CN210057907U

CN210057907U - Membrane module

Info

Publication number: CN210057907U
Application number: CN201920406501.8U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄粤宁; 张勇
Original assignee: Ningbo Lehui International Engineering Equipment Co Ltd
Current assignee: Ningbo Lehui International Engineering Equipment Co Ltd
Priority date: 2019-03-28
Filing date: 2019-03-28
Publication date: 2020-02-14
Anticipated expiration: 2029-03-28

Abstract

The utility model discloses a membrane assembly, including casing and at least one hollow membrane stick, the casing has limited a confined cavity, the membrane stick is located in the cavity, wherein, the casing has relative first terminal surface and second terminal surface, the liquid outlet one end of membrane stick sets up on the first terminal surface, the inlet one end of membrane stick sets up on the second terminal surface; the membrane assembly further comprises a liquid outlet pipe, and a pipe orifice of the liquid outlet pipe is arranged in the center of the first end face. The utility model provides a membrane module is through setting up the mouth of pipe of drain pipe the center of first terminal surface not only can be followed the liquid outlet obtains the higher clear solution of quality, has realized distributing the distance of membrane stick to the drain pipe more evenly simultaneously, has improved the filtration efficiency of membrane stick.

Description

Membrane module

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a liquid filtration field, in particular to membrane module.

Background

The membrane technology is a new high separation, concentration, purification and purification technology in China. Among them, the membrane separation technology has been widely used in developed countries, and is particularly popularized in the fields of oil-water separation, seawater desalination, bitter seawater desalination, pure water and ultrapure water equipment, concentration and purification, various wastewater treatment and reuse, and the like.

With the innovation of science and technology, the ceramic membrane has been widely applied in the filtration field, and has been applied in the technical fields of fruit juice, wine, yeast, water treatment, beer filtration, etc. In the field of beer filtration, the design structure of a general membrane module enables unfiltered beer to enter the interior of a ceramic membrane rod from the bottom of the membrane module and then permeate from the interior of the ceramic membrane rod to the exterior to become clear beer, the filtered clear beer is collected in the membrane module, a discharge hole is formed in the highest point of the side part of the membrane module to serve as an outlet of the clear beer, the clear beer enters the next working procedure, and turbid beer can continue to circulate in the membrane rod under the action of external force, so that the purpose of continuous circulating filtration is achieved. However, with this side opening design, there are at least the following improvements in beer filtration applications:

1. the uppermost air in the membrane module can not be discharged completely, thereby affecting the quality of beer;

2. during filtering, the distances between the side discharge port and each membrane rod are different, the resistance at a close distance is small, the permeation amount is increased, the blocking speed of the membrane rods is accelerated, the resistance at a far distance is large, the permeation amount is small, the blocking speed of the membrane rods is slow, and the blocking deviation of each ceramic membrane is large;

3. in order to achieve longer filtering time, a set of backflushing device is generally installed under the working condition that the ceramic membrane filters beer, liquor of the backflushing device backflushes to the surface of the ceramic membrane rod through a liquor outlet and permeates into the membrane rod, so that the backflushing effect is achieved, if the liquor outlet is installed on the side surface, the backflushing force on each membrane rod is not uniform at the moment of backflushing, and the technical effect of uniformly cleaning each membrane rod cannot be achieved;

4. the interior of the membrane component is not thoroughly exhausted, so that the recoil force is influenced;

5. when the side discharge port is backflushed, the backflushing liquid horizontally enters the inside of the membrane group, and the backflushing liquid is intercepted and blocked by the membrane rod close to the membrane group, so that the instantaneous spraying area of backflushing is influenced.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

An object of the utility model is to solve the problem that exists among the background art, provide a membrane module, locate to set up the discharge gate in the top center of membrane module, the problem that can effectual solution lateral part ejection of compact produced.

