet 7 is 1.5; the 2 volute outlets 7 are arranged in an axisymmetric manner inside the outer cylinder 8.

Referring to fig. 5, the spiral belt 5 is located between the middle cylinder 4 and the central tube 2, the spiral belt 5 is composed of 3 spiral sheets 51, the spiral belt 5 is an equidistant spiral, the pitch of the spiral belt 5 is w, and the ratio w/D2 of the pitch w to the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 is 0.8. The direction of rotation of the spiral belt 5 is maintained in line with the direction of rotation of the volute outlet 7.

Referring to fig. 7, the guiding double cone 9 is fixed in the rear area of the outer cylinder 8 and the central lines of the guiding double cone 9 are overlapped, the guiding double cone 9 is composed of a front cone 91 and a rear cone 92, the small ends of the front cone 91 and the rear cone 92 are butt-welded and have the same diameter, the included angle α 1 between the generatrix of the front cone 91 and the horizontal line is 8 degrees, the included angle β between the generatrix of the rear cone 92 and the horizontal line is 45 degrees, the ratio of the diameter D3 of the small end of the guiding double cone 9 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is D3/D0 is 0.25, the distance from the large end of the guiding double cone 9 to the front end of the outer cylinder 8 is h3, and the ratio of the distance h3 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h3/D0 is.

Referring to fig. 9, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is mounted on the fixed ring plate 11, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is composed of two parts, namely a vortex breaker 141 and a vortex breaker 142, the central lines of the two parts are coincident with the central axis of the outer cylinder 8, the included angle α 2 between the generatrix of the vortex breaker 141 and the horizontal line is 8 °, the vortex breaker assembly 14 is inserted into the guide double cone 9, and the insertion depth h4 is (D0-D3)/(2tg β) (mm), the large end diameter D4 of the vortex breaker 141 and the small end diameter D3 of the guide double cone 9 satisfy D4/D3 being 0.65, and the ratio of the total length h5 to the insertion depth h4 of the vortex breaker assembly 14 is h5/h4 being 2.5.

Referring to fig. 8, the reflecting cone assembly 13 is fixed inside the large head right 12, the reflecting cone assembly 13 is composed of a reflecting cone 131, a circular plate 132 and a circular tube 133, the central lines of the three coincide with the central axis of the outer cylinder 8, an included angle α 3 between a cone generatrix of the reflecting cone 131 and the horizontal line is 8 degrees, the reflecting cone 131 is inserted into the vortex-proof assembly 14, the insertion depth h6 is 50mm, and the ratio of the diameter D6 of the large end of the reflecting cone 131 to the inner diameter D5 of the vortex-proof cylinder 142 is D6/D5 is 0.65.

The middle cylinder 4 penetrates through the left large seal head 6 and is inserted into the outer cylinder 8, and the central axes of the middle cylinder, the left large seal head and the outer cylinder are overlapped. The ratio of the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is D1/D0 equal to 0.55. The ratio of the depth h1 of the middle cylinder 4 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h1/D0 equal to 0.50.

The central tube 2 penetrates through the middle seal head 3, the middle cylinder 4 and the annular closing plate 17 to be inserted into the outer cylinder 8, the central axes of the five parts coincide, the ratio of the diameter D2 of the central tube 2 to the diameter D1 of the middle cylinder 4 is D2/D1-0.45, the ratio of the depth h2 of the central tube 2 inserted into the outer cylinder 8 to the diameter D0 of the outer cylinder 8 is h 2/D0-1.0, please refer to the attached drawing 6, the tail end of the central tube 2 is provided with a plurality of slotted holes 201, the length of the slotted holes 201 is h7, the width is z, and the opening condition of the slotted holes 201 meets the requirements that m × h7 × z is 0.125 × pi × (D2)²Wherein m is a stripThe number of slotted holes 201.

Referring to fig. 10, a fixed ring plate 11 is fixed to the inner wall of the end of the outer cylinder 8, an anti-vortex assembly 14 is fixed to the inner ring of the fixed ring plate 11, and a slot 111 with an included angle δ is formed in the lower portion of the fixed ring plate 11, and the included angle δ is 15 °.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention, therefore, any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator is characterized in that: the device comprises an exhaust port (1), a central pipe (2), a middle sealing head (3), a middle cylinder (4), a spiral belt (5), a left large sealing head (6), a volute outlet (7), an outer cylinder (8), a guide double cone (9), a fixed ring plate (11), a right large sealing head (12), a reflection cone assembly (13), a vortex prevention assembly (14), an ash discharge port (15), an ash bucket (16), an annular sealing plate (17) and an air inlet (22); the middle sealing head (3) is arranged at one end of the middle cylinder body (4), the air inlet (22) is vertically connected with one end of the middle cylinder body (4), the other end of the middle cylinder body (4) is sealed by the annular sealing plate (17) and is inserted into one end of the outer cylinder body (8), and the plurality of volute outlets (7) are respectively arranged between the other end of the middle cylinder body (4) and the outer cylinder body (8) at intervals, so that the middle cylinder body (4) is communicated with the outer cylinder body (8) through the volute outlets (7); the central tube (2) is arranged in the middle cylinder body (4), one end of the central tube (2) extends to the outside of one end of the outer cylinder body (8) and is connected with the exhaust port (1), and the other end of the central tube (2) penetrates through the annular closing plate (17) and extends into one end of the outer cylinder body (8); the spiral belt (5) is arranged between the central pipe (2) and the middle cylinder body (4), and the central pipe (2) is communicated with the middle cylinder body (4) through the spiral belt (5); the two ends of the outer cylinder (8) are respectively sealed by a left large seal head (6) and a right large seal head (12), a reflection cone assembly (13) is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder (8) and is fixedly connected with the right large seal head (12), a vortex-proof assembly (14) is arranged inside the other end of the outer cylinder (8) through a fixed ring plate (11), one end of the reflection cone assembly (13) is inserted into the vortex-proof assembly (14), and an annular gap is reserved between the reflection cone assembly (13) and the vortex-proof assembly (14); the guide double cone (9) is arranged in the outer cylinder body (8), one end of the vortex-preventing component (14) is inserted into the guide double cone (9), and an annular gap is reserved between the vortex-preventing component (14) and the guide double cone (9); the ash bucket (16) is arranged at the bottom of the other end of the outer cylinder body (8) and is communicated with the outer cylinder body (8), and the ash discharge port (15) is positioned at the bottom of the ash bucket (16).

2. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the vortex-preventing central tube is characterized in that the central tube (2), the middle sealing head (3), the middle cylinder body (4), the spiral band (5), the left large sealing head (6), the outer cylinder body (8), the guide double cones (9), the fixed ring plate (11), the right large sealing head (12), the reflection cone assembly (13), the vortex-preventing assembly (14) and the annular sealing plate (17) are coaxially arranged.

3. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the volute outlets (7) are symmetrically arranged in the outer barrel (8) relative to the central axis of the middle barrel (4), each volute outlet (7) comprises a volute bottom plate (19), a volute plate (20) and a volute top plate (21), the volute bottom plate (19), the two volute plates (20) and the volute top plate (21) are connected to form a tubular outlet which is obliquely arranged, acute included angles are formed between the volute bottom plate (19) and the volute top plate (21) and the horizontal plane within a range of 30-75 degrees, and the length-width ratio of the cross section of the volute outlet (7) is within a range of 1.5-3.0 degrees.

4. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the spiral belt (5) is an equidistant spiral structure formed by sequentially connecting a plurality of spiral sheets (51), the rotating direction of the spiral belt (5) is consistent with the inclined direction of the volute outlet (7), and the range of the ratio of the pitch of the spiral belt (5) to the diameter of the central pipe (2) is 0.8-1.5.

5. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the guide double cone (9) comprises a front cone (91) and a rear cone (92), wherein the front cone (91) is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small rear part, the rear cone (92) is of a conical structure with a small front part and a large rear part, the rear end of the front cone (91) and the front end of the rear cone (92) are in equal diameter and are coaxially welded, the included angle range of a cone bus of the front cone (91) and a horizontal line is 8-30 degrees, and the included angle range of a cone bus of the rear cone (92) and the horizontal line is 45-80 degrees; the ratio of the diameter of the small end of the guide double cone (9) to the diameter of the outer cylinder (8) ranges from 0.25 to 0.6; the ratio of the distance between the front end of the front cone (91) and the front end of the outer cylinder (8) to the diameter of the outer cylinder (8) is in the range of 1.8-2.5.

6. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vortex-preventing assembly (14) comprises a vortex-preventing cone (141) and a vortex-preventing cylinder (142), the vortex-preventing cone (141) is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small rear part, the front end of the vortex-preventing cylinder (142) is coaxially connected to the middle part of the vortex-preventing cone (141), the included angle between the generatrix of the vortex-preventing cone (141) and the horizontal line is 8-30 degrees, the depth of the vortex-preventing assembly (14) inserted into the guiding double cone (9) is (D0-D3)/(2tg β) + 0-100, wherein D0 is the diameter of the outer cylinder (8), D3 is the small end diameter of the guiding double cone (9), β is the included angle between the generatrix of the rear cone (92) of the guiding double cone (9) and the horizontal line, the ratio of the large end diameter of the vortex-preventing cone (141) to the small end diameter of the guiding double cone (9) is 0.65-0.9, and the total inserted depth of the vortex-preventing assembly (14) is 0.5-2.5.

7. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the reflection cone assembly (13) comprises a reflection cone (131), a circular plate (132) and a circular tube (133); one end of the circular tube (133) is sealed by a circular plate (132) and is coaxially connected with the reflecting cone (131), and the other end of the circular tube (133) is fixed on the right large end socket (12); the reflecting cone (131) is of a conical structure with a large front part and a small back part, and the reflecting cone (131) is inserted into a vortex prevention cylinder (142) of the vortex prevention assembly (14); the included angle between the cone generatrix of the reflecting cone (131) and the horizontal line is 8-30 degrees; the depth range of the reflection cone (131) inserted into the vortex prevention cylinder (142) is 50-200 mm; the ratio of the diameter of the large end of the reflection cone (131) to the inner diameter of the vortex breaker (142) is in the range of 0.65 to 0.9.

8. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the ratio of the diameter of the middle cylinder (4) to the diameter of the outer cylinder (8) ranges from 0.55 to 0.80; the ratio of the depth of the middle cylinder (4) inserted into the outer cylinder (8) to the diameter of the outer cylinder (8) is 0.5-1.0.

9. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein a plurality of slotted holes (201) are formed in the circumferential direction at the other end of the central tube (2), the length direction of the slotted holes (201) is parallel to the axial direction of the central tube (2), the length of each slotted hole (201) is h7, the width of each slotted hole is z, and m × h7 × z is 0.125 × pi × (D2)²D2 is the diameter of the central tube (2), and m is the number of the slotted holes (201); the ratio of the diameter of the central tube (2) to the diameter of the middle cylinder body (4) ranges from 0.45 to 0.70, and the ratio of the depth of the central tube (2) inserted into the outer cylinder body (8) to the diameter of the outer cylinder body (8) ranges from 1.0 to 1.5; the caliber of the air inlet (22) is consistent with the diameter of the central tube (2).

10. The horizontal high-efficiency cyclone separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the fixed ring plate (11) is of a circular ring structure, a slotted hole (111) is formed in the lower portion of the fixed ring plate (11), the slotted hole (111) and the fixed ring plate (11) are concentrically arranged, and the included angle range of the slotted hole (111) is 15-30 degrees.