CN209783784U - A Fiber Bragg Grating Tension Sensor with Over-Range Protection - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection, which comprises a sensor body, a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor shell. A hanging ring is arranged on the top of the sensor main body. The mechanism penetrates down the bottom of the sensor body; the detection mechanism includes connecting optical fiber, fiber grating, deformation force rod, transmission fiber and ball seat, the lower end of the deformation force rod is set as a ball, and the upper end of the ball seat hanging ring is provided with a ball seat, and the ball is fastened on the In the ball seat; a tension ring is arranged at the lower end of the ball seat hanging ring; fiber gratings are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the deformation force rod, the upper ends of the two fiber gratings are connected by connecting optical fibers, and the lower ends of the two fiber gratings are respectively connected with transmission fibers . The utility model solves the problems of low measurement accuracy, weak tensile strength and no safety protection existing in the existing sensor, improves the measurement accuracy compared with the traditional tensile force sensor, and expands the application range and safety and reliability.

Description

A Fiber Bragg Grating Tension Sensor with Over-Range Protection

technical field

The utility model relates to a fiber grating tension sensor, in particular to a fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection, which is mainly used for monitoring the ice coating of wires of transmission lines.

Background technique

Generally speaking, because the southern part of my country is mostly mountainous and the climate is humid, transmission lines will be affected by environmental loads, such as wind, rain, snow loads, etc. Especially in winter, one side of the transmission wire will be covered with 6mm to 30mm of icing. The fault caused by icing of the transmission line will seriously affect the normal operation of the power system and cause serious harm to the safety of the power system. From mid-January to February 2008, the northern Guangdong region of my country was hit by a severe continuous low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather. Accidents such as flash ice tripping, tower collapse, wire galloping, and equipment damage have also occurred in the power grid in a large area. The massive destruction of power transmission equipment shows that the power line towers in the southern region are seriously insufficient in the ability to withstand a wide range of long-term low temperature, rain, snow and freezing climates. The structural instability of the iron tower under the load of excessive icing is an important cause of the tower collapse accident caused by the snow disaster in 2008. Therefore, the online monitoring of icing on transmission lines is an effective method to ensure the safe and reliable operation of power transmission equipment and reduce losses caused by disasters. The existing fiber optic tension sensors that can monitor the ice coating of transmission lines generally have two defects: on the one hand, they meet the measurement range, but do not meet the load-bearing requirements of the metal fittings specified by the national standard; The measurement range is too large, and most of it is actually unused, resulting in the sensor not reaching the measurement accuracy.

Therefore, it is necessary to design an over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor that can not only meet the load-bearing requirements of the power grid hardware, but also accurately monitor the tension of the transmission wire, with stable performance and reliable operation. It is also the key to solving the above technical problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the many defects and deficiencies existing in the above-mentioned background technology, the present invention improves and innovates this, and aims to provide a novel design, simple structure, which can effectively prevent the transmission wire from falling off due to excessive icing, and avoid major safety issues. At the same time, the measurement error caused by temperature can also be eliminated, which can better reduce the temperature drift of the fiber grating tension sensor, overcome the measurement deviation of the sensor caused by temperature change, and improve the measurement accuracy and the stability of measurement performance. and reliability.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems and achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the invention, a kind of over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor of the present utility model is realized by adopting the following design structures and adopting the following technical solutions:

Another purpose of the present invention is to perform remote real-time monitoring in harsh environments, and at the same time, the stability, sensitivity and accuracy of measurement are greatly improved.

As an improvement of the over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor of the present invention, the fiber grating tension sensor comprises a sensor body (3), a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor shell (8). The ring (1), the cavity part of the sensor main body (3) and the ball seat hanging ring form a detection mechanism, and the detection mechanism penetrates downward through the bottom of the sensor main body (3); wherein, the detection mechanism includes a connecting optical fiber (2), a fiber grating (4), a deformation force rod (5), a transmission optical fiber (10) and a ball seat (7), the lower end of the deformation force rod (5) is provided with a spherical body (12), and the upper end of the ball seat hanging ring is provided with a spherical body (12) A matching ball seat (7), the ball body (12) is fastened in the ball seat (7); a tension ring (11) is provided at the lower end of the ball seat hanging ring; symmetrical on both sides of the deformation force rod (5) A fiber grating (4) is provided, the upper ends of the two fiber gratings (4) are connected by connecting fibers (2), and the lower ends of the two fiber gratings (4) are respectively connected with transmission fibers (10).

