CN209672224U - A kind of New LED auto lamp - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of New LED auto lamp, it includes LED light source mould group and is installed on the LED light source mould group lower end and is used for the radiator that the LED light source mould group radiates, the radiator includes the radiating seat for being removably installed on LED light source mould group lower end, the fan for being installed on radiating seat side, the radiating seat includes the radiating fin of plural pieces stacking assembly, horizontal heat dissipation gap is formed between adjacent two radiating fin, the air inlet and air outlet of the fan be horizontally toward, and it is corresponding with the heat dissipation gap；The LED light source mould group includes the LED support for being made of metal and being installed on the radiator upper end, the cylinder for loading LED substrate component is formed on the LED support, multiple planes are provided on the outside of the cylinder, the LED substrate component placement is in the plane on the outside of the cylinder, to form multifaceted light-emitting.

Description

A kind of New LED auto lamp

Technical field:

The utility model relates to auto lamp technical fields, refer in particular to a kind of New LED auto lamp.

Background technique:

The autobulb being commonly used is halogen bulb.Halogen bulb is filled with the incandescent lamp of halide gas Bubble forms unstable tungsten halide by halide and tungsten atom, so that tungsten is deposited at filament, has when filament adstante febre Effect extends the service life of light bulb.However, in use, halogen bulb colour temperature is low, and brightness decay is serious, filament is easy Damage.

Based on disadvantages described above, since LED light has, high-power, high efficiency, colour temperature be casual, high light flux, Gao Jieneng, service life The advantages that overlength, in car lights field, LED light gradually replaces traditional halogen bulb and xenon bubble.

As extensive use, requirement of the people to LED automobile lamp has been obtained in LED automobile lamp in application range It is higher and higher, since the performance of LED automobile lamp directly influences the safety of driving, it requires that LED automobile lamp has high photosynthetic efficiency And the long-life.But high-power LED light source will generate a large amount of heat when in use, if scattering away these heats not in time, It will seriously affect light efficiency and the service life of lamps and lanterns.

In view of this, the present inventor proposes following technical scheme.

Utility model content:

The purpose of the utility model is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, provide a kind of New LED auto lamp.

In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the utility model uses following technical proposals: the New LED auto lamp, Including LED light source mould group and the heat dissipation dress for being installed on the LED light source mould group lower end and radiating for the LED light source mould group It sets, the radiator includes the radiating seat for being removably installed on LED light source mould group lower end, is installed on radiating seat side Fan, which includes the radiating fin of plural pieces stacking assembly, is formed between adjacent two radiating fin horizontal Radiate gap, the air inlet and air outlet of the fan be horizontally toward, and it is corresponding with the heat dissipation gap；The LED light source mould group LED support including being made of metal and being installed on the radiator upper end is formed for loading LED base on the LED support The cylinder of board group part is provided with multiple planes on the outside of the cylinder, and the LED substrate component placement is in the plane on the outside of the cylinder, To form multifaceted light-emitting.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the radiator includes heat-dissipating casing, which is coated on The radiating seat and fan periphery, and the heat-dissipating casing two sides be respectively arranged with the air inlet of the fan and air outlet and it is described dissipate The thermally conductive import of temperature gap adaptation and catheter outlet.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the LED support lower end is provided with a thread segment, the thread segment spiral It is fixed in the threaded hole being arranged in the radiating seat, to form detachable structure.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, LED substrate component front at least has a positive electrode, the LED The board unit back side has a negative electrode, which connects with LED support；The cylinder is equipped with insulation lantern ring, this is absolutely On the inside of edge lantern ring there is several groups anode to connect a group, it includes that at least one anode connects a little that each group of anode, which connects a group, The insulation sleeve ring set is covered in LED substrate component lower end periphery, and the anode is connected a little to contact and formed with positive electrode and electrically be led It is logical；The insulation lantern ring lower part, which is additionally provided with, connects the bonding wire a being electrically connected anode, bonding wire anode and positive electrical wire with anode It is welded and fixed and is formed and electrically conducted, connect the positive electrode of the LED substrate component with positive electrical wire.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, to offer an accommodating described just upwardly along its lower end for the LED support The cabling radiating groove of pole electric wire, cabling heat dissipation groove bottom extend to a plane on the outside of cylinder, and with the planes align；Institute It states insulation lantern ring and is positioned at the cylinder lower end, and cover the cabling radiating groove.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the LED substrate component includes that a substrate and one group are set to this LED chip group on substrate, the LED chip group include an at least LED chip, the substrate front side be provided with one it is described just Electrode and a cathode connect plate, which is provided with the negative electrode, which connects plate and negative electrode electricity Property connection, anode and the positive electrode welding of the LED chip be connected, and the cathode of the LED chip and the cathode, which connect plate and weld, leads It is logical.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the LED substrate component include a substrate and two groups or two groups with On be set to LED chip group on the substrate, each group of LED chip group includes an at least LED chip, the substrate front side Setting connects plate there are two one cathode of the positive electrode, which is provided with the negative electrode, which connects Plate and the negative electrode are electrically connected, and the anode of the LED chip in first group of LED chip group is connected with first positive electrode welding, The anode of LED chip in second group of LED chip group is connected with second positive electrode welding, in first, second group of LED chip group LED chip cathode and the cathode connect plate welding be connected, to cause first group of LED chip group and second group of LED chip Group can independent control conducting.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the substrate uses aluminum oxide substrate or aluminium nitride substrate, superconduction aluminium base Any one in plate；The cross section of the cylinder is in polygon；The LED support upper end is integrally formed with the crown top of burner, the crown top of burner Also it is coated on the LED substrate component periphery.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, it is described insulation lantern ring include can mutually open or close left lantern ring With right lantern ring, the left lantern ring and right lantern ring one end are hinged, and the other end is fixed by snap；Either, the left lantern ring and right lantern ring Both ends are fixed by snap.

