CN210795858U - High-efficiency oil-water separation equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of oily wastewater treatment in catering industry, in particular to high-efficiency oil-water separation equipment which comprises a solid-liquid separation bin, an oil-water separation bin and a spiral-flow type oil-water separator positioned in the oil-water separation bin, wherein the spiral-flow type oil-water separator is provided with an inverted-cone-shaped spiral-flow cavity, the top end of the spiral-flow cavity is open, the bottom end of the spiral-flow cavity is provided with a slag discharge port extending out of the oil-water separation bin, a water suction pump is arranged between the solid-liquid separation bin and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator, a water suction pipe of the water suction pump is communicated with the solid-liquid separation bin, and a drain pipe of the water suction pump extends into the oil; the oil-water separation bin is provided with an oil discharge port and a water outlet, and the top end of the rotational flow cavity is lower than the oil discharge port and higher than the water outlet. So set up, the separation of grease, water and residue is realized to whirl through the whirl chamber, and is high-efficient stable, more meticulous to residue and grease filtering, and goes out water oil content and hang down, is favorable to realizing environmental protection and food safety.

Description

High-efficiency oil-water separation equipment

Technical Field

The application relates to the technical field of oily wastewater treatment in the catering industry, in particular to a high-efficiency oil-water separation device.

Background

Along with the rapid development of the catering industry, the kitchen waste water amount is more and more, a large amount of grease is contained in the kitchen waste water, if the kitchen waste water is directly discharged or is not discharged after being treated, not only can the grease block a pipeline after hardening to cause a drainage accident, but also can cause serious environmental pollution problems and food safety problems, so that the oil separation treatment of the kitchen waste water is very important.

Oil separation equipment in the current market mostly adopts the mode of increasing the retention time of wastewater to achieve the effect of oil-water separation, and also adopts the air flotation technology to improve the effect of oil-water separation. However, the problems of low oil-water separation efficiency, high oil content of discharged water and large equipment volume and limited installation space still exist.

Therefore, how to solve the problems of low oil-water separation efficiency and high oil content of the effluent of the existing oil removal equipment is a key technical problem to be solved by technical personnel in the field.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

For overcoming the problem that exists among the correlation technique at least to a certain extent, the aim at of this application provides a high-efficient oil-water separation equipment, and it can solve current oil removal equipment water oil separating inefficiency, goes out the problem that the water oil content is high.

The application provides a high-efficiency oil-water separation device, which comprises a solid-liquid separation bin, an oil-water separation bin and a spiral-flow type oil-water separator, wherein the spiral-flow type oil-water separator is positioned in the oil-water separation bin, the spiral-flow type oil-water separator is provided with an inverted conical spiral-flow cavity, the top end of the spiral-flow cavity is open, and the bottom end of the spiral-flow cavity is provided with a slag discharge port extending to the outside of the oil-water separation bin, a water suction pump is arranged between the solid-liquid separation bin and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator, a water suction pipe of the water suction pump is communicated with the solid-liquid separation bin, and a drain pipe of the water suction pump extends into the oil-water separation bin, is; the oil-water separation bin is provided with an oil discharge port and a water outlet, and the top end of the rotational flow cavity is lower than the oil discharge port and higher than the water outlet.

Preferably, the solid-liquid separation device further comprises an overflow vent pipe, a first air outlet communicated with the overflow vent pipe is formed in the top of the solid-liquid separation bin, and a second air outlet communicated with the overflow vent pipe is formed in the top of the oil-water separation bin.

Preferably, the solid-liquid separation bin is provided with a water inlet and a slag collecting device, and the slag collecting device is positioned inside the solid-liquid separation bin, positioned below the water inlet and communicated to the slag collecting barrel outside the solid-liquid separation bin through a slag discharging pipe.

Preferably, the communication position of the suction pipe and the solid-liquid separation bin is lower than the water inlet and the first air outlet.

Preferably, the top of oil-water separation storehouse is provided with the collection oil storehouse, the oil drain port with the second gas outlet all is located on the collection oil storehouse, the oil drain port is less than the second gas outlet to communicate to album oil drum through the oil extraction pipe.

Preferably, the side wall of the oil collecting bin is provided with an oil level observation mirror.

Preferably, the solid-liquid separation bin and the oil-water separation bin are communicated to the overflow vent pipe through fast-assembling structures, and the solid-liquid separation bin and the rotational flow cavity are communicated to the water suction pump through fast-assembling structures.

Preferably, a heating device is arranged in the oil-water separation bin, and the heating device is higher than the rotational flow type oil-water separator and lower than the oil discharge port.