As the above improvement of the present utility model, two hanging rings (1) are provided, and the vertical directions of the two hanging rings (1) are connected with the insulator; The fiber grating is a double sensitive grating (4a), which is sensitive to both temperature and tension; the other fiber grating is a single sensitive grating (4b), and the single sensitive grating (4b) is sensitive to temperature.

As a further improvement of the present invention, the double sensitive grating (4a) and the single sensitive grating (4b) are welded together in series through the coiled connecting optical fiber (2), and are led out by the transmission optical fiber (10).

As a further improvement of the present invention, the sensor body (3) is a frame-shaped body (9) with an opening at the bottom, and the frame-shaped body (9) and the ball seat (7) cooperate with each other to form an over-range protection structure. force in the direction.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, the deformation force rod (5) is made of elastic material, and the fixed end of the deformation force rod (5) and the sensor body (3) are arranged as a whole.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, a movable piece (6) is arranged between the ball (12) and the ball seat (7), and the movable piece (6) is a W-shaped spring sheet or spring.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, the ball seat has a "C"-shaped structure; the sensor housing (8) is a cylindrical member as a whole.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, the force-receiving ring (11) has a circular structure as a whole; the sphere (12) is arranged in the ball seat (7), and the sphere (12) passes The movable part (6) is fastened tightly to prevent it from falling off.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, the outer surfaces of the hanging ring (1), the sensor housing (8) and the tension ring (11) are sprayed with injection molding layer and anti-rust layer from the inside to the outside in sequence. layer and warning layer, the warning layer is coated with phosphor.

As a further improvement of the above-mentioned utility model, a polymer wear-resistant material is injected on the injection-molded layer; the anti-rust layer includes an epoxy zinc-rich primer and a chlorinated rubber topcoat, and the epoxy zinc-rich primer and Epoxy micaceous iron intermediate paint between chlorinated rubber topcoats; the warning layer is yellow or black reflective warning tape or reflective color film or reflective paint.

The working principle is as follows: before using an over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor of the above-mentioned design structure, it needs to be fabricated and installed as a backup.

During specific manufacture, the fiber grating tension sensor includes a sensor body (3), a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor shell (8). The hanging ring (1), the frame-shaped structure (9), the deformation force rod (5) and the sphere (12) on the sensor body (3) are integrated. The sensor body (3) is made of cylindrical steel, wherein the two hanging rings (1) are machined by wire cutting and milling; the deformation force rod (5) and the sphere (12) are machined by a lathe; the frame The structure (9) is machined by a milling machine. The ball seat hanging ring includes two parts, a ball seat (7) and a tension ring (11), which are processed into a whole by a casting process, and the size of the ball seat (7) matches the sphere (12). The sensor housing (8) is made of stainless steel pipe, and the inner diameter matches the outer diameter of the sensor body (3).

The sensor manufactured according to the above processing needs to be installed as a backup before use. When installing, first, the sensor body (3) is placed vertically, and the sphere (12) Hanging into the ball seat (7), the ball seat naturally falls for a short section under the action of gravity, leaving a mounting hole for the movable part, and inserting the movable part into the mounting hole to clamp the ball structure to prevent the ball and the ball seat from falling off. A gap is left between the sphere (12) and the frame-shaped main body (9).

Then, gratings are pasted on both sides of the deformation force rod (5) to monitor its force condition, and the two gratings are coiled and welded together by connecting optical fibers (2). One of the optical gratings is a double-sensitive grating (4a). Both ends of the sensitive grating are pasted on the deformation force rod (5) through epoxy glue, and are deformed together with the deformation force rod (5); the other fiber grating is a single-sensitive grating (4b), and one end of the single-sensitive grating passes through the ring Oxygen glue is fixed, the double-sensitive grating (4a) is sensitive to temperature and tension, and the single-sensitive grating (4b) is sensitive to temperature. The two gratings are respectively led out to the outside of the sensor through the transmission fiber (10). The sensor shell (8) is sleeved outside the sensor body to protect the internal detection mechanism of the sensor, so as to complete the installation of the entire sensor, and then it is ready for use.