Furthermore, in above-mentioned technical proposal, the insulation lantern ring periphery is additionally provided with a body, the body periphery in The smooth linking in LED support lower end periphery.

After adopting the above technical scheme, the utility model has the following beneficial effects: compared with prior art

1, the radiator that the utility model uses has the radiating fin of plural pieces stacking assembly, has plural lamella The heat dissipation gap being spaced apart, and fan is installed on radiating seat side, the air-flow that when fan work generates was all by should Heat dissipation gap, utmostly takes away all heats, greatly enhances heat dissipation area and radiating efficiency with this, and radiating fin is scattered Thermal effect is ideal, enable the utility model can rapid cooling, improve product service life, furthermore, the utility model can Multifaceted light-emitting, illuminating effect are even more ideal.

2, the insulation lantern ring that the utility model is added can assist fitting in LED substrate component fixation on the cylinder, Guarantee the stability of assembling structure, and the insulation lantern ring connects all LED substrate components, makes nothing between LED substrate component It needs conducting wire to weld, connects the positive electrode of all LED substrate components with positive electrical wire with this, structure is simple, and easy to assembly； Since the insulation lantern ring also covers all LED substrate components and positive electrical wire welding structure, it not only can guarantee that monnolithic case is beautiful Property, and can avoid there is the risk for short circuit occur since the scolding tin is exposed outside, enable the utility model that there is extremely strong market Competitiveness.

Detailed description of the invention:

Fig. 1 is the perspective view of the utility model；

Fig. 2 is the top view of radiator in the utility model；

Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram of LED light source mould group in the utility model (without the crown top of burner)；

Fig. 4 is the perspective view of LED support in the utility model；

Fig. 5 is the structure chart after Fig. 3 disassembly insulation lantern ring；

Fig. 6 is the perspective view of insulation lantern ring in the utility model；

Fig. 7 is the rearview of LED substrate component in the utility model；

Fig. 8 is the top view of insulation lantern ring in the utility model；

Fig. 9 is the internal wiring figure of insulation lantern ring in the utility model；

Figure 10 is insulation lantern ring another kind internal wiring figure in the utility model；

Figure 11 is the main view of LED light source mould group in the utility model；

Figure 12 is the structural schematic diagram of LED light source mould group another kind structure in the utility model (without the crown top of burner)；

Figure 13 is the main view of LED substrate component another kind structure in the utility model；

Figure 14 is the rearview of LED substrate component another kind structure in the utility model.