In order to solve the above technical problem, an embodiment of the present invention discloses a membrane module, including a housing and at least one hollow membrane rod, wherein the housing defines a closed cavity, and the membrane rod is located in the cavity, wherein the housing has a first end surface and a second end surface opposite to each other, one end of a liquid outlet of the membrane rod is disposed on the first end surface, and one end of a liquid inlet of the membrane rod is disposed on the second end surface; the membrane assembly further comprises a liquid outlet pipe, and a pipe orifice of the liquid outlet pipe is arranged in the center of the first end face.

Optionally, two ends of the membrane module 1 are respectively provided with a membrane rod distribution plate, and a membrane rod insertion hole is formed in the membrane rod distribution plate and used for inserting and fixing two ends of the membrane rod.

Optionally, the membrane bar further comprises a liquid inlet chamber, the liquid inlet chamber is communicated with one end of the membrane bar, the second end face is a side wall of the liquid inlet chamber, a flow divider located in the liquid inlet chamber is arranged on the second end face, and the flow divider is located in the center of the second end face.

Optionally, the flow divider is an inverted cone structure, and the large end of the flow divider is connected with the second end face.

Optionally, the length of the liquid inlet pipe is greater than the length of a flow divider located in the liquid inlet chamber.

Optionally, the drain pipe includes first section and second section that link to each other, be 60 degrees-120 degrees contained angles between first section and the second section, first section with first terminal surface is connected and extends along length direction.

Optionally, the second section is perpendicular to the first section, and the first section and the second section are transitioned by a fillet.

Optionally, the membrane rods are ceramic membrane rods.

Optionally, the membrane module is cylindrical in shape.

Optionally, the number of the membrane rod insertion holes is multiple, the insertion holes are arranged in a circular array, and each insertion hole is inserted with one membrane rod.

By adopting the technical scheme, the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane component, at least the following technical effects can be achieved that ① the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the first end face of the membrane component, filtered clear liquid flows out of the liquid outlet pipe only after air in the membrane component is completely exhausted, so that the liquid flowing out of the liquid outlet pipe is not doped with air, ② the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane component, the distance from a membrane rod in the membrane component to the liquid outlet pipe can be uniformly distributed, and the filtered liquid of the membrane component can flow out of the liquid outlet pipe in a more uniform mode.

The central position of the second end face of the membrane module is provided with the flow divider positioned in the liquid inlet chamber, so that the technical effect of uniformly distributing the liquid to be filtered in the liquid inlet pipe to the membrane rods can be realized at least, the formation of a vortex in the central area in the liquid inlet process is effectively avoided, and the liquid inlet efficiency and the uniformity of liquid inlet are improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a front view of a membrane module in one embodiment provided by the present invention;

fig. 2 is a schematic top view of a membrane rod distribution plate according to one embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The following description is provided for illustrative embodiments of the present invention, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments, it is not intended that features of the invention be limited to only those embodiments. On the contrary, the intention of implementing the novel features described in connection with the embodiments is to cover other alternatives or modifications which may be extended based on the claims of the present invention. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The invention may be practiced without these particulars. Furthermore, some of the specific details are omitted from the description so as not to obscure or obscure the present invention. It should be noted that, in the present invention, the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.

It should be noted that in this specification, like reference numerals and letters refer to like items in the following drawings, and thus, once an item is defined in one drawing, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent drawings.

In the description of the present embodiment, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "bottom", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings or orientations or positional relationships that the products of the present invention are usually placed in when used, and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or the element to which the present invention is directed must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

The terms "first," "second," and the like are used solely to distinguish one from another and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Referring to fig. 1, the present invention relates to a membrane module 1, comprising a housing 10 and at least one hollow membrane rod 11, wherein the housing 10 defines a closed chamber, the membrane rod 11 is located in the chamber, wherein the housing 10 has a first end surface and a second end surface opposite to each other, a liquid outlet end of the membrane rod 11 is disposed on the first end surface, and a liquid inlet end of the membrane rod 11 is disposed on the second end surface; the membrane module 1 further comprises a liquid outlet pipe 16, and a pipe orifice of the liquid outlet pipe 16 is arranged in the center of the first end face.