When in use, the sensor is used to directly measure the weight of the insulator string of the transmission tower line. The upper end of the sensor is connected to the cross arm of the transmission tower, and the lower end is connected to the hanging ring of the insulator string.

Specifically, in use, the sensor hanging ring (1) is connected to the cross arm of the transmission tower through the plate (13) and the nut (14), and the tension ring (11) is connected to the insulator string through the insulator hanging ring (15) and the nut. . The fiber grating tension sensor is designed to have two operating states.

The first is that under normal working conditions, the load-bearing part is composed of a deformation force rod (5), a sphere (12) and a ball seat (7) inside the sensor. The deformation force rod (5) can bear the dead weight of the wire and the general ice coating. The grating on both sides of the deformation force rod (5) monitors its gravity.

In normal operation, the dual-sensitive grating (4a) and the single-sensitive grating (4b) are under the same temperature conditions, the wavelength change of the dual-sensitive grating (4a) is Δλ ₁ , and the wavelength change of the single-sensitive grating (4b) is Δλ ₂ , The compensation coefficient of dual-sensitive grating to temperature is k ₁ , the compensation coefficient of single-sensitive grating to temperature is k ₂ , and the compensation coefficient of sensor to temperature is K _T =k ₂ /k ₁ .

Then, the tension value measured by the fiber grating tension sensor for monitoring the ice coating of the transmission line wire is:

F=(Δλ ₁ -Δλ ₂ *K _T )/K

Among them, K is the sensitivity coefficient of the sensor, and the unit is nm/KN.

The second is that when an abnormal situation occurs, when the sensor deformation force rod (5) is stretched, deformed or broken, the ball seat (7) will contact the frame-shaped body (9), and the load-bearing part is the frame-shaped body (9) and the ball seat. (7) Structural composition, which can effectively prevent the sensor from breaking due to excessive icing of the transmission wire, resulting in the wire falling off and avoiding major safety accidents. The two load-bearing structures can achieve accurate measurement of wire tension and provide over-range protection.

Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following beneficial effects:

1. The installation method of the utility model is simple, and the accuracy is higher than that of the traditional tension sensor. Because the sensor shell is connected to the outside of the deformation force rod, the sensor is not easily affected by the strong electromagnetic environment around the transmission line. Adapt to harsh environments;

2. The sensing grating of the present invention includes a double-sensitive grating and a single-sensitive grating. The double-sensitive grating is sensitive to both temperature and tensile force, and the single-sensitive grating is only sensitive to temperature. In actual work, the single-sensitive grating is used as a temperature compensation grating, which can Compensate the measurement error of the tension sensor grating caused by the temperature change, and improve the measurement accuracy of the sensor.

3. Two load-bearing structures are designed in the middle of the utility model. Under normal working conditions, the load-bearing part is composed of a deformation force rod, a sphere and a ball seat inside the sensor. A grating is pasted on each side of the force rod to monitor its gravity. When the icing load is too large, the deformation force rod of the sensor is pulled, deformed or broken, the ball seat part will contact the frame-shaped body at the lower end of the sensor body, and the load-bearing part becomes the frame-shaped body of the sensor and the ball seat structure. It has a large tensile capacity, which can effectively prevent the transmission wire from being overly covered with ice and cause the sensor to break and the wire to fall off, thereby avoiding major safety accidents.

4. The sensing grating and the sensing grating of the present invention are under the same temperature condition, so that the single-sensitive grating can better perform temperature compensation on the double-sensitive grating, which can eliminate the measurement error caused by temperature and reduce the temperature. The temperature drift of the fiber grating tension sensor overcomes the measurement deviation of the sensor caused by the temperature change, and improves the measurement accuracy, the stability and reliability of the measurement performance;

5. The exterior of the utility model is coated with fluorescent material that can emit light by itself, which can clearly mark the position of the sensor when working at night or in a dark room, and can effectively play the role of safety prompt.

