CN209102611U - A kind of formaldehyde examination probe - Google Patents
A kind of formaldehyde examination probe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN209102611U CN209102611U CN201821922066.6U CN201821922066U CN209102611U CN 209102611 U CN209102611 U CN 209102611U CN 201821922066 U CN201821922066 U CN 201821922066U CN 209102611 U CN209102611 U CN 209102611U
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- Prior art keywords
- formaldehyde
- probe
- probe body
- column
- sensing element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 347
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010943 off-gassing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002964 excitative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004438 eyesight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000033065 inborn errors of immunity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003317 industrial substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000032839 leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003908 liver function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000025113 myeloid leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000028529 primary immunodeficiency disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model provides a kind of formaldehyde examination probe, including probe body, upper cover, incidental optical fibre connectors, the output optical fiber connector, air inlet column, outgassing column and formaldehyde sensing element, probe body is box like structure, the upper opening of the probe body, the leading flank of probe body, trailing flank, left side and right side are respectively fitted with air inlet column, outgassing column, the output optical fiber connector and incidental optical fibre connectors, formaldehyde sensing element is mounted in probe body by the guide groove in probe body, probe body is divided into left and right two chambers, pilot hole and shading cover are provided on upper lid, facilitate the installation and replacement of formaldehyde sensing element, outgassing column end is provided with micropump, convenient for forming negative pressure in probe body, enhance circulation of the gas to be detected in probe body, make to detect more accurate, it is provided by the utility model The development of technical solution PARA FORMALDEHYDE PRILLS(91,95) detection technique has important meaning.
Description
Technical field
The utility model belongs to environmental monitoring technology field, and in particular to a kind of formaldehyde examination probe.
Background technique
Formaldehyde is a kind of colourless, with strong excitatory smell gas, is dialled since its chemical property is living, production technology letter
Single, raw material supply abundance is a kind of important industrial chemicals, is all widely used at many aspects.Formaldehyde is widely used in
Building, furniture etc., in numerous indoor pollutants, as most important indoor decoration pollution object, the harm pole of formaldehyde
It is serious.Formaldehyde has certain toxicity, the aerial formaldehyde of exposure, and eyes and upper respiratory tract system to people have strong
Stimulation.For the concentration of indoor formaldehyde about in the range of 0.00l-1ppm, the World Health Organization suggests that indoor formaldehyde is dense
Degree control, when concentration of formaldehyde is more than 0.1ppm, will cause certain danger within 0.08ppm to the health of human body
Evil.Exceeded formaldehyde to human body have a variety of harm, can cause cancer, to respiratory system, smell, eyesight, lung, liver function,
And skin is all harmful, moreover it is possible to benumb nervous system, cause hypoimmunity etc.；In addition to this, formaldehyde is to a certain extent
It also will increase the probability of cases with leukemia, especially suffer from the probability of myeloid leukemia, therefore the detection of PARA FORMALDEHYDE PRILLS(91,95) is most important.
Existing formaldehyde examination device generally uses the detection of group of the lanthanides sensor progress formaldehyde, in general group of the lanthanides sensor
In, most of to be all based on single-shot and penetrate luminous quenching, they usually will receive the influence of environment, such as fluctuate source strength, sensing
Device concentration, gas insufficient contact to be detected etc., this will lead to the inaccuracy of detection.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a kind of for the above-mentioned prior art is insufficient there is highly sensitive formaldehyde examination to pop one's head in.
Utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of formaldehyde examination probe at least solve current formaldehyde examination probe by
The problems such as environment is affected, detection sensitivity is low.
To achieve the goals above, the utility model provides the following technical solutions:
A kind of formaldehyde examination probe, comprising:
Probe body, the probe body be box like structure, the upper opening of the probe body, the probe body
Leading flank, trailing flank, left side and right side are provided with mounting hole；
Upper cover, the upper cover are close contact at the upper opening of the probe body, form closed structure；
Incidental optical fibre connectors, the incidental optical fibre connectors are assemblied in the mounting hole of the right side of the probe body
It is interior；
The output optical fiber connector, the output optical fiber connector device fit over the mounting hole of the left side of the probe body
It is interior；
Air inlet column, in the mounting hole for the leading flank that the air inlet column is assemblied in the probe body；
Outgassing column, the outgassing column are assemblied in the mounting hole of the trailing flank of the probe body；
Formaldehyde sensing element, the formaldehyde sensing element are located in the probe body, and formaldehyde sensing element will pop one's head in this
Body is divided into left and right two chambers, and formaldehyde sensing element includes glass backing plate and the formaldehyde sensitive thin film that is attached on glass backing plate.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the upper cover includes cover board and shading cover, is provided on the cover board
Pilot hole is conveniently replaceable formaldehyde sensing element, the top of the pilot hole of the shading cover installation on the cover board.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the end of the outgassing column is provided with micropump, convenient for promoting probe
Intrinsic gas circulation.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the formaldehyde sensing element is located at close to the output optical fiber connector one
In the probe body of side.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the formaldehyde sensitive thin film is located at the right side of the glass backing plate.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the formaldehyde examination probe further includes pedestal, and the pedestal is located at institute
The lower section for stating probe body, for carrying probe body.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the pedestal is disc platform, and the bottom surface of the probe body fills
Fit over the upper surface of the pedestal.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the pilot hole through upper bottom surface is provided on the pedestal, it is described
Pedestal is mounted in formaldehyde examination system by pilot hole.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the air inlet column be it is cylindric, set at the axis of the air inlet column
It is equipped with air inlet.