It should be noted that in order to use membranes in industrial processes, large-area membranes are usually required, and membrane modules are devices assembled by certain membrane areas in certain forms, and are core components of membrane devices. Membrane module designs come in many forms, generally divided into: flat plate configurations and tubular configurations. The tubular membrane can be an organic membrane or an inorganic membrane, and the inorganic membrane is a ceramic membrane.

Specifically, the membrane rod is a precise filtering material with a porous structure, the filtering precision covers microfiltration, ultrafiltration and even nanofiltration, in the specific implementation, liquid to be filtered is introduced into the membrane rod, turbid concentrated solution containing macromolecular components is intercepted by a membrane, and clear solution permeates to the outside of the membrane, so that the purposes of separating, concentrating and purifying the fluid are achieved.

In the membrane module provided by the present invention, a channel is defined inside the hollow membrane rod for flowing liquid, in one embodiment, the liquid is beer, in other embodiments, the type of the liquid is not limited, and the liquid can be fruit juice, wine, water, etc. to be filtered. The at least one hollow membrane rod 11 is positioned in the closed cavity and used for isolating the closed cavity into a first side 12 and a second side 13, wherein the first side 12 is an internal channel of the membrane rod 11, one end of the internal channel of the membrane rod 11 is a liquid inlet end and is communicated with a liquid inlet chamber 14 and used for inputting liquid to be filtered, and the other end of the internal channel of the membrane rod 11 is a liquid outlet end and is communicated with a liquid outlet chamber 15 and used for outputting residual turbid liquid after the clear liquid is completely filtered; the second side 13 is a channel in the membrane module 1, and is used for receiving the clear liquid filtered from the membrane rods 11, and is communicated with a liquid outlet pipe 16, the liquid outlet pipe 16 is used for outputting the clear liquid filtered from the membrane rods 11, and the liquid outlet pipe 16 is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane module.

With continued reference to fig. 1, in one embodiment of the present invention, the liquid to be filtered is stored in the liquid inlet chamber 14, the liquid in the liquid inlet chamber 14 is inputted into the internal channel of the membrane rod 11 through one end of the liquid inlet of the membrane rod 11, the liquid inputted into the internal channel (the first side 12) of the membrane rod 11 continuously filters out the clear liquid from the porous structure of the membrane rod 11, and the filtered clear liquid is received in the channel (the second side 13) in the membrane module 1, and as the height of the clear liquid in the membrane module 1 continuously rises, the air in the second side 13 is continuously discharged through the liquid outlet until the clear liquid in the membrane module 1 reaches the position of the liquid outlet pipe 16, the air in the second side 13 is completely discharged, and the clear liquid in the channel of the membrane module is discharged through the liquid outlet pipe 16 located at the center position of the first end face of the membrane module.

The utility model discloses in, through locating the first terminal surface department of membrane module with the drain pipe, realized that the air in the membrane module is discharged completely the back, is located the membrane module and just discharges from going out the liquid mouth of pipe of clear liquid, has improved the quality of clear liquid. The utility model discloses in, through locating the central point that the first terminal surface of membrane module was put the department with the drain pipe, realized that the clear liquid that is arranged in the membrane module can reach drain pipe department with more even speed. Further, locate the central point of the first terminal surface of membrane module with the drain pipe and put the department, make every membrane stick arrive the route distance of drain pipe is more even, avoids totally or reduces to a certain extent because membrane stick and drain pipe apart from the uneven technological drawback that causes the membrane stick jam degree inequality, specifically, the resistance that the membrane stick that is close to the drain pipe received is little, and penetrating volume is big, leads to the membrane stick to block up the speed and accelerates, and the resistance that the membrane stick that is far away from the drain pipe received is big, and penetrating volume is little, and the membrane stick blocks up speed slowly.

The liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane module, so that the distance from each membrane rod to the liquid outlet pipe can be uniformly distributed, the uniformity of the distance from liquid in the membrane module to the liquid outlet pipe is improved, and the filtering performance of the membrane module is further improved.