Description of drawings

The specific embodiments of the present utility model will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. 1 is the front view of the utility model;

Figure 2 is a side view of the utility model;

3 is one of the schematic diagrams of the overall structure of the ball seat hanging ring of the present invention;

4 is the second schematic diagram of the overall structure of the ball seat hanging ring of the present invention;

Fig. 5 is one of the use state schematic diagrams of the utility model;

6 is the second schematic diagram of the use state of the utility model;

Among them, the number in the figure: 1—hanging ring;

2—fiber;

3—Sensor body;

4—fiber grating, 4a—double sensitive grating, 4b—single sensitive grating;

5—Deformation force rod;

6—movable parts;

7—Tee;

8—Sensor housing;

9—frame body;

10—Transmission fiber;

11—stress pull ring;

12—sphere;

13—Stainless steel plate;

14—nut;

15—Insulator hanging ring;

16—Transmission tower cross arm;

17—Insulator string.

Detailed ways

The present utility model will be described below with reference to the embodiments, but the present utility model is not limited to the following technical solutions.

An over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor as shown in the accompanying drawings of the description, the fiber grating tension sensor includes a sensor body 3, a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor shell 8, and a hanging ring 1 is provided on the top of the sensor body 3. The sensor body The inner part of the cavity of 3 and the ball seat hanging ring form a detection mechanism, and the detection mechanism penetrates down the bottom of the sensor body 3; wherein, the detection mechanism includes the connecting fiber 2, the fiber grating 4, the deformation force rod 5, the transmission fiber 10 and the ball seat 7. The lower end of the deformation force rod 5 is provided with a spherical body 12, the upper end of the ball seat hanging ring is provided with a ball seat 7 adapted to the ball body 12, and the ball body 12 is fastened in the ball seat 7; Pull ring 11; fiber gratings 4 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the deformation force rod 5, the upper ends of the two fiber gratings 4 are connected by the connecting fiber 2, and the lower ends of the two fiber gratings 4 are respectively connected to the transmission fiber 10.

Further, there are two hanging rings 1, and the vertical directions of the two hanging rings 1 are connected to the insulator; one of the fiber gratings arranged on the deformation force rod 5 is a double-sensitive grating 4a, and the double-sensitive grating 4a is a pair of Both temperature and tension are sensitive; the other fiber grating is a single-sensitive grating 4b, and the single-sensitive grating 4b is sensitive to temperature.

Specifically, the double sensitive grating 4 a and the single sensitive grating 4 b are both fused together in series through the coiled connecting optical fiber 2 , and are led out from the transmission optical fiber 10 .

Further, the sensor body 3 is a frame-shaped body 9 with an open bottom, and the frame-shaped body 9 and the ball seat 7 are matched with each other to form an over-range protection structure, which is subjected to force in the vertical direction. , the ball seat 7 will not fall off from the frame body 9 , and the size of the ball seat 7 is larger than the opening size of the frame body 9 .

Further, the deformation force rod 5 is made of an elastic material, and the fixed end of the deformation force rod 5 and the sensor body 3 are arranged as a whole.

Further, a movable member 6 is arranged between the ball body 12 and the ball seat 7, and the movable member 6 is a W-shaped spring sheet or spring.

Further, the ball seat has a "C"-shaped structure; the sensor housing 8 is a cylindrical member as a whole.

Further, the tension ring 11 has a circular structure as a whole; the ball body 12 is arranged in the ball seat 7 , and the ball body 12 is clamped and fixed by the movable member 6 to prevent it from falling off.

Further, the outer surfaces of the hanging ring 1, the sensor housing 8 and the tension ring 11 are sprayed with an injection molding layer, an anti-rust layer and a warning layer in sequence from the inside to the outside, and the warning layer is coated with fluorescent powder.