Specific embodiment:

The present invention will be further described with attached drawing combined with specific embodiments below.

It is a kind of New LED auto lamp comprising LED light source mould group 100 and be installed on the LED as shown in Fig. 1-14 The radiator 7 that 100 lower end of light source module group is simultaneously radiated for the LED light source mould group 100, the radiator 7 include with The fan 72 for being detachably mounted the radiating seat 71 of 100 lower end of LED light source mould group, being installed on 71 side of radiating seat, this is dissipated Hot seat 71 includes the radiating fin 711 of plural pieces stacking assembly, is formed with horizontal heat dissipation between adjacent two radiating fin 711 Gap, the air inlet and air outlet of the fan 72 be horizontally toward, and it is corresponding with the heat dissipation gap；The LED light source mould group 100 LED support 1 including being made of metal and being installed on 7 upper end of radiator is formed for loading LED on the LED support 1 The cylinder 11 of board unit 2 is provided with multiple planes on the outside of the cylinder 11, which is mounted on 11 outside of cylinder Plane on, to form multifaceted light-emitting.The radiator that the utility model uses has the radiating fin of plural pieces stacking assembly, It has the heat dissipation gap of plural sheet gap distribution, and fan 72 is installed on 71 side of radiating seat, when which works The air-flow of generation all passes through the heat dissipation gap, utmostly takes away all heats, greatly enhances heat dissipation area with this and dissipates The thermal efficiency, and the heat dissipation effect of radiating fin is ideal, enable the utility model can rapid cooling, improve product and use the longevity Life, furthermore, the utility model can multifaceted light-emitting, illuminating effect is even more ideal.

The radiator 7 includes heat-dissipating casing, which is coated on 72 periphery of the radiating seat 71 and fan, and The heat-dissipating casing two sides be respectively arranged with the air inlet of the fan 72 and air outlet and it is described heat dissipation clearance fit it is thermally conductive into Mouthful and catheter outlet, the heat-dissipating casing be metal-back, in order to guarantee that the utility model shape is more aesthetically pleasing, and have prevent from scraping Hurt effect, in addition, the thermally conductive import of the heat-dissipating casing two sides and catheter outlet respectively with the air inlet and air outlet of the fan 72 And the heat dissipation clearance fit, heat dissipation effect will not be influenced.

In conjunction with shown in Fig. 1-4,1 lower end of LED support is provided with a thread segment 101, which is fixed on In the threaded hole 701 being arranged in the radiating seat 71, to form detachable structure, disassembling, assembling and replacing is very convenient.

In conjunction with shown in Fig. 1-14, the LED support 1 is made of metal, so that it enables heat dissipation with good thermally conductive effect Device 7 can quickly drain the heat generated by LED light source mould group 100 to reach good heat radiation function, guarantee LED light source mould The light efficiency and service life of group 100.2 front of LED substrate component at least has a positive electrode 201, the LED substrate component 2 back sides have a negative electrode 202, which connects with LED support 1；The cylinder 11 is equipped with insulation lantern ring 3, should On the inside of insulation lantern ring 3 there is several groups anode to connect a group, it includes that at least one anode connects that each group of anode, which connects a group, Point 31,3 upper shield of insulation lantern ring is in 2 lower end of LED substrate component periphery, and the anode is connected and a little 31 contacted with positive electrode 201 And it is formed and is electrically conducted；3 lower part of insulation lantern ring, which is additionally provided with, connects a little 31 bonding wire anode 33 being electrically connected, the weldering with anode Line anode 33, which is welded and fixed and is formed with positive electrical wire 5, to electrically conduct, and makes the positive electrode 201 and anode electricity of the LED substrate component 2 Line 5 connects.The insulation lantern ring 3 that the utility model is added can assist the LED substrate component 2 fixation fitting in the cylinder 11 On, guarantee the stability of assembling structure, and the insulation lantern ring 3 connects all LED substrate components 2, makes LED substrate component 2 Between without conducting wire weld, connect the positive electrode 201 of all LED substrate components 2 with positive electrical wire 5 with this, structure is simple, And it is easy to assembly；Since the insulation lantern ring 3 also covers all LED substrate components 2 and 5 welding structure of positive electrical wire, can not only protect Monnolithic case aesthetics is demonstrate,proved, and can avoid there is the risk for short circuit occur since the scolding tin is exposed outside, enables the utility model With the extremely strong market competitiveness.

In conjunction with shown in Fig. 6,8,9, each group of anode, which connects, a little 31 to interconnect, can be by insulation lantern ring Portion's installation wire connects；The anode, which connects, a little 31 can be used SMT patch weldering mode with the positive electrode 201 in LED substrate component 2 Welding.

In conjunction with shown in Fig. 3-12, the LED support 1 offers the accommodating positive electrical wire upwardly along its lower end and is used in combination In the cabling radiating groove 12 of heat dissipation, which extends to a plane in the outside of cylinder 11, and with the plane It flushes.Since the positive electrical wire is accommodated in cabling radiating groove 12, it can avoid the in disorder phenomenon of positive electrical wire occur, avoid simultaneously Positive electrical wire is exposed outside and influences component assembly or influence the utility model use.The insulation lantern ring 3 is positioned at the cylinder 11 lower ends, and the cabling radiating groove 12 is covered, effectively positive electrical wire can be defined in the cabling radiating groove 12 with this, can be prevented The positive electrical wire undesirably falls off cabling radiating groove 12.When the radiator 7 works, which is rotated to generate air-flow, with this The heat to be come by 1 intrinsic conduction of LED support is drained, while can also siphon away the transmitting of the cabling radiating groove inside LED support 1 The heat generated by LED light source mould group 100 reaches fabulous heat radiation function with this.

The LED support 1 connects cathode electrical property as cathode, which exceptionally coats in addition to junction There is insulating layer.

The plane in 11 outside of cylinder is additionally provided with a mounting groove, and the LED substrate component 2 is installed on the mounting groove In, the stability of assembling structure can be further ensured that with this.It is of course also possible to not design mounting groove.

In conjunction with shown in 3-11, the LED substrate component 2 includes that a substrate 21 and one group are set on the substrate 21 LED chip group, the LED chip group include an at least LED chip 22, which is provided with the positive electrode 201 and a cathode connect plate 203, which is provided with the negative electrode 202, the negative electrode 202 and this is negative Pole connects 203 electrical communication of plate, and anode and the positive electrode 201 welding of the LED chip 22 are connected, the cathode of the LED chip 22 The welding of plate 203 is connected with the cathode to be connected, when work, after which is powered, the LED chip in the LED chip group 22 shine simultaneously.

In conjunction with shown in Figure 12-14, the LED substrate component 2 can also be a flowering structure: the LED substrate component 2 includes Have a substrate 21 and two groups or more be set to the LED chip group on the substrate 21, each group of LED chip group includes There is an at least LED chip 22, there are two the positive electrodes 201 and a cathode to connect plate 203 for the 21 front setting of substrate, should 21 back side of substrate is provided with the negative electrode 202, and the negative electrode 202 and the cathode connect 203 electrical communication of plate, and first group The anode of LED chip 22 in LED chip group is connected with first welding of positive electrode 201, the LED in second group of LED chip group The anode of chip 22 is connected with second welding of positive electrode 201, the cathode of the LED chip 22 in first, second group of LED chip group It connects the welding of plate 203 with the cathode to be connected, to cause first group of LED chip group and second group of LED chip group can independent control Conducting.When work, after which is powered, it can control the LED chip 22 in first group of LED chip group while sending out Light, the LED chip 22 in second group of LED chip group do not shine；Also it can control the LED in second group of LED chip group Chip 22 shines simultaneously, and the LED chip 22 in first group of LED chip group does not shine；It can will be in first group of LED chip group High beam of the LED chip 22 as auto lamp, the entering light by the LED chip 22 in first group of LED chip group as auto lamp Lamp, can be provided simultaneously with high beam and entering light lamp function, and can independent control shine.It is of course also possible to control first, second group LED chip 22 in LED chip group shines simultaneously.