With continued reference to fig. 1 and 2, in an embodiment, the membrane module 1 has a cylindrical structure, the upper end surface of the membrane rod 11 distribution plate 2 has a circular structure, the membrane rod 11 has a cylindrical shape, and the membrane rods 11 are uniformly distributed in the membrane module 1. In other embodiments, the membrane module may also be a prismatic structure, the membrane rods may also be a prismatic structure, and the membrane rods may also be distributed in the membrane module in other distribution forms.

In order to better fix the membrane rods in the membrane module, membrane rod distribution plates are respectively arranged at two ends of the membrane module. Referring to fig. 2 in conjunction with fig. 1, the film rod distribution plate 2 is opened with film rod insertion holes 21, and the film rod insertion holes 21 are used for inserting and fixing both ends of the film rod 11. The upper end face and the lower end face of the membrane component are arranged oppositely, and the membrane rod distribution plates positioned on the upper end face and the lower end face of the membrane component are also arranged oppositely. Specifically, the membrane rod distribution plate connected to the first end face and the membrane rod distribution plate connected to the second end face are membrane rod distribution plates whose structural shapes are completely compatible.

Referring to fig. 2, in an embodiment, the upper end surface of the film rod distribution plate 2 is circular, the film rod insertion holes 21 are distributed on the upper end surface of the circular film rod distribution plate 2, and the diameter of the film rod insertion holes 21 is slightly larger than that of the film rods 11, so that the film rods 11 can be smoothly inserted and fixed in the film rod distribution plate 2.

More specifically, the membrane rod insertion holes are distributed in the form of a circular array on the membrane rod distribution plate, the present invention is not limited to the number of membrane rod insertion holes distributed on the membrane rod distribution plate, and referring to fig. 1 and 2, in one embodiment, the number of membrane rod insertion holes 21 on one membrane rod distribution plate 2 is 19, and the membrane rod insertion holes 21 are arranged in the form of a circular array on the membrane rod distribution plate 2, the number of circular arrays is 2. In particular, the membrane rod insertion holes 21 distributed over a circle of radius R1 centered around the outlet pipe 16 form a first annular array 22, the number of membrane rod insertion holes 21 in said first annular array 22 being 6, and the distance of the membrane rods 11 located in the first annular array 22 to said outlet pipe 16 being the same; the membrane rod insertion holes 21 distributed over a circle of radius R2 form a second annular array 23, the number of membrane rod insertion holes 21 in said second annular array 23 being 12, and the distance of the membrane rods 11 in the second annular array 23 to said outlet pipe 16 being the same, the radius R2 being larger than the radius R1. In addition, a film rod inserting hole is arranged at the position of the center of a circle on the film rod distributing plate 2. That is, positioning the effluent pipe 16 centrally on the first end face of the membrane module evenly distributes the distance of the membrane rods 11 to the effluent pipe 16.

Referring to fig. 2, in other embodiments, the shape of the upper end surface of the film rod distribution plate is not limited as long as the film rod distribution plate can be used to open at least one film rod insertion hole and to insert a film rod, the number of film rod insertion holes on the film rod distribution plate and the arrangement of the film rod insertion holes are not limited, and an appropriate number of film rod insertion holes can be provided at appropriate positions of the film rod distribution plate according to specific situations. For example, in other embodiments, the membrane rod insertion holes are not distributed in a circular array, but are distributed in a straight line.

Referring to fig. 1, the second end face of the membrane module 1 is further provided with a liquid inlet chamber 14 extending in the direction of the extension degree, and the second end face of the membrane module 1 is a side wall of the liquid inlet chamber 14, and the liquid inlet chamber 14 is used for inputting and storing liquid to be filtered. In order to distribute the beer to be filtered in the inlet chamber 14 uniformly into the membrane rods 11, a flow divider 17 is provided at the second end face of the membrane module 1 in the inlet chamber 14, said flow divider 17 serving to distribute the beer to be filtered in the inlet chamber 14 uniformly into the membrane rods 11. More preferably, the flow splitter 17 is centrally located on the second end face, and in other embodiments, the location of the flow splitter on the second end face is not limited.

With continued reference to fig. 1, the flow splitter 17 is an inverted cone-shaped structure, and the large end of the flow splitter 17 is connected to the second end face. In other embodiments, the structure and shape of the flow divider are not limited, as long as the liquid entering the liquid inlet chamber 14 can be dispersed after touching the surface of the flow divider 17, so that the dispersed liquid is uniformly distributed into the membrane rod 11. The presence of the flow diverter allows better dispersion of the liquid and prevents vortex formation in the central region.

Specifically, the length of the liquid inlet chamber 14 is greater than the length of the flow divider 17, the length direction is the direction (X direction in fig. 1) in which the length of the membrane rod 11 extends, and the length of the liquid inlet chamber 14 is greater than the length of the flow divider 17, so that the flow divider 17 can divide the liquid in the liquid inlet chamber 14.

Referring to fig. 1, the liquid outlet pipe 16 located at the center of the first end surface of the membrane module 1 includes a first section 161 and a second section 162 connected to each other, an included angle between the first section 161 and the second section 162 is 60 degrees to 120 degrees, and the first section 161 is connected to the second end surface and extends along the length direction. More preferably, the second segment 162 is perpendicular to the first segment 161, and the first segment 161 and the second segment 162 are transitioned by a rounded corner 163.

In a specific implementation, the diameters of the first section and the second section are the same, and the diameter of the first section is set to be the largest as possible under the condition that the diameter of the first section is ensured not to cover the membrane rod insertion holes on the membrane rod distribution plate, and the larger diameter can allow more filtered clear liquid to flow out of the membrane module. In the longitudinal direction, the length of the first section should be as long as possible to allow more clear liquid to be contained from the membrane module. The curvature of the bend connecting the first section and the second section should be as large as possible to allow a smoother flow of the supernatant liquid flowing out of the first section to the second section for outputting the supernatant liquid into a supernatant reservoir.

In one embodiment provided by the present invention, the membrane rod is a ceramic membrane rod. In other embodiments, the membrane rod may also be a mesoporous fiber filter membrane made of polyethersulfone, and is not limited herein.

The number of the film rod insertion holes is multiple, the insertion holes are arranged in an annular array mode, and one film rod is inserted into each insertion hole.

Referring to fig. 1, further, a liquid outlet chamber 15 extending along the length direction may be further disposed on the first end surface of the membrane module, the liquid outlet chamber 15 is communicated with the membrane rods 11 for storing the liquid flowing out of the membrane rods 11, specifically, the liquid flowing out of the membrane rods 11 is filtered turbid liquid, the first end surface is a side wall of the liquid outlet chamber 15, and the liquid outlet pipe 16 is located in the liquid outlet chamber 15.

Because the filtering technology of the ceramic membrane is a process of recycling the membrane, the filtering efficiency of the ceramic membrane is reduced due to the prolonging of the service cycle in the use process, and how to effectively maintain the intact filtering efficiency needs a set of perfect cleaning process, so that the impurities intercepted by membrane pores in the use process can be completely cleaned, and the original filtering efficiency of the membrane is recovered.

The utility model provides a membrane module is used for filtering liquid, the membrane module can also use with the belt cleaning device cooperation, specifically, belt cleaning device is one set of recoil device. The backflushing device comprises a cavity used for collecting the filtered sake, when the sake collected in the cavity reaches a preset sake amount or the time for collecting the sake reaches a certain preset range, the backflushing device is started, the sake located in the chamber of the backflushing device is backflushed to the inside (the second side) of the membrane assembly through the liquid outlet pipe located in the center of the first end face, the sake entering the membrane assembly is subjected to reverse osmosis to the inner channel (the first side) of the membrane rod, in the reverse osmosis process, impurities adsorbed on the inner surface of the membrane rod in the membrane hole are backflushed out under the action of the backflushing force and are taken away from the membrane rod along with the turbid wine in the membrane rod to enter the liquid outlet chamber, so that the repeated backflushing is carried out within a set time, and the effect of prolonging the filtering time of regularly cleaning the membrane rod is achieved. And the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the central position of the second end surface of the membrane component, so that the sake to be backflushed can be distributed to each membrane component in a more uniform mode and then uniformly permeates into each membrane rod, the cleaning effect of each membrane rod is realized, the backflushing effect is improved, and the backflushing force to the membrane rods is more uniform.