Formaldehyde examination probe as described above, it is preferable that the outgassing column be it is cylindric, set at the axis of the outgassing column
It is equipped with gas outlet.
Compared with the immediate prior art, technical solution provided by the utility model has following excellent effect:
Formaldehyde examination probe provided by the utility model, using the formaldehyde sensing element for being attached with formaldehyde sensitive thin film, benefit
The formaldehyde sensing probe formed with Optochemical sensor principle, utilizes its formaldehyde sensitive thin film and the formaldehyde phase in detected air
The change of spectral intensity caused by interaction detects content of formaldehyde, cheap, and it is excellent to have that selectivity is good, sensitivity is high etc.
Point, using fiber optic conduction light, transmission speed is fast, strong antijamming capability, using micropump, increases the flowing of gas to be detected
Property, keep detection more accurate, pilot hole is arranged in cover board, cooperates the use of shading cover, facilitate the installation of formaldehyde sensing element with more
It changes.The development of PARA FORMALDEHYDE PRILLS(91,95) detection technique has important meaning.
Detailed description of the invention
The accompanying drawings constituting a part of this application is used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, this is practical
Novel illustrative embodiments and their description are not constituteed improper limits to the present invention for explaining the utility model.
Wherein:
Fig. 1 is the explosive view that the formaldehyde examination of the utility model embodiment is popped one's head in；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of the formaldehyde sensing element of the utility model embodiment；
Fig. 3 is the explosive view that the formaldehyde examination of the utility model embodiment 2 is popped one's head in；
Fig. 4 is the explosive view that the formaldehyde examination of the utility model embodiment 3 is popped one's head in.
In figure: 1, probe body；2, cover board；3, shading cover；4, incidental optical fibre connectors；5, the output optical fiber connector；6,
Air inlet column；7, outgassing column；8, micropump；9, formaldehyde sensing element；91, glass backing plate；92, formaldehyde sensitive thin film；10, pedestal.
Specific embodiment
The utility model will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.It should be noted that not conflicting
In the case where, the features in the embodiments and the embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other.
In the description of the present invention, term " longitudinal direction ", " transverse direction ", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right",
The orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom" is to be based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings,
It is merely for convenience of description the utility model rather than requires the utility model that must be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, therefore
It should not be understood as limiting the present invention.Term used in the utility model " connected ", " connection " shall be understood in a broad sense,
For example, it may be being fixedly connected, may be a detachable connection；It can be directly connected, it can also be indirect by intermediate member
It is connected, for the ordinary skill in the art, can understands the concrete meaning of above-mentioned term as the case may be.
Embodiment 1
Specific embodiment according to the present utility model, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, formaldehyde examination probe includes:
Probe body 1, probe body 1 be box like structure, the upper opening of probe body 1, the leading flank of probe body 1,
Trailing flank, left side and right side are provided with mounting hole.
Upper cover, upper cover are close contact in the opening on 1 top of probe body, form closed structure；Upper cover includes cover board 2 and shading
Lid 3 is provided with pilot hole on cover board 2, is conveniently replaceable formaldehyde sensing element 9, and shading cover 3 is mounted on the upper of pilot hole on cover board 2
Side.
Incidental optical fibre connectors 4, incidental optical fibre connectors 4 are assemblied in the mounting hole of the right side of probe body 1, are convenient for
Incident ray is conducted to formaldehyde examination and is popped one's head in.
The output optical fiber connector 5, the output optical fiber connector 5 are assemblied in the mounting hole of the left side of probe body 1, are convenient for
Light conduction after reacted in probe body 1 is gone out into formaldehyde examination probe.
Air inlet column 6, air inlet column 6 are assemblied in the mounting hole of the leading flank of probe body 1, air inlet column 6 be it is cylindric, into
It is provided with air inlet at the axis of air column 6, is provided with strainer in air inlet, the impurity such as sucking dust are avoided, to influence to detect
As a result.
Outgassing column 7, outgassing column 7 are assemblied in the mounting hole of the trailing flank of probe body 1, outgassing column 7 be it is cylindric, go out
Gas outlet is provided at the axis of air column 7, the end of outgassing column 7 is provided with micropump 8, and the entrance of micropump 8 connects gas outlet,
The setting of micropump 8 makes formaldehyde examination probe and internal formation negative pressure, gas to be detected is promoted to enter probe originally from air inlet column 6
In body 1, promotes the gas circulation in probe body 1, make to detect more accurate.
Formaldehyde sensing element 9, formaldehyde sensing element 9 are located in probe body 1, and the forward and backward inner wall of probe body 1 is provided with
Guide groove, formaldehyde sensing element 9 are inserted into the guide groove in probe body 1 by the pilot hole on cover board 2, make the sensitive member of formaldehyde
Part 9 is put vertical vertically, and probe body 1 is divided for left and right two chambers；Formaldehyde sensing element 9 includes glass backing plate 91 and is attached to glass
Formaldehyde sensitive thin film 92 on glass liner plate 91；In the embodiments of the present invention, formaldehyde sensitive thin film 92 is multiple using Eu-NDC
Film is closed, which has double emission peaks；In general group of the lanthanides sensor, it is most of be all based on single-shot penetrate it is luminous sudden
It goes out, they usually will receive the influence of environment, such as fluctuate source strength, sensor concentration etc..This will lead to the inaccuracy of detection；Tool
There is 92 sensor of formaldehyde sensitive thin film of double emission peaks to provide a kind of self calibration mechanism, the hair for the more different centres of luminescence
Luminous intensity, without any external reference.When exciting Eu-NDC laminated film with the light of wavelength 360nm, Eu-NDC THIN COMPOSITE
Film can issue fluorescence, and for emission spectrum mainly there are three emission peak, launch wavelength is respectively 453nm, 590nm and 612nm, inspection
The variation for surveying fluorescence intensity can get concentration of formaldehyde；With the increase of concentration of formaldehyde, emit at spectral emissions wavelength 612nm
Fluorescence intensity is gradually reduced, and the fluorescence emitted at spectral emissions wavelength 453nm will gradually increase, and spectral emissions wavelength
The ratio and concentration of formaldehyde of the fluorescence intensity emitted at the fluorescence intensity and spectral emissions wavelength 612nm emitted at 453nm are kept
Good linear relationship can measure the concentration of formaldehyde using this rule；It is dense that the variation of fluorescence intensity can get formaldehyde
Degree.Formaldehyde sensing element 9 is located at 1 inside left of probe body, close to 5 side of the output optical fiber connector, such sensitive thin film hair
Fluorescence out is easier to be received optical fiber collection；Formaldehyde sensitive thin film 92 is located at the right side of glass backing plate 91, close to incident optical
4 side of connector.
Pedestal 10, pedestal 10 are disk platform, and for carrying probe body 1, the bottom surface of probe body 1 is assemblied in pedestal 10
Upper surface, pedestal 10 is provided with the pilot hole through upper bottom surface, convenient for by formaldehyde examination probe assembly in formaldehyde examination system
In system.
The formaldehyde examination is popped one's head in when in use, and formaldehyde examination probe is put into environment to be detected, first by formaldehyde sensitivity
Element 9 is inserted into the guide groove in probe body 1 by the pilot hole on cover board 2, covers shading cover 3, it is ensured that closed opaque；
Then starting is mounted on the micropump 8 of outgassing column 7, recycles gas to be detected sufficiently in probe body 1, light passes through incidence
In fiber optic conduction to probe body 1, in atmosphere to be detected, excitation formaldehyde sensing element 9 issues fluorescence, and fluorescence is by going out
It penetrates fiber optic conduction and goes out formaldehyde examination probe, analyzed into next component.
Embodiment 2
In order to simplify the structure of formaldehyde examination probe, as shown in figure 3, distinguishing in the leading flank of probe body 1 and trailing flank
Air inlet and air outlet are set, and micropump 8 is connected directly between at gas outlet, and which simplify the structures of formaldehyde examination probe, is made
Production cost further decreases.Other implementation steps are same as Example 1, and details are not described herein.