Preferably, a support is arranged below the oil-water separation bin, and the slag discharge port is suspended between the supports.

Preferably, the water outlet is communicated with a four-way pipeline, a first branch of the four-way pipeline is provided with a quick-assembling valve, and a second branch of the four-way pipeline is communicated to the overflow vent pipe.

The technical scheme provided by the application can comprise the following beneficial effects:

the waste water with certain pressure discharged by the drain pipe enters the cyclone cavity, the waste water can swirl along the inner wall of the cyclone cavity, under the condition of certain pressure, water flow rises to oil and water with low density under the combined action of centrifugal force, centripetal force, buoyancy and fluid drag force according to the principles of centrifugal sedimentation and density difference, and the density of residue, water and grease is different, the residue with relatively high density is remained in the cyclone oil-water separator and sinks to a residue discharge port, and residue discharge can be carried out by opening the residue discharge port regularly; when oil and water with low density enter the oil-water separation bin from the cyclone cavity, the grease floats upwards and is stored at the position of the oil discharge port, and the grease sinks to the position of the water outlet underwater, so that the separation of residue, water and grease is realized. The separation of grease, water and residue is realized through the rotational flow of the rotational flow cavity, the efficiency is high, the stability is high, the residue and the grease are more finely filtered, the oil content of the discharged water is low, and the environmental protection and the food safety are favorably realized.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the application.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the present application and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the application.

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the present high efficiency oil-water separation apparatus, according to some exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the positional relationship of a drain pipe and a swirl chamber, according to some exemplary embodiments.

In the figure: 1-a water inlet, 2-a slag collecting device, 3-a solid-liquid separation bin, 4-a slag collecting barrel, 5-a water suction pipe, 6-a water suction pump, 7-a water discharge pipe, 8-an oil-water separation bin, 9-a cyclone oil-water separator, 10-an oil collecting bin, 11-an oil level observation mirror, 12-an oil discharge port, 13-an oil collecting barrel, 14-a slag discharge port, 15-a four-way pipeline, 16-an overflow vent pipe, 17-a heating device and 18-a support.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, like numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present application. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus or methods consistent with aspects of the present application.

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings. The embodiments described below do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. Further, the entire contents of the configurations shown in the following embodiments are not limited to those necessary as a solution of the invention described in the claims.

Referring to fig. 1-2, the present embodiment provides a high efficiency oil-water separation device, which includes a solid-liquid separation bin 3, an oil-water separation bin 8 and a spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9, wherein the solid-liquid separation bin 3 is used for filtering residues in kitchen wastewater to separate solid residues from a liquid oil-water mixture in the wastewater; the oil-water separation bin 8 and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 are used for separating grease and water in the wastewater, so that the discharged wastewater contains less grease.

The spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 is arranged inside the oil-water separation bin 8, the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 is provided with a spiral-flow cavity, the spiral-flow cavity is in an inverted cone shape, namely the cross-sectional area of the spiral-flow cavity is gradually reduced along the direction from the top end to the bottom end, and the cross-sectional area of the spiral-flow cavity is circular, so that wastewater in the spiral-flow cavity can flow along the side wall of the spiral-flow cavity. Moreover, the top end of the cyclone cavity is open and arranged, the cyclone cavity can be communicated with the inside of the oil-water separation bin 8, the bottom end of the cyclone cavity is provided with a slag discharge port 14, one end of the slag discharge port 14 is communicated with the cyclone cavity, the other end of the slag discharge port extends out of the oil-water separation bin 8 and is provided with a valve, and residues in the cyclone cavity can be discharged through adjusting the valve of the slag discharge port 14, so that the device is convenient and fast. Here, the slag discharge port 14 may penetrate through the bottom wall of the oil-water separation chamber 8 and be connected with the same in a sealing manner.

A water suction pump 6 is arranged between the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9, and the water suction pump 6 is used for sucking the wastewater in the solid-liquid separation bin 3 into a spiral-flow cavity of the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 and pressurizing the wastewater so as to enable the wastewater entering the spiral-flow cavity to rotate in the spiral-flow cavity. The water suction pump 6 is provided with a water suction pipe 5 and a water discharge pipe 7, the water suction pipe 5 is communicated with the solid-liquid separation bin 3 so as to suck the wastewater in the solid-liquid separation bin 3 into the water suction pump 6, and the water discharge pipe 7 is communicated with the rotational flow cavity so as to discharge the wastewater in the water suction pump 6 into the rotational flow cavity.