As shown in connection with fig. 4, the cross section of the cylinder 11 is in polygon, and the present embodiment is in four sides with the cross section of cylinder 11 For shape.

The substrate 21 is using any one in aluminum oxide substrate or aluminium nitride substrate, superconduction aluminum substrate, with pole Good heat dissipation effect.

In conjunction with shown in Figure 11,1 upper end of LED support is also coated on the LED substrate integrally formed with the crown top of burner 4, the crown top of burner 4 2 periphery of component, to form a complete LED light source, can be applied to LED automobile lamp.

As shown in connection with fig. 8, it is described insulation lantern ring 3 include can mutually open or close left lantern ring 301 and right lantern ring 302, the left lantern ring 301 and 302 one end of right lantern ring are hinged, and the other end is fixed by snap；Either, the left lantern ring 301 and the right side 302 both ends of lantern ring are fixed by snap, and the insulation lantern ring 3 of two kinds of structures is relatively simple in structure, and assembly operation is equal It is more convenient.

In conjunction with shown in Figure 11,3 periphery of insulation lantern ring is additionally provided with a body 6, and 6 periphery of body is in the LED support 1 The smooth linking in lower end periphery, so as to improve the aesthetics of entire shape.

In conclusion the radiator that the utility model uses has the radiating fin of plural pieces stacking assembly, have The heat dissipation gap of plural sheet gap distribution, and fan 72 is installed on 71 side of radiating seat, what which generated when working Air-flow all passes through the heat dissipation gap, utmostly takes away all heats, greatly enhances heat dissipation area and radiating efficiency with this, And the heat dissipation effect of radiating fin is ideal, enable the utility model can rapid cooling, improve product service life, furthermore, The utility model can multifaceted light-emitting, illuminating effect is even more ideal.In addition, the insulation lantern ring 3 that the utility model is added can be auxiliary It helps and fits in the LED substrate component 2 fixation on the cylinder 11, guarantee the stability of assembling structure, and the insulation lantern ring 3 is by institute Some LED substrate components 2 connect, and make to weld between LED substrate component 2 without conducting wire, make all LED substrate components 2 with this Positive electrode 201 is connected with positive electrical wire 5, and structure is simple, and easy to assembly；Since the insulation lantern ring 3 also covers all LED bases Board group part 2 and 5 welding structure of positive electrical wire not only can guarantee monnolithic case aesthetics, and can avoid being emerging in due to the scolding tin Risk that is outer and there is appearance short circuit, enables the utility model have the extremely strong market competitiveness.

As shown in connection with fig. 10, the insulation lantern ring 3 is it may also is that a kind of structure: positive solder joint 31 is elastic piece structure, The anode solder joint 31 is contacted with positive electrode 201 by compressing, and is electrically connected with realizing, without welding, production is more convenient, Assembling structure of the structure similar to terminal and plastic cement seat in USB connector；Insulation lantern ring 3 is internally provided with the first metal frame 303, There are four the first elastic slices 304 for setting on first metal frame 303, and first elastic slice 304 is as the positive solder joint 31；First Elastic slice 303 stretches out in 3 inner wall of insulation lantern ring, in order to be contacted with positive electrode 201 by compressing, is electrically connected with realizing；Institute It states 301 lower end of the first metal frame and forms the first sheet metal 305, which is used as the bonding wire anode 33.

It certainly, is not to limit the utility model and implement the foregoing is merely specific embodiment of the utility model Range, all equivalent change or modifications done according to structure, feature and principle described in present utility model application the scope of the patents, should all wrap It includes in present utility model application the scope of the patents.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of New LED auto lamp comprising LED light source mould group (100) and be installed under the LED light source mould group (100) The radiator (7) that the LED light source mould group (100) radiates is held and is used for,

It is characterized by: the radiator (7) includes removably being installed on dissipating for LED light source mould group (100) lower end Hot seat (71), the fan (72) for being installed on radiating seat (71) side, the radiating seat (71) include dissipating for plural pieces stacking assembly Hot fin (711) is formed with horizontal heat dissipation gap between adjacent two radiating fin (711), the air inlet of the fan (72) and Air outlet be horizontally toward, and it is corresponding with the heat dissipation gap；The LED light source mould group (100) includes being made of metal and installing LED support (1) in radiator (7) upper end is formed for loading LED substrate component (2) on the LED support (1) Cylinder (11), the cylinder (11) outside are provided with multiple planes, which is mounted on the outside of the cylinder (11) In plane, to form multifaceted light-emitting.

2. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the radiator (7) includes scattered Hot shell, which is coated on the radiating seat (71) and fan (72) periphery, and the heat-dissipating casing two sides are respectively arranged with With the air inlet and air outlet of the fan (72) and thermally conductive import and the catheter outlet of the heat dissipation clearance fit.

3. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: LED support (1) the lower end setting There are a thread segment (101), which is fixed in the threaded hole (701) being arranged in the radiating seat (71), with shape At detachable structure.

4. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 1 to 3, it is characterised in that: the LED substrate group Part (2) front at least has a positive electrode (201), which has a negative electrode (202), this is negative Electrode (202) is connected with LED support (1)；The cylinder (11) is equipped with insulation lantern ring (3), has on the inside of the insulation lantern ring (3) Several groups anode connects a group, and it includes that at least one anode connects point (31) that each group of anode, which connects a group, the insulation lantern ring (3) upper shield is in LED substrate component (2) lower end periphery, and the anode connects point (31) and contacts with positive electrode (201) and form electricity Property conducting；Insulation lantern ring (3) lower part is additionally provided with the bonding wire anode (33) that point (31) electric connection is connected with anode, the bonding wire Positive (33), which are welded and fixed and are formed with positive electrical wire (5), to electrically conduct, make the LED substrate component (2) positive electrode (201) and Positive electrical wire (5) connects.

5. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the LED support (1) is along its lower end The accommodating positive electrical wire and the cabling radiating groove (12) for heat dissipation, cabling radiating groove (12) bottom surface are offered upwardly Extend to a plane on the outside of cylinder (11), and with the planes align；The insulation lantern ring (3) is positioned under the cylinder (11) End, and cover the cabling radiating groove (12).

6. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the LED substrate component (2) includes Having a substrate (21) and one group of LED chip group being set on the substrate (21), the LED chip group includes at least one LED chip (22), which is provided with a positive electrode (201) and a cathode connects plate (203), the base Plate (21) back side is provided with the negative electrode (202), which connects plate (203) and electrically conduct with negative electrode (202), should The anode of LED chip (22) is connected with the positive electrode (201) welding, and the cathode and the cathode of the LED chip (22) connect plate (203) welding conducting.

7. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the LED substrate component (2) includes Have a substrate (21) and two groups or more be set to the LED chip group on the substrate (21), each group of LED chip group It include an at least LED chip (22), there are two the positive electrode (201) and a cathode to lead for the setting of the substrate (21) front Fishplate bar (203), substrate (21) back side are provided with the negative electrode (202), which connects plate (203) and negative electrode (202) it electrically conducts, the anode of the LED chip (22) in first group of LED chip group is led with first positive electrode (201) welding Logical, the anode of the LED chip (22) in second group of LED chip group is connected with second positive electrode (201) welding, and first, second The cathode and the cathode of LED chip (22) in group LED chip group connect plate (203) welding and are connected, to cause first group of LED Chipset and second group of LED chip group can independent control conductings.

8. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the substrate (21) uses aluminium oxide Any one in substrate or aluminium nitride substrate, superconduction aluminum substrate；The cross section of the cylinder (11) is in polygon；The LED Integrally formed with the crown top of burner (4), which is also coated on the LED substrate component (2) periphery for bracket (1) upper end.

9. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: the insulation lantern ring (3) includes can The left lantern ring (301) and right lantern ring (302) of mutual open or close, the left lantern ring (301) and right lantern ring (302) one end are hinged, The other end is fixed by snap；Either, the left lantern ring (301) and right lantern ring (302) both ends are fixed by snap.

10. a kind of New LED auto lamp according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: insulation lantern ring (3) periphery is also A body (6) are provided with, the body (6) periphery is in the smooth linking in LED support (1) lower end periphery.