Embodiment 3
In order to simplify the structure of formaldehyde examination probe, cost is reduced, as shown in figure 4, cover board 2 is tabular, is set on cover board 2
It is equipped with mounting hole corresponding with probe body 1, when replacing formaldehyde sensing element 9, removes cover board 2, by 9 edge of formaldehyde sensing element
1 inner sidewall of probe body guide groove be packed into, cover cover board 2, can be detected, which simplify formaldehyde examination probe
Structure further decreases manufacturing cost.Other implementation steps are same as Example 1, and details are not described herein.
In conclusion formaldehyde examination probe provided by the utility model, quick using the formaldehyde for being attached with formaldehyde sensitive thin film
Sensing unit, the formaldehyde sensing probe formed using Optochemical sensor principle, utilizes its formaldehyde sensitive thin film and detected air
In the change of formaldehyde interaction caused spectral intensity detect content of formaldehyde, it is cheap, have selectivity good, clever
The advantages that sensitivity is high, using fiber optic conduction light, transmission speed is fast, strong antijamming capability, visits formaldehyde examination using micropump
Negative pressure is formed in head, increases the flowing of gas to be detected, keeps detection more accurate, and pilot hole is arranged in cover board, cooperates shading cover
It uses, facilitates the installation and replacement of formaldehyde sensing element.The development of PARA FORMALDEHYDE PRILLS(91,95) detection system has important meaning.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to limit the utility model, for this field
Technical staff for, various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention.Within the spirit and principle of the utility model,
Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on should be included within the scope of protection of this utility model.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of formaldehyde examination probe, which is characterized in that the formaldehyde examination, which is popped one's head in, includes:
Probe body, the probe body are box like structure, the upper opening of the probe body, the front side of the probe body
Face, trailing flank, left side and right side are provided with mounting hole；
Upper cover, the upper cover are close contact at the upper opening of the probe body, form closed structure；
Incidental optical fibre connectors, the incidental optical fibre connectors are assemblied in the mounting hole of the right side of the probe body；
The output optical fiber connector, in the mounting hole for the left side that the output optical fiber connector device fits over the probe body；
Air inlet column, in the mounting hole for the leading flank that the air inlet column is assemblied in the probe body；
Outgassing column, the outgassing column are assemblied in the mounting hole of the trailing flank of the probe body；
Formaldehyde sensing element, the formaldehyde sensing element are located in the probe body, and formaldehyde sensing element divides probe body
For left and right two chambers, formaldehyde sensing element includes glass backing plate and the formaldehyde sensitive thin film that is attached on glass backing plate.
2. formaldehyde examination as described in claim 1 probe, which is characterized in that the upper cover includes cover board and shading cover, described
It is provided with pilot hole on cover board, is conveniently replaceable formaldehyde sensing element, the top of the pilot hole of the shading cover installation on the cover board.
3. formaldehyde examination probe as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the end of the outgassing column is provided with micropump,
Convenient for promoting the gas circulation in probe body.
4. formaldehyde examination probe as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the formaldehyde sensing element is located at close to emergent light
In the probe body of fiber connector side.
5. formaldehyde examination probe as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the formaldehyde sensitive thin film is located at the glass lined
The right side of plate.
6. formaldehyde examination probe as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the formaldehyde examination probe further includes pedestal, institute
The lower section that pedestal is located at the probe body is stated, for carrying probe body.
7. formaldehyde examination probe as claimed in claim 6, which is characterized in that the pedestal is disc platform, the probe
The bottom surface of ontology is assemblied in the upper surface of the pedestal.
8. formaldehyde examination probe as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that be provided on the pedestal through upper bottom surface
Pilot hole, the pedestal are mounted in formaldehyde examination system by pilot hole.
9. formaldehyde examination as described in claim 1 probe, which is characterized in that the air inlet column be it is cylindric, in the air inlet
Air inlet is provided at the axis of column.
10. formaldehyde examination as described in claim 1 probe, which is characterized in that the outgassing column be it is cylindric, in the outlet
Gas outlet is provided at the axis of column.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821922066.6U CN209102611U (en) | 2018-11-21 | 2018-11-21 | A kind of formaldehyde examination probe |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821922066.6U CN209102611U (en) | 2018-11-21 | 2018-11-21 | A kind of formaldehyde examination probe |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN209102611U true CN209102611U (en) | 2019-07-12 |
Family
ID=67160782
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821922066.6U Expired - Fee Related CN209102611U (en) | 2018-11-21 | 2018-11-21 | A kind of formaldehyde examination probe |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN209102611U (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111707309A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-25 | 岱特智能科技(昆山)有限公司 | Laboratory environment detection device |
-
2018
- 2018-11-21 CN CN201821922066.6U patent/CN209102611U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111707309A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-25 | 岱特智能科技(昆山)有限公司 | Laboratory environment detection device |
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|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20190712 |