Specifically, a polymer wear-resistant material is injection-molded on the injection-molded layer; the anti-rust layer includes an epoxy zinc-rich primer and a chlorinated rubber topcoat, as well as an epoxy zinc-rich primer and a chlorinated rubber topcoat Epoxy micaceous iron intermediate paint; the warning layer is yellow or black reflective warning tape or reflective color film or reflective paint.

To sum up, the more specific embodiment of the present utility model is:

Before using the fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection of the above-mentioned design structure, it needs to be manufactured and installed as a backup.

During specific production, the fiber grating tension sensor includes a sensor body 3 , a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor shell 8 . The hanging ring 1 , the frame structure 9 , the deformation force rod 5 and the sphere 12 on the sensor body 3 are integrated. The sensor body 3 is made of cylindrical steel, wherein the two hanging rings 1 are machined by wire cutting and milling; the deformation force rod 5 and the sphere 12 are machined by a lathe; the frame structure 9 is machined by a milling machine. The ball seat hanging ring includes two parts, the ball seat 7 and the tension ring 11 , which are processed into a whole by the casting process. The size of the ball seat 7 matches the sphere 12 . The sensor housing 8 is made of stainless steel pipe, and the inner diameter matches the outer diameter of the sensor body 3 .

The sensor manufactured according to the above processing needs to be installed as a backup before use. When installing, first, the sensor body 3 is placed vertically, and the sphere 12 is hung into the seat 7 through the notch position of the frame body 9 , Under the action of gravity, the ball seat naturally falls for a short period, leaving a mounting hole for the movable part, and inserting the movable part into the mounting hole to clamp the ball structure to prevent the ball and the ball seat from falling off. A gap is left between the spherical body 12 and the frame body 9 .

Then, gratings are attached on both sides of the deformation force rod 5 to monitor its force. The two gratings are coiled and welded together by the connecting fiber 2. One of the fiber gratings is a double-sensitive grating 4a, and both ends of the double-sensitive grating pass through the ring. The oxygen glue is pasted on the deformation force rod 5, and the same deformation force rod 5 is subjected to force and deformation; the other fiber grating is a single-sensitive grating 4b, one end of the single-sensitive grating is fixed by epoxy glue, and the double-sensitive grating 4a is sensitive to temperature and tensile force. Both are sensitive, and the single-sensitive grating 4b is sensitive to temperature. The two gratings are respectively led out to the outside of the sensor through the transmission optical fiber 10. After the above installation steps are completed, the sensor shell 8 is placed outside the sensor body to protect the internal detection mechanism of the sensor. Complete the installation of the entire sensor, then ready for use.

When in use, the sensor is used to directly measure the weight of the insulator string of the transmission tower line. The upper end of the sensor is connected to the cross arm of the transmission tower, and the lower end is connected to the hanging ring of the insulator string.

Specifically, in use, the sensor hanging ring 1 is hung on the cross arm of the transmission tower through the plate 13 and the nut 14, and the tension ring 11 is connected to the insulator string through the insulator hanging ring 15 and the nut. The fiber grating tension sensor is designed to have two operating states.

The first is that under normal working conditions, the load-bearing part is composed of the deformation force rod 5, the sphere 12 and the ball seat 7 inside the sensor. The deformation force rod 5 can bear the dead weight of the wire and the thickness of general ice coating. The grating monitors its gravity.

In normal operation, the dual-sensitive grating 4a and the single-sensitive grating 4b are under the same temperature conditions, the wavelength change of the dual-sensitive grating 4a is Δλ ₁ , the wavelength change of the single-sensitive grating 4b is Δλ ₂ , and the compensation coefficient of the dual-sensitive grating to temperature is Δλ 1 . is k ₁ , the compensation coefficient of the single-sensitive grating to the temperature is k ₂ , and the compensation coefficient of the sensor to the temperature is K _T =k ₂ /k ₁ .

Then, the tension value measured by the fiber grating tension sensor for monitoring the ice coating of the transmission line wire is:

F=Δλ ₁ -Δλ ₂ *K _T /K

Among them, K is the sensitivity coefficient of the sensor, and the unit is nm/KN.