As shown in fig. 2, the drain pipe 7 extends tangentially along the vortex cavity, that is, the intersection position of the drain pipe 7 and the vortex cavity is a tangent point, the cross section of the vortex cavity at the tangent point is an inscribed circle, the drain pipe 7 is a tangent line and is tangent to the inscribed circle at the tangent point, thus, wastewater with certain pressure discharged from the drain pipe 7 enters the vortex cavity, the wastewater can swirl along the inner wall of the vortex cavity, the water flow has different densities of residue, water and grease under certain pressure according to the principles of centrifugal sedimentation and density difference, oil and water with low density rise and enter the oil-water separation bin 8 under the combined action of centrifugal force, centripetal force, buoyancy and fluid drag force, and residue with relatively high density remains in the vortex oil-water separator 9 and sinks to the residue discharge port 14, and residue discharge can be performed by periodically opening the residue discharge port 14.

It should be noted that the oil-water separation bin 8 and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 are independently arranged, and the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 does not block the inside of the oil-water separation bin 8, wherein the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9 is located in the middle of the oil-water separation bin 8 and keeps a certain distance from the inner wall of the oil-water separation bin 8 so as to accommodate and separate wastewater in the oil-water separation bin 8; moreover, because the drain pipe 7 of the water suction pump 6 is introduced into the spiral-flow type oil-water separator 9, the drain pipe 7 can penetrate through and be sealed on the side wall of the oil-water separation bin 8 and then extend into the spiral-flow cavity, and meanwhile, the drain pipe 7 does not block the oil-water separation bin 8.

The oil-water separation bin 8 is provided with an oil discharge port 12 and a water outlet, wherein the oil discharge port 12 is used for discharging the grease separated in the oil-water separation bin 8, and the oil discharge port 12 is arranged at the upper part of the oil-water separation bin 8 because the density of the grease is small relative to water; the water outlet is used for discharging water separated by the oil-water separation bin 8, and the water outlet is positioned at the lower part of the oil-water separation bin 8 because the density of the water is larger than that of grease. Correspondingly, a valve may be provided at the oil drain 12 to facilitate periodic draining of grease.

Moreover, the top end of the swirling flow cavity is lower than the oil discharge port 12 and higher than the water outlet, so that the grease and water separated by the swirling flow cavity are subjected to oil-water separation in the area between the oil discharge port 12 and the water outlet, and the stability of oil discharge and water outlet is not influenced. When low-density oil and water enter the oil-water separation bin 8 from the cyclone cavity, the grease floats upwards and is stored at the position of the oil discharge port 12 and sinks to the position of the water outlet underwater, and then oil-water separation in the oil-water separation bin 8 is realized.

So set up, the separation of grease, water and residue is realized to whirl through the whirl chamber, and is high-efficient stable, more meticulous to residue and grease filtering, and goes out water oil content and hang down, is favorable to realizing environmental protection and food safety.

In this embodiment, for the smooth and easy and atmospheric pressure stability of waste water circulation, this high-efficient water oil separating equipment is still including overflow breather pipe 16, and the top of solid-liquid separation storehouse 3 is provided with first gas outlet, and this first gas outlet communicates with overflow breather pipe 16, and the top of water oil separation storehouse 8 is provided with the second gas outlet, and this second gas outlet communicates with overflow breather pipe 16, and then realizes that the atmospheric pressure in solid-liquid separation storehouse 3 and the water oil separation storehouse 8 is stable, is favorable to guaranteeing the efficiency of equipment operation.

The solid-liquid separation bin 3 is provided with a water inlet 1 and a slag collecting device 2, wherein the water inlet 1 is communicated with a kitchen waste water pipeline so that waste water flows into the solid-liquid separation bin 3 for solid-liquid separation, and specifically, the water inlet 1 can be arranged at the upper part of the solid-liquid separation bin 3; the slag collecting device 2 is used for filtering wastewater entering from the water inlet 1 to filter residues in the wastewater, the slag collecting device 2 is located inside the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and below the first water inlet 1 and used for collecting wastewater flowing into the solid-liquid separation bin 3 from the water inlet 1, in the specific scheme, the slag collecting device 2 can be communicated with the water inlet 1 to enable the wastewater to flow through the slag collecting device 2 for separation and then flow to the bottom of the solid-liquid separation bin 3, and here, the slag collecting device 2 can be an existing product structure, such as a screen structure.

The slag collecting device 2 is connected with a slag discharging pipe, one end of the slag discharging pipe is communicated with a slag outlet of the slag collecting device 2, and the other end of the slag discharging pipe extends to the outside of the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and is connected with a slag collecting barrel 4, so that the collection of the slag in the waste water is realized. Here, the bottom of the solid-liquid separation bin 3 is provided with a through hole for a slag discharge pipe to pass through, and the slag discharge pipe is arranged in the through hole in a penetrating manner and is sealed with the through hole.

Wherein, the communicating position of the water suction pipe 5 and the solid-liquid separation bin 3 is lower than the water inlet 1 and the first air outlet, so that the waste water in the solid-liquid separation bin 3 can be fully sucked into the rotational flow cavity by the water suction pipe 5, and the waste water can be prevented from overflowing the water inlet 1 and the first air outlet. Here, the water suction pipe 5 may be communicated with the bottom of the solid-liquid separation compartment 3, and to some extent, oil-water separation in the solid-liquid separation compartment 3 may be achieved.

In some embodiments, the top of the oil-water separation chamber 8 is provided with an oil collection chamber 10, and the oil discharge port 12 and the second air outlet are both disposed on the oil collection chamber 10, and the oil discharge port 12 is lower than the second air outlet to prevent grease from flowing back into the overflow vent pipe 16. Specifically, the second air outlet is arranged at the top of the oil collecting bin 10 and extends upwards to the overflow vent pipe 16; the oil discharge port 12 is disposed at the side of the oil collecting bin 10 and is disposed under the oil collecting bin so as to discharge the grease in the oil collecting bin 10 sufficiently, and the oil discharge port 12 is communicated with an oil discharge pipe and communicated to the oil collecting barrel 13 through the oil discharge pipe, so that the grease can be discharged conveniently by adjusting a valve of the oil discharge port 12.

Further, in order to facilitate the collection of grease and the acquisition of the amount of grease, an oil level observation mirror 11 is disposed on the side wall of the oil collecting bin 10, and the grease level in the oil collecting bin 10 can be observed through the oil level observation mirror 11, so that grease can be discharged in time.

In some preferred schemes, the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the oil-water separation bin 8 are both communicated to the overflow vent pipe 16 through fast-assembling structures, namely, the fast-assembling structures are arranged at the positions of the first air outlet and the second air outlet and are communicated with the overflow vent pipe 16, so that the overflow vent pipe 16 is convenient to disassemble and assemble, and the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the oil-water separation bin 8 are convenient to disassemble and assemble; the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the rotational flow cavity are communicated to a water suction pump 6 through a fast-assembling structure, namely a water suction pipe 5 and a water discharge pipe 7 of the water suction pump 6 are provided with the fast-assembling structure and communicated with the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the rotational flow type oil-water separator 9, so that the water suction pump 6 is convenient to disassemble and assemble, and the solid-liquid separation bin 3 and the rotational flow type oil-water separator 9 are disassembled and assembled. So, can realize this high-efficient oil water separating equipment's quick assembly disassembly, the multimode piece matched stack and the transportation of being convenient for are favorable to reducing occupation space.

Specifically, the fast-assembling structure is including quick-assembling joint and snap ring, and wherein, the fast-assembling structure is provided with two, and is located two link respectively, when the fast-assembling is connected, connects two quick-assembling joints earlier, overlaps the snap ring outside two quick-assembling joints again, in order to realize fixing, easy and simple to handle like this, dismouting labour saving and time saving is favorable to promoting dismouting efficiency.

In some embodiments, a heating device 17 is disposed in the oil-water separation bin 8, and the heating device 17 is installed in the oil-water separation bin 8 and located between the oil discharge port 12 and the cyclone oil-water separator 9, and is used for heating grease in the oil-water separation bin 8 to prevent grease from hardening and blocking. Specifically, the heating device 17 may be in the form of electromagnetic heating or carbon fiber heating, as the case may be, and is not particularly limited herein.

Of course, the side wall of the oil-water separation bin 8 is provided with an access hole, so that the personnel can conveniently overhaul the inside of the oil-water separation bin 8, and the service life can be prolonged.

Wherein, be provided with support 18 in the below of oil water separation storehouse 8, this support 18 welds in the bottom of oil water separation storehouse 8, is used for supporting oil water separation storehouse 8 for oil water separation storehouse 8's installation is firm. Furthermore, the slag discharge port 14 is suspended between the brackets 18 to facilitate slag discharge operation.

In some preferred schemes, the water outlet is communicated with a four-way pipeline 15, the four-way pipeline 15 is provided with four branches, wherein the first branch is provided with a quick-assembling valve, the quick-assembling valve is used for controlling the on-off of the first branch, the quick-assembling valve is in a closed state when in use, and the channel can be prevented from being blocked due to the arrangement of the quick-assembling valve, so that the dredging and the maintenance are convenient; the second branch is communicated with the overflow vent pipe 16, so that the pressure in the discharged wastewater can be relatively stable; the third branch is communicated with the water outlet, and the fourth branch can be used as a water outlet pipeline of the high-efficiency oil-water separation equipment, so that the collection and the discharge of waste water are facilitated. It can be understood that, for the effect that improves water oil separating, can insert other water oil separating equipment in the position of first branch road and fourth branch road, the fourth branch road also can set up the fast-assembling valve to in addition equipment.

Specifically, this cross water pipe is including main line and four branches, wherein, first branch road and third branch road intersect and communicate in the first end of main line, and second branch road and fourth branch road intersect and communicate with the second end of main line, and here, the first end of main line is less than the position of second end, and, when using, the second end of main line will be higher than the position of oil drain port 12 to prevent the grease backward flow in oil collection storehouse 10 or cause the jam, guarantee that the gas circuit is smooth and easy simultaneously.

It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and the like, as used herein, are not intended to limit the specific order, but merely to distinguish one element or function from another. The stated "upper" and "lower" are indicated when the high efficiency oil-water separation device is in the state of being arranged as shown in figure 1.

The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily think of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and all should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

It is understood that the same or similar parts in the above embodiments may be mutually referred to, and the same or similar parts in other embodiments may be referred to for the content which is not described in detail in some embodiments.

Although embodiments of the present application have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present application, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations may be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. The efficient oil-water separation equipment is characterized by comprising a solid-liquid separation bin (3), an oil-water separation bin (8) and a cyclone type oil-water separator (9) positioned in the oil-water separation bin (8), wherein the cyclone type oil-water separator (9) is provided with a reverse-tapered cyclone cavity, the top end of the cyclone cavity is open, and the bottom end of the cyclone cavity is provided with a slag discharge port (14) extending out of the oil-water separation bin (8), a water suction pump (6) is arranged between the solid-liquid separation bin (3) and the cyclone type oil-water separator (9), a water suction pipe (5) of the water suction pump (6) is communicated with the solid-liquid separation bin (3), a drain pipe (7) of the water suction pump (6) extends into the oil-water separation bin (8) and is communicated with the cyclone cavity, and the drain pipe (7) extends along the tangential direction of the cyclone cavity; the oil-water separation bin (8) is provided with an oil discharge port (12) and a water outlet, and the top end of the rotational flow cavity is lower than the oil discharge port (12) and higher than the water outlet.

2. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device according to claim 1, further comprising an overflow vent pipe (16), wherein a first air outlet communicated with the overflow vent pipe (16) is arranged at the top of the solid-liquid separation chamber (3), and a second air outlet communicated with the overflow vent pipe (16) is arranged at the top of the oil-water separation chamber (8).

3. The high-efficiency oil-water separation equipment according to claim 2, wherein the solid-liquid separation bin (3) is provided with a water inlet (1) and a slag collecting device (2), and the slag collecting device (2) is positioned inside the solid-liquid separation bin (3), is positioned below the water inlet (1) and is communicated to a slag collecting barrel (4) outside the solid-liquid separation bin (3) through a slag discharging pipe.

4. The high-efficiency oil-water separation equipment according to claim 3, wherein the communication position of the suction pipe (5) and the solid-liquid separation bin (3) is lower than the water inlet (1) and the first air outlet.

5. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device according to claim 2, wherein an oil collection bin (10) is arranged at the top of the oil-water separation bin (8), the oil discharge port (12) and the second air outlet are both located on the oil collection bin (10), and the oil discharge port (12) is lower than the second air outlet and is communicated to the oil collection tank (13) through an oil discharge pipe.

6. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device according to claim 5, wherein the side wall of the oil collection bin (10) is provided with an oil level observation mirror (11).

7. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the solid-liquid separation bin (3) and the oil-water separation bin (8) are communicated to the overflow vent pipe (16) through a fast assembly structure, and the solid-liquid separation bin (3) and the cyclone cavity are communicated to the water suction pump (6) through a fast assembly structure.

8. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device according to claim 1, wherein a heating device (17) is arranged in the oil-water separation bin (8), and the heating device (17) is higher than the cyclone oil-water separator (9) and lower than the oil drain port (12).

9. The high-efficiency oil-water separation equipment according to claim 1, wherein brackets (18) are arranged below the oil-water separation bin (8), and the slag discharge port (14) is suspended between the brackets (18).

10. The high-efficiency oil-water separation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the water outlet is communicated with a four-way pipeline (15), a first branch of the four-way pipeline (15) is provided with a quick-assembling valve, and a second branch is communicated with the overflow vent pipe (16).

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