To sum up, through the utility model provides a membrane module has following technological effect at least:

1. the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane component, so that residual gas in the membrane component can be discharged completely, and the influence of residual gas mixed in clear liquid on the quality of the clear liquid is avoided;

2. the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end surface of the membrane assembly, and when the membrane assembly is matched with the backflushing device for cleaning the membrane rod, the backflushing force to the membrane rod is more uniform than that when the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the side part of the membrane assembly;

3. the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the center of the first end face of the membrane assembly, and when the membrane assembly is matched with the backflushing device to clean the membrane rod, the backflushing spray area obtained at the backflushing moment is larger and the blocking objects are fewer;

4. the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the central position of the first end surface of the membrane assembly, when the membrane rod is cleaned, the membrane rod is washed more uniformly in washing force (in the direction from the liquid outlet chamber to the liquid inlet chamber) or in reverse direction (in the direction from the liquid inlet chamber to the liquid outlet chamber), and the cleaning effect is better than that of the membrane rod when the liquid outlet pipe is arranged at the side position of the membrane assembly;

5. the conical splitter is arranged at the center of the second end face of the membrane module, so that vortex in the central area can be prevented from forming, and the liquid inlet efficiency is improved;

6. the length of the liquid inlet chamber is larger than that of the flow divider, so that liquid to be filtered can uniformly flow into each membrane rod, and the inlet pressure of each membrane rod is similar.

7. The length of the first section of the liquid outlet pipe is set to be as large as possible, the bending degree of the bending angle connecting the first section and the second section is as large as possible, and the pressure of turbid liquid discharged from each membrane rod at an outlet is close to that of turbid liquid at the outlet as possible.

While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention, and the specific embodiments thereof are not to be considered as limiting. Various changes in form and detail, including simple deductions or substitutions, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A membrane module comprising a housing defining an enclosed chamber and at least one hollow membrane rod positioned in said chamber, wherein said housing has first and second opposing end surfaces, said membrane rod having a liquid outlet end disposed on said first end surface and a liquid inlet end disposed on said second end surface;

the membrane assembly further comprises a liquid outlet pipe, and a pipe orifice of the liquid outlet pipe is arranged in the center of the first end face.

2. The membrane module according to claim 1, wherein both ends of the membrane module are respectively provided with membrane rod distribution plates, and membrane rod insertion holes for inserting and fixing both ends of the membrane rods are opened on the membrane rod distribution plates.

3. The membrane module of claim 1, further comprising a liquid inlet chamber in communication with one end of the membrane rod, the second end surface being a sidewall of the liquid inlet chamber, a flow splitter positioned in the liquid inlet chamber being positioned on the second end surface, the flow splitter being positioned centrally on the second end surface.

4. The membrane assembly of claim 3, wherein the splitter is an inverted cone-shaped structure, and the large end of the splitter is connected to the second end face.

5. The membrane module of claim 4, wherein the length of the feed tube is greater than the length of a flow splitter positioned in the feed chamber.

6. The membrane assembly of claim 1, wherein said effluent conduit comprises a first section and a second section connected, said first section and said second section forming an included angle of 60 degrees to 120 degrees, said first section being connected to said first end surface and extending lengthwise.

7. The membrane assembly of claim 6, wherein said second section is perpendicular to said first section, and said first section and said second section transition by a rounded corner.

8. The membrane module of claim 1, wherein said membrane rods are ceramic membrane rods.

9. The membrane module of claim 1, wherein said membrane module is cylindrical in shape.

10. The membrane module of claim 1, wherein said membrane rod insertion holes are plural in number, a plurality of said membrane rod insertion holes are arranged in an annular array, and one membrane rod is inserted into each insertion hole.