The second is that when an abnormal situation occurs, when the sensor deformation force rod 5 is pulled, deformed or broken, the ball seat 7 will contact the frame-shaped body 9, and the load-bearing part is composed of the frame-shaped body 9 and the ball seat 7, which can effectively avoid power transmission. The sensor is broken due to excessive ice coating on the wire, which leads to the wire falling off and avoids major safety accidents. The two load-bearing structures can achieve accurate measurement of wire tension and provide over-range protection.

Finally, it should be noted that the specific embodiments of the present utility model have been described in detail above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the present utility model is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, within the scope of knowledge possessed by those skilled in the art, Various changes can also be made to it.

Claims (10)

1. A fiber grating tension sensor for over-range protection, characterized in that: the fiber grating tension sensor comprises a sensor main body (3), a ball seat hanging ring and a sensor housing (8), and a hanging ring is provided on the top of the sensor main body (3). The ring (1), the cavity part of the sensor main body (3) and the ball seat hanging ring form a detection mechanism, and the detection mechanism penetrates downward through the bottom of the sensor main body (3); wherein, the detection mechanism includes a connecting optical fiber (2), a fiber grating (4), a deformation force rod (5), a transmission optical fiber (10) and a ball seat (7), the lower end of the deformation force rod (5) is provided with a spherical body (12), and the upper end of the ball seat hanging ring is provided with a spherical body (12) A matching ball seat (7), the ball body (12) is fastened in the ball seat (7); a tension ring (11) is provided at the lower end of the ball seat hanging ring; symmetrical on both sides of the deformation force rod (5) A fiber grating (4) is provided, the upper ends of the two fiber gratings (4) are connected by connecting fibers (2), and the lower ends of the two fiber gratings (4) are respectively connected with transmission fibers (10). 2. The fiber grating tension sensor for over-range protection according to claim 1, characterized in that: the hanging rings (1) are arranged in two, and the vertical directions of the two hanging rings (1) are connected with the insulator ; One of the fiber gratings arranged on the deformation force rod (5) is a double-sensitive grating (4a), and the double-sensitive grating (4a) is sensitive to both temperature and tension; the other fiber grating is a single-sensitive grating (4b) ), the single sensitive grating (4b) is temperature sensitive. 3. An over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor according to claim 2, characterized in that: both the double-sensitive grating (4a) and the single-sensitive grating (4b) pass through a coiled connecting fiber (2) They are spliced together in series and led out by the transmission optical fiber (10). 4. An over-range protection fiber grating tension sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that: the sensor body (3) is a frame-shaped body (9) with an opening at the bottom, and the frame-shaped body (9) is connected to a ball. The seats (7) are matched with each other to form an over-range protection structure, which is subjected to force in the vertical direction. 5. The fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 1, characterized in that: the deformation force rod (5) is made of an elastic material, and the deformation force rod (5) is The fixed end and the sensor body (3) are arranged as a whole. 6. The fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 1, characterized in that: a movable part (6) is arranged between the sphere (12) and the ball seat (7), and the movable part (6) ) is a W-shaped spring leaf or spring. 7 . The fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 1 , wherein the ball seat has a “C”-shaped structure; and the sensor housing ( 8 ) is a cylindrical member as a whole. 8 . 8. A fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 1, characterized in that: the force-receiving ring (11) is a circular structure as a whole; the sphere (12) is arranged on the ball seat ( 7), and the ball (12) is clamped and fixed by the movable piece (6) to prevent it from falling off. 9. The fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 1, characterized in that: on the outer surface of the hanging ring (1), the sensor shell (8) and the tension ring (11) The injection molding layer, the anti-rust layer and the warning layer are sprayed sequentially from the inside to the outside, and the warning layer is coated with fluorescent powder. 10. The fiber grating tension sensor with over-range protection according to claim 9, characterized in that: the injection-molded layer is injected with a polymer wear-resistant material; the anti-rust layer comprises epoxy zinc-rich primer and chlorine Chemical rubber topcoat and epoxy micaceous iron intermediate paint located between epoxy zinc-rich primer and chlorinated rubber topcoat; the warning layer is yellow or black reflective warning tape or reflective color film or reflective paint.