CN209992351U - Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research - Google Patents
Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN209992351U CN209992351U CN201920398795.4U CN201920398795U CN209992351U CN 209992351 U CN209992351 U CN 209992351U CN 201920398795 U CN201920398795 U CN 201920398795U CN 209992351 U CN209992351 U CN 209992351U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- model
- micro
- test
- way valve
- injection pump
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Abstract
The utility model discloses a test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research, which comprises a flow control system, a visual observation imaging system, a micro model and a data acquisition and analysis system; the utility model adopts the micro model of the hole replica of the natural soil body as a research object; the flow control system consists of three high-precision programmable micro-injection pumps and pipelines and can provide precise and stable flow input; the visual observation imaging system mainly comprises a test workbench, an optical microscope system, an LED light source, a microfluid pressure sensor, a rotatable clamp, a CMOS high-speed camera and an auxiliary support system; the data acquisition and analysis system can automatically store image data of the whole test process, the pressure value of the inlet and outlet ends of the micro model and the confining pressure environment pressure value in real time, and can complete the post-processing of the image data through self-programming after the test is finished, so that the analysis is further carried out. The test process is simple to operate, the result can be visually displayed, and the result reliability is high.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a rock mass and soil seepage flow and heterogeneous class of flow technical field under the pore size specifically indicate a test device that is used for the heterogeneous class of flow motion characteristic research of rock pore size.
Background
The flow characteristics of multiphase flow in pore media are related to a number of natural and industrial processes, such as seepage problems in hydroelectric dam bodies, remediation of non-aqueous phase contaminant groundwater systems, enhanced oil and gas mining, geological sequestration of deep saline water bed carbon dioxide, geological sequestration of nuclear waste, and the like. Therefore, developing corresponding indoor tests is of great significance for revealing the movement characteristics and the mesoscopic mechanism of the multiphase flow under the pore scale. For the pore size, due to the high precision requirement, the direct observation of the characteristic change process of the two-phase displacement interface becomes a main technical problem of relevant experiments. At present, a visual observation device and a test method under the pore size are not available in China. The utility model discloses a visual test device and test method can overcome the drawback of traditional experiment, can real-time recording each phase fluidic motion characteristic and record corresponding process.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
For overcoming the prior art defect, the utility model aims to provide a test device that is used for the heterogeneous class motion characteristic research of rock pore size, it mainly solves among the prior art problem of the motion characteristic and the form of heterogeneous fluid in the hole inside under the unable accurate observation pore size.
In order to achieve the above object, the utility model provides a test device for the research of rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic, its characterized in that: the device comprises a flow control system for providing stable and accurate injection flow, a visual observation imaging system for monitoring the multiphase flow process in a microscopic model under pore scale in real time, the microscopic model and a data acquisition and analysis system for processing and analyzing the monitoring data of the visual observation imaging system;
the flow control system comprises a fluid source device, a programmable micro-injection pump and a sample outlet pipeline connected with a multi-way valve device, wherein the sample outlet pipeline realizes the switching of a fluid path through the multi-way valve and a three-way joint; the fluid source device consists of a first fluid source, a second fluid source and a third fluid source which are arranged in parallel, and the programmable micro-injection pump consists of a first injection pump, a second injection pump and a third injection pump; the multi-way valve device consists of a first multi-way valve, a second multi-way valve and a third multi-way valve; the first fluid source, the second fluid source and the third fluid source are respectively connected with the first injection pump, the second injection pump and the third injection pump through AC loops of the first multi-way valve, the second multi-way valve and the third multi-way valve; the outlet channels of the first multi-way valve, the second multi-way valve and the third multi-way valve are respectively connected with a sample outlet pipeline, the sample outlet pipeline also comprises a first three-way joint and a second three-way joint, and the outlet end of the first three-way joint and the inlet end of the second three-way joint are connected in series on the sample outlet pipeline; the micro-model testing device is characterized by also comprising a main pipeline connected with one end of the micro-model, wherein a third three-way joint and a thermometer used for monitoring the temperature during testing are sequentially arranged on the main pipeline, the inlet end of the third three-way joint is connected with the outlet end of the second three-way joint, and the thermometer is connected with the third three-way joint;
the visual observation imaging system comprises a test workbench, an optical microscope, an LED flat light source, 2 micro-fluid pressure sensors and a CMOS high-speed camera, wherein the optical microscope can ensure that the motion characteristics of two-phase flow can be observed on a smaller scale and is used for capturing micro characteristics; the test workbench is provided with a leveling support and a level gauge, and the leveling support is provided with a balance support and a rotatable support for rotating the microscopic model so as to perform tests at different angles; the LED flat light source is arranged on the test workbench and positioned above the optical microscope, the micro model is arranged on the LED flat light source, and the CMOS high-speed camera is arranged on the balance bracket and positioned right above the micro model; the rotatable bracket is also provided with a metal clip;
the outlet end of the main pipeline is connected with the inlet end of the micro model through one PDMS fixed small block; the outlet end of the microscopic model is connected with a waste liquid recovery pipeline; the outlet section of the waste liquid recovery pipeline is sequentially connected with a waste liquid recovery valve and a recovery container; the 2 microfluid pressure sensors are respectively arranged on the main pipeline and the waste liquid recovery pipeline;
the data acquisition and analysis system comprises a computer for controlling and receiving the information of the optical monitoring system and the water flow control and measurement system; the CMOS high-speed camera, the optical microscope and the microfluid pressure sensor are all connected with a computer, image data of the whole test process, the pressure value of the inlet and outlet ends of the micro model and the confining pressure environment pressure value are automatically stored in real time through the self-programming of the computer, and after the test is finished, the post-processing of the image data is finished through the self-programming of the computer, so that the analysis is finished.
Preferably, the micro model is made of polydimethylsiloxane or glass; a chip groove or a clamp is also arranged, and the micro model is placed in the chip groove or the clamp to be fixed so as to prevent movement; the bottom of the test workbench is provided with a spiral foot support capable of adjusting levelness.
Further, the adjustable injection flow of the programmable micro-injection pump is adjusted within the range of 1.56pL/min to 220 mL/min; the sample outlet pipeline adopts a peek pipe with the outer diameter of 1/16.
The design idea of the utility model is as follows:
firstly, aiming at the problem that the motion characteristics of multiphase flow under the pore size cannot be accurately observed in the current test, an observation system integrating a microscopic model, a microscope and a high-speed camera is designed, so that the accurate observation of a very tiny transparent model can be ensured, and meanwhile, the high-frame-rate shooting can be carried out on the whole flow process.
And secondly, designing a corresponding pipeline system and a flow control system aiming at experimental observation of two-phase flow and even multiphase flow under the pore size, and providing a specific experimental scheme.
Three, to considering under the gravity condition, different inclination to the influence of heterogeneous stream motion characteristic under the pore size, the utility model designs a can freely change different inclination's rotatable formula anchor clamps to give corresponding observation means, can carry out the analysis and research to the fluid motion characteristic of microscopic model under the different work condition systematically and completely.
To sum up, the utility model discloses the device includes four parts of flow control system, visual observation imaging system, micro model and data acquisition analytic system, constitutes the visual observation device of micro model-microscope-high-speed camera jointly. The systems are as follows:
1. flow control system
The device comprises three high-precision programmable micro-injection pumps, the injection flow can be adjusted, the adjustment range is 1.56pL/min to 220mL/min, the device is provided with a controller, the sensitivity is high, the stability is good, a peek pipe with the outer diameter of 1/16 is used as a loop for a pipeline, and the pipeline realizes the switching of fluid paths through a multi-way valve and a three-way joint.
2. Visual observation imaging system
The system consists of a test workbench, an optical microscope system, an LED light source, a microfluid pressure sensor, a rotatable clamp, a CMOS high-speed camera and an auxiliary support system. The test workbench with the leveling support and the leveling system ensures the influence of external factors such as gravity on the result in the experiment; the microscope can ensure that the motion characteristics of the two-phase flow can be observed on a smaller scale and is used for capturing microscopic characteristics; the flat LED light source has the characteristics of no stroboflash, uniform scattered light distribution and approximate parallel light. Meanwhile, the long-time operation is less influenced by heating, and the light intensity is stable; the microfluid pressure sensors are positioned at the inlet and the outlet and can synchronously monitor the pressure change of the internal fluid in the test process; the rotatable fixture can rotate the microscopic model, and tests at different angles can be performed; the high-speed camera can shoot the experiment process in real time, can shoot 100 pictures at most every second, and ensures that the characteristic of two-phase flow motion can be captured under the condition of large flow.
3. Micro model
The micro model can be designed and manufactured by adopting PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) or glass, and the pattern is taken from a real micro pore structure in reality. In the test, the microscopic model is fixed in a special chip well or jig to prevent movement.
4. Data acquisition and analysis system
The high-speed camera, the microscope, the pressure sensor and other instruments are connected with the high-performance computer, the image data of the whole test process, the pressure value of the inlet and outlet ends of the micro model and the confining pressure environment pressure value can be automatically stored in real time through self-programming, and after the test is finished, the image data can be subjected to post-processing through the self-programming, so that analysis is performed.
The utility model has the advantages of as follows: the utility model relates to a visual test device and test method for observing multiphase flow motion characteristic in transparent replica in the microcosmic field under the rock pore size. The utility model discloses can accomplish the visual observation and the measurement of the heterogeneous stream motion process in the microcosmic hole model under the pore yardstick, the device function is abundant, and the integrated level is high, test process easy operation.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a visual testing apparatus for observing the multiphase flow motion characteristics under the rock pore size.
Fig. 2 is a top view of the micro-model of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a side view of the detailed structure of the micro model of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a micro-modeling process.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a micro-modeling process.
FIG. 6 is a third schematic view of a micro-modeling process.
FIG. 7 is a fourth schematic view of a micro-modeling process.
In the figure: the device comprises a third sample injection pump 1, a third multi-way valve 2, a third fluid source 3, a second sample injection pump 4, a second multi-way valve 5, a second fluid source 6, a first injection pump 7, a first multi-way valve 8, a first fluid source 9, a first three-way joint 10, a second three-way joint 11, a third three-way joint 12, a thermometer 13, a microfluidic pressure sensor 14, a micro model, a 15PDMS fixed small block 16, an LED flat light source 17, an optical microscope 18, a metal clamp 19, a rotatable bracket 20, a test workbench 21, a level 22, a waste liquid recovery valve 23, a recovery container 24, a balance bracket 25, a CMOS high-speed camera 26, a computer 27, a silicon wafer mold 28, PDMS liquid 29 containing a curing agent, a cut micro model upper piece 30, a glass slide 31 coated with cured PDMS, an inlet end 32 of the micro model and an outlet end 33 of the micro model.
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The utility model discloses a test device implements according to following test method:
step one, manufacturing a microscopic model; selecting natural soil body slices, obtaining a CAD graph through laser scanning, printing the CAD graph into an optical negative, and manufacturing a silicon plate mould 28 by using a photoetching technology. Mixing 29 percent of PDMS liquid and ten percent of curing agent, pouring the mixture into a mold, then placing the mold in an oven for baking at 75 ℃ for 2 hours, taking out the mold after baking and curing, removing the mold from a silicon wafer, and cutting the mold into a micro model upper piece 30 by using a scalpel. And then uniformly coating a layer of PDMS liquid 31 on the clean glass slide, baking and curing the clean glass slide, placing the upper piece of the micro model and the glass slide in a plasma cleaning machine for bonding treatment to obtain the manufactured micro model 15, and finally placing PDMS small blocks 16 at the inlet end 32 of the micro model and the outlet end 33 of the micro model for plugging and unplugging the needle.
Step two, injecting samples by using an injection pump: first fluid source 9, second fluid source 6 and third fluid source three are drawn into first syringe pump 7, second syringe pump 4 and third syringe pump 1 through the AC circuit through first, second and third multi-way valves 8, 5 and 2, respectively.
Step three, connecting the test device and preparing before the test: according to the schematic diagram of the test device, the instrument and the pipeline are connected, the level 22 is adjusted to enable the test workbench 21 to be horizontal, the micro model is placed above the LED light source 17, and if the influence of the same inclination angle on the multiphase flow motion characteristic needs to be researched, the micro model can be placed on the rotatable support 20 and clamped by the metal clamp 19. The current room temperature is recorded by the thermometer 13, the CMOS high speed camera 26, the optical microscope 18 and the microfluidic pressure sensor 14 are turned on, and the computer 27 is turned on to prepare for recording data.
Step four, the operation flow of the multiphase displacement test is as follows: first, the first syringe pump 7 is opened, the AB loop of the first multi-way valve 8 is opened, the AC loop of the second three-way joint 11 is sequentially opened, the BC loop of the third three-way joint 12 feeds the first invasive phase fluid into the micromodel through the pipeline, and when the first invasive phase fluid flows out of the recovery vessel 24, the first syringe pump is closed. Then, the second injection pump 4 is opened, the AB loop of the second multi-way valve 5 is opened, the AB loop of the first three-way joint 10, the AC loop of the second three-way joint 11 and the BC loop of the third three-way joint 12 are sequentially opened, at this time, the second invasive phase fluid enters the micro model through a pipeline, at this time, the CMOS high-speed camera 26 and the optical microscope 18 are operated to take a picture and record, data are transmitted to the computer 27 in real time, when the second invasive phase flows out from the recovery container 24, the second injection pump 4 is closed, and the CMOS high-speed camera 26 and the optical microscope 18 are operated to stop taking a picture. At this point, the two-phase displacement test process is completed. If a multiphase displacement test is carried out, following the above operation steps, after the two-phase displacement test is finished, the third injection pump 1 is opened, the AB loop of the third multi-way valve 2 is opened, the AC loop of the first three-way joint 10, the AB loop of the second three-way joint 11 and the BC loop of the third three-way joint 12 are sequentially opened, at this time, the third invasive phase fluid enters the micro model through the pipeline, at this time, the CMOS high-speed camera 26 and the optical microscope 18 are operated to take a picture, and when the third invasive phase flows out from the recovery container 24, the third injection pump 1 is closed, so that the multiphase flow displacement test process is completed.
Step five, sample disassembling after the test is finished: all valves and syringe pumps are closed and the CMOS high speed camera 26, optical microscope 18 and microfluidic pressure sensor 14 are turned off. And (5) flushing the pipeline and the microscopic model, cleaning and airing, and intensively recovering and treating waste liquid to finish the test.
Claims (3)
1. A test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research is characterized in that: the device comprises a flow control system for providing stable and accurate injection flow, a visual observation imaging system for monitoring the multiphase flow process in a microscopic model under pore size in real time, a microscopic model (15) and a data acquisition and analysis system for processing and analyzing the monitoring data of the visual observation imaging system;
the flow control system comprises a fluid source device, a programmable micro-injection pump and a sample outlet pipeline connected with a multi-way valve device, wherein the sample outlet pipeline realizes the switching of a fluid path through the multi-way valve and a three-way joint; the fluid source device consists of a first fluid source (9), a second fluid source (6) and a third fluid source (3) which are arranged in parallel, and the programmable micro-injection pump consists of a first injection pump (7), a second injection pump (4) and a third injection pump (1); the multi-way valve device consists of a first multi-way valve (8), a second multi-way valve (5) and a third multi-way valve (2); the first fluid source (9), the second fluid source (6) and the third fluid source (3) are respectively connected with the first injection pump (7), the second injection pump (4) and the third injection pump (1) through AC loops of the first multi-way valve (8), the second multi-way valve (5) and the third multi-way valve (2); the outlet channels of the first multi-way valve (8), the second multi-way valve (5) and the third multi-way valve (2) are respectively connected with a sample outlet pipeline, the sample outlet pipeline further comprises a first three-way joint (10) and a second three-way joint (11), and the first three-way joint (10) and the second three-way joint (11) are connected in series on the sample outlet pipeline; the device is characterized by further comprising a main pipeline connected with one end of the microscopic model (15), wherein a third three-way joint (12) and a thermometer (13) used for monitoring the temperature during the test are sequentially arranged on the main pipeline, the third three-way joint (12) is connected with the second three-way joint (11), and the thermometer (13) is connected with the third three-way joint (12);
the visual observation imaging system comprises a test workbench (21), an optical microscope (18) which can ensure that the motion characteristics of two-phase flow can be observed on a smaller scale and is used for capturing microscopic characteristics, an LED flat light source (17), 2 micro-fluid pressure sensors (14) and a CMOS high-speed camera (26) which can rotate and can be constantly positioned right above a microscopic model (15); the test workbench (21) is provided with a leveling support and a level gauge (22), the leveling support is provided with a balance support (25) and a rotatable support (20) for rotating the micro model (15) to perform tests at different angles; the LED flat light source (17) is arranged on the test workbench (21) and is positioned above the optical microscope (18), the micro model (15) is arranged on the LED flat light source (17), and the CMOS high-speed camera (26) is arranged on the balance bracket (25) and is positioned right above the micro model (15); the rotatable bracket (20) is also provided with a metal clip (19);
the outlet end of the main pipeline is connected with the inlet end (32) of the micro model (15) through one PDMS fixed small block (16); the outlet end (33) of the microscopic model (15) is connected with a waste liquid recovery pipeline; the outlet section of the waste liquid recovery pipeline is sequentially connected with a waste liquid recovery valve (23) and a recovery container (24); the 2 microfluid pressure sensors (14) are respectively arranged on the main pipeline and the waste liquid recovery pipeline;
the data acquisition and analysis system comprises a computer (27) for controlling and receiving the optical monitoring system and the water flow control and measurement information; the CMOS high-speed camera (26), the optical microscope (18) and the microfluid pressure sensor (14) are all connected with the computer (27), the image data of the whole test process, the pressure value of the inlet end (32) of the microscopic model (15) and the confining pressure environment pressure value are automatically stored in real time through the self-programming of the computer (27), and after the test is finished, the post-processing of the image data is finished through the self-programming of the computer (27), so that the analysis is finished.
2. The test device for the research on the movement characteristics of the rock pore-scale multiphase flow, according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the micro model (15) is made of polydimethylsiloxane or glass; a chip groove or a clamp is also arranged, and the micro model (15) is placed in the chip groove or the clamp and fixed to prevent movement; the bottom of the test workbench (21) is provided with a spiral foot support capable of adjusting levelness.
3. The test device for the research on the movement characteristics of the rock pore-scale multiphase flow according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the adjustable injection flow of the programmable micro-injection pump is adjusted within the range of 1.56pL/min to 220 mL/min; the sample outlet pipeline adopts a peek pipe with the outer diameter of 1/16.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920398795.4U CN209992351U (en) | 2019-03-27 | 2019-03-27 | Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920398795.4U CN209992351U (en) | 2019-03-27 | 2019-03-27 | Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN209992351U true CN209992351U (en) | 2020-01-24 |
Family
ID=69290397
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920398795.4U Active CN209992351U (en) | 2019-03-27 | 2019-03-27 | Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN209992351U (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109883924A (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-06-14 | 武汉大学 | Experimental rig and method for blowhole scale multi-phase fluid movement characteristic research |
| CN112161907A (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2021-01-01 | 武汉大学 | Surface wettability variable micro-pore model and manufacturing and using method thereof |
| CN114112840A (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-03-01 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Test device and method for researching pore-fracture dual-medium seepage characteristics |
| CN117169214A (en) * | 2023-09-05 | 2023-12-05 | 武汉大学 | Multi-scale observation platform |
-
2019
- 2019-03-27 CN CN201920398795.4U patent/CN209992351U/en active Active
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109883924A (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2019-06-14 | 武汉大学 | Experimental rig and method for blowhole scale multi-phase fluid movement characteristic research |
| CN109883924B (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2024-01-30 | 武汉大学 | Test device and method for researching rock pore scale multiphase flow motion characteristics |
| CN112161907A (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2021-01-01 | 武汉大学 | Surface wettability variable micro-pore model and manufacturing and using method thereof |
| CN112161907B (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2021-06-04 | 武汉大学 | Surface wettability variable micro-pore model and manufacturing and using method thereof |
| CN114112840A (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-03-01 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Test device and method for researching pore-fracture dual-medium seepage characteristics |
| CN117169214A (en) * | 2023-09-05 | 2023-12-05 | 武汉大学 | Multi-scale observation platform |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109883924B (en) | Test device and method for researching rock pore scale multiphase flow motion characteristics | |
| CN209992351U (en) | Test device for rock pore size multiphase flow motion characteristic research | |
| CN106645158B (en) | Device and test method for rock mass fracture three-phase flow displacement dispersion capture research | |
| CN103161452B (en) | Two dimension microcosmic visual Simulation experimental facilities and using method thereof | |
| CN102549440B (en) | PVT analysis of pressurized fluids | |
| Bissig et al. | Primary standards for measuring flow rates from 100 nl/min to 1 ml/min–gravimetric principle | |
| CN104950095B (en) | Method for quantitatively analyzing core slice visualized displacement | |
| WO2022148193A1 (en) | Microscopic visualization experimental device and method for simulating fluid displacement under high temperature and high pressure | |
| US8443661B1 (en) | High pressure and high temperature linear swell measurement method | |
| WO2006055096A3 (en) | Apparatus and method for processing biological liquids | |
| CN104849412A (en) | In-situ observation testing device for simulating micro oil displacing interface | |
| CN111239132A (en) | Visual high-pressure microfluidic hydrate simulation experiment device and application thereof | |
| CN111721652B (en) | Hydraulic erosion mesoscopic mechanism observation device and test method based on PIV and PTV technologies | |
| CN105628560B (en) | One kind measurement CO2The experimental provision of/salt solution/rock system contact angle | |
| CN107631975B (en) | A kind of micropore grid sheet-type permeability for liquids detection method and device | |
| CN109932298A (en) | Micro-flows visual testing device and method under a kind of coupling | |
| CN110056335B (en) | Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device and experimental method | |
| Lagoy et al. | Microfluidic devices for behavioral analysis, microscopy, and neuronal imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans | |
| WO2016030583A1 (en) | Method and system for determining dissolution properties of matter | |
| CN115932321B (en) | Microcosmic corrosion visualization device and method based on particle image velocimetry | |
| CN112881259A (en) | Visualization device and method for measuring gas-water relative permeability of joint network based on steady state method | |
| CN104677802A (en) | Multifunctional linkage device integrating sewage time-sharing sampling and permeation coefficient testing and working method of multifunctional linkage device | |
| CN209727715U (en) | Micro-flows visual testing device under a kind of coupling | |
| CN215727576U (en) | Visual porous medium seepage flow measurement experimental device | |
| CN110361227A (en) | Laboratory sediment settlement tests micro-disturbance sampler |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |