CN208778075U - Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil - Google Patents
Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil Download PDFInfo
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- CN208778075U CN208778075U CN201821121397.XU CN201821121397U CN208778075U CN 208778075 U CN208778075 U CN 208778075U CN 201821121397 U CN201821121397 U CN 201821121397U CN 208778075 U CN208778075 U CN 208778075U
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- cylinder sleeve
- lubricating oil
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- temperature
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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Abstract
The utility model is the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system using lubricating oil, the system includes the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, automatically controlled oil cooler, compensation bucket, oil pump, electrically-controlled valve, temperature controller, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater, and the cooling cylinder sleeve circuit outlet termination of I. C. engine oil connects electrically-controlled valve arrival end；The electrically-controlled valve is the electrically-controlled valve based on a temperature sensor, and electrically-controlled valve partial circulating outlet end is connected in the circuit between compensation bucket and oil pump；Electrically-controlled valve systemic circulation outlet end connects automatically controlled oil cooler arrival end；Lubricating oil heater is set on pipeline between the circuit entrance end and oil pump of the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, temperature sensor is set near the circuit entrance end close to the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater are electrically connected with temperature controller.The system is using lubricating oil as the fluid media (medium) of cylinder sleeve heat management, to realize the cylinder sleeve heat management that can reach 200 DEG C or more, to reduce piston group friction power loss.
Description
Technical field
The utility model belongs to the range of internal-combustion engine cooling system, and in particular to uses the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management of lubricating oil
System.
Background technique
Cylinder sleeving temperature has larger impact to piston-ring friction power consumption, and there are optimum working temperature ranges to make piston for cylinder jacket
The friction loss of ring reduces.In addition, cylinder sleeve temperature influences significantly piston skirt friction power loss.Therefore, piston-cylinder liner system
Warm status has large effect to its friction power loss, and piston group friction power loss can be reduced by improving internal combustion engine middle cylinder sleeving temperature, has
Conducive to efficiency, the reduction discharge for improving internal combustion engine.Cooling system can be divided into water cooling and air-cooled in traditional combustion engine.Cooling effect
Good water-cooled engine coolant liquid normal working temperature reflects that the cylinder sleeve cooling of traditional internal combustion engine much reaches at 80~90 DEG C
Temperature less than desired 200 DEG C or more, therefore cylinder sleeve heat management how is realized in practical internal combustion engine, improve cylinder sleeve temperature
It is a problem to be solved.
Notification number is that the Chinese patent of CN204402680U discloses a kind of oil injection type diesel engine, is set in the body of the diesel engine
There is shoe cream room, it is the circular spiralling channel in cylinder jacket periphery inside oily coolant jacket that cylinder jacket periphery, which is equipped with oily coolant jacket,
Diesel engine cooling system and lubricating system, which share a shoe cream room, reduces cylinder jacket for improving the cooling effect of diesel engine
Temperature, disadvantage is that the setting around spiralling oily coolant jacket makes the manufacturing process of cylinder jacket become more numerous
It is trivial, can not very good solution internal combustion engine cold start-up the problem of.
Utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is improved by the cooling system to existing internal combustion engine, can be reached with realizing
200 DEG C or more of cylinder sleeve heat management, to reduce piston group friction power loss.In order to solve water-cooled internal combustion engine boiling point elevation it is limited with
The problem of cannot being promoted to temperature, the utility model proposes a kind of intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management systems using lubricating oil.The system
Cooling jacket in original internal-combustion engine cooling system is decomposed, i.e., by the cooling cycle working medium of cylinder sleeve part in cooling jacket
Lubricating oil is changed by coolant liquid, using lubricating oil as the fluid media (medium) of cylinder sleeve heat management, so as to both can achieve to cylinder sleeve
It is cooling, it can also effectively promote temperature.
To achieve the goals above, the technical solution of the utility model is:
A kind of intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system using lubricating oil, it is characterised in that the system includes the cooling cylinder of I. C. engine oil
Set, automatically controlled oil cooler, compensation bucket, oil pump, electrically-controlled valve, temperature controller, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater, automatically controlled machine oil
Cooler outlet end, the circuit entrance end for compensating the cooling cylinder sleeve of bucket, oil pump and I. C. engine oil are sequentially connected；I. C. engine oil cools down cylinder
Cover circuit outlet termination even electrically-controlled valve arrival end；The electrically-controlled valve is the electrically-controlled valve based on a temperature sensor, and electrically-controlled valve is small
Loop exit end is connected in the circuit between compensation bucket and oil pump；Electrically-controlled valve systemic circulation outlet end connects automatically controlled oil cooler
Arrival end；Lubricating oil heater is set on pipeline between the circuit entrance end and oil pump of the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, is being leaned on
The circuit entrance end of the cooling cylinder sleeve of nearly I. C. engine oil is nearby arranged temperature sensor, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater with
Temperature controller electrical connection；The lubricating oil heater provides electric energy by Vehicular accumulator cell.
Compared with prior art, the utility model has the beneficial effects that
Nowadays the cooling working medium in the internal combustion engine cylinder jacket part of Tthe utility model system using widest cooling water by being replaced with
Lubricating oil maintains internal combustion engine within certain temperature range, cylinder both can be improved by circulation of the working medium in internal combustion engine
The temperature of set reduces cost with complete machine using lubricating oil again compared with the cooling system of medium.
The utility model cooling system include lubricated for cylinder sleeve oil cooled automatically controlled oil cooler, oil pump, compensation bucket,
Electrically-controlled valve and I. C. engine oil cooling cylinder cover cooling circuit, further include the temperature for having temperature controller, temperature sensor, lubricating oil heater
Degree control.It is cold that circulating temperature in cylinder sleeve, alleviation internal combustion engine can be improved by circulation of the lubricating oil in cylinder sleeve in the utility model
The problem of starting, improves the internal combustion engine of cylinder sleeve cooling temperature, advantageously reduces fuel consumption rate, to improve engine economy
Property.Experiment shows that piston ring, piston skirt frictional dissipation can be influenced by changing internal combustion engine middle cylinder sleeving temperature, and cylinder sleeve temperature mentions
The friction for advantageously reducing internal combustion engines is risen, the performance of engine is improved.
The utility model carries out intelligentized control method using temperature controller and lubricating oil heater, to realize raising internal combustion engine cylinder jacket
The purpose of temperature reaches ideal temperature by temperature control.
When internal combustion engine is cold-started, cooling cycle temperature needs a period of time to promote temperature to normal circulation temperature, this
After process needs certain time, the application to be provided with lubricating oil heater, significantly this heating-up time can be shortened, can solve internal combustion
The cold start-up problem of machine improves economy.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of existing internal-combustion engine cooling system；
Fig. 2 is schematic diagram of the utility model using the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system external temperature device of lubricating oil；
Fig. 3 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of embodiment of intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system that the utility model uses lubricating oil；
In figure, 1, automatically controlled oil cooler, 2, compensation bucket, 3, oil pump, 4, the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, 5, exhaust pipe, 6,
Flue gas heat exchanger, 7, oil storage tank, 8, solenoid valve, 9, lubricating oil heater, 10, temperature controller, 11, temperature sensor, 12, automatically controlled
Valve, 13, radiator, 14, water tank, 15, water pump, 16, cooling jacket, 17 thermostats.
Specific embodiment
The utility model is explained further with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but does not protect model in this, as to the application
The restriction enclosed.
Fig. 1 is original internal-combustion engine cooling system, which includes radiator 13, water tank 14, water pump 15, cooling water
16, thermostat 17 are covered, the circuit entrance end of cooling jacket connects the outlet end of successively water pump, water tank, radiator, and radiator enters
One end of mouth end connection thermostat, the circuit outlet end of the other end connection cooling jacket of thermostat, the third end of thermostat connects
It connects in the pipeline between water tank and water pump.The working medium flowed through in radiator is cooling water, is made of in thermostat paraffin, is controlled
Temperature is at 100 DEG C or so.
The utility model includes the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil using the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system (referring to fig. 2) of lubricating oil
4, automatically controlled oil cooler 1, compensation bucket 2, oil pump 3, electrically-controlled valve 12, temperature controller 10, temperature sensor 11 and lubricating oil heater
9, automatically controlled 1 outlet end of oil cooler, the circuit entrance end for compensating the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of bucket 2, oil pump 3 and I. C. engine oil are sequentially connected；
Cooling 4 circuit outlet of the cylinder sleeve termination of I. C. engine oil connects 12 arrival end C of electrically-controlled valve；The electrically-controlled valve 12 is based on a temperature sensing
The electrically-controlled valve of device, 12 partial circulating outlet end D of electrically-controlled valve are connected in the circuit between compensation bucket 2 and oil pump 3；Electrically-controlled valve 12 is followed greatly
Automatically controlled 1 arrival end of oil cooler of ring outlet end E connection；Between the circuit entrance end and oil pump 3 of the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil
Pipeline on lubricating oil heater 9 is set, temperature sensing is being set near the circuit entrance end close to the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil
Device 11, temperature sensor 11 and lubricating oil heater 9 are electrically connected with temperature controller 10；The lubricating oil heater 9 is by vehicle-mounted
Battery provides electric energy.
The temperature of the temperature sensor 11 for identification of temperature controller 10, the power on/off of lubricating oil heater 9 is controlled with this.Temperature
It spends sensor 11 and identifies the cooling 4 circuit entrance end lubricating oil temperature of cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, when temperature is lower than required I. C. engine oil
When the cooling work temperature of cooling cylinder sleeve, lubricating oil heater 9 heats lubricating oil.Add after lubricating oil heater not only
Lubricating oil temperature can be controlled, also alleviate the cold start-up problem of internal combustion engine.
Tthe utility model system is further characterized by the lubricating oil heater and is directly connected on oil pump 3 and internal combustion engine
(referring to Fig. 3) between the circuit entrance end of the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of oil；Or the circuit entrance in oil pump 3 and the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil
Branch is drawn on pipeline between end, lubricating oil heater 9 is connected to branch road (referring to fig. 2).
Tthe utility model system is further characterized by, which further includes exhaust temperature recycling attemperator, described
Exhaust temperature recycling attemperator includes flue gas heat exchanger 6, oil storage tank 7, and the outlet end of the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil is through flue gas
Heat exchanger 6 connects exhaust pipe 5, and the outlet of oil storage tank 7 is connected on 3 outlet end of oil pump through flue gas heat exchanger 6；Oil storage tank
Import is separately connected between the parallel branch where lubricating oil heater, automatically controlled oil cooler 1 and electrically-controlled valve 12 through solenoid valve 8
The branch road of extraction.
In Fig. 1, A is the interface that solenoid valve 8 controls automatically controlled oil cooler 1 and 8 circuit of solenoid valve opens and closes state,
B is the interface that solenoid valve 8 controls lubricating oil heater 9 and 8 circuit of solenoid valve opens and closes state, and C is cooling for I. C. engine oil
4 outlet end of cylinder sleeve and 12 entrance end loop of electrically-controlled valve open and close the interface of state, and D is 12 control oil pump 3 of electrically-controlled valve and electricity
The interface of the opening and closing state in 12 partial circulating circuit of valve is controlled, E is that electrically-controlled valve 12 controls automatically controlled oil cooler 1 and electrically-controlled valve
The interface of 12 systemic circulation circuits opening and closing state.
The electrically-controlled valve 12 identifies lubricating oil temperature in the circuit C based on the temperature sensor of itself, works as lubricating oil temperature
When not reaching required opening temperature, electrically-controlled valve switch control E is closed, and D is opened, and the state of this electrically-controlled valve can be described as partial circulating
Circuit；When temperature reaches required opening temperature, electrically-controlled valve switch control E and D are opened simultaneously, and the state of this electrically-controlled valve can claim
For systemic circulation circuit.
Temperature controller described in the utility model is that direct current liquid rises formula temperature controller or direct current compression-type temperature controller, can be realized intelligence
Energyization is automatic temperature-controlled.
In order to which the thermal efficiency for improving internal combustion engine can add lubricating oil plus other in the utility model
The temperature device of heat, this device convert the thermal energy wasted in internal combustion engine, are converted to the thermal energy of lubricating oil heating, such as
It can be plus exhaust temperature recycling attemperator etc..
The citing exhaust temperature recycling attemperator includes flue gas heat exchanger, oil storage tank, lubricating oil heater.Cigarette
Gas-heat exchanger is mounted at internal-combustion engine vent-pipe；A circuit, which is separated, in 3 outlet end of oil pump is connected to flue gas heat exchanger
Arrival end；Flue gas heat exchanger outlet end connects oil storage tank arrival end；It can be stored in by the lubricating oil of flue gas heat exchanger
Oil storage tank；Oil storage tank can keep the temperature the heated lubricating oil being stored in oil storage tank；The connection of oil storage tank outlet end
Solenoid valve；Solenoid valve has two-way outlet；A interface connects oil cooler arrival end, B interface connects lubricating oil heater；Lubrication
Oil heater outlet is connected to internal combustion engine cylinder jacket oil return line arrival end.When oil storage tank when the temperature is excessively high, electromagnetic valve switch control A open
It opens, lubricating oil, which enters in oil cooler, to be cooled down；When internal combustion engine is cold-started, electromagnetic valve switch controls A and closes, and B is opened, when
When temperature is lower than required internal combustion engine cylinder jacket cooling temperature, lubricating oil heater heats lubricating oil.
The utility model is using the course of work of the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil:
When internal combustion engine works normally, lubricating oil is transported in the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil by oil pump 3, and outflow is passed through
Electrically-controlled valve 12 enters back into the heat dissipation that automatically controlled oil cooler 1 carries out waste heat, has in compensation 2 pairs of circuits of bucket on circuit and lubricates
Oil compensates.
When internal combustion engine cold start-up, lubricating oil heater 9 can heat the lubricating oil flowed into lubricating oil heater.
(the received temperature of electrically-controlled valve is the cooling cylinder sleeve outlet end of I. C. engine oil and electrically-controlled valve arrival end to the temperature sensor of electrically-controlled valve 12
The temperature of lubricating oil) do not reach required opening temperature, electrically-controlled valve 12 is partial circulating open state, and lubricating oil is sent by oil pump 3
Into the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil, lubricating oil comes out from the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil to be passed through electrically-controlled valve 12 and is sent to by oil pump 3 interior
In the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of combustion engine oil, until electrically-controlled valve 12 is to follow greatly when the temperature of the temperature sensor of electrically-controlled valve 12 reaches opening temperature
Ring open state.
Before internal combustion engine cold start-up, the remotely controlling vehicle mounted battery of ECU control unit of internal combustion engine can be passed through in advance, made
Battery provides electric energy to entire cold start-up circuit (partial circulating circuit), makes 9 pairs of inflow lubricating oil heaters of lubricating oil heater
In lubricating oil heated, quickly to reach required operating temperature before use.
When internal combustion engine is started to work, grease pump is also sent in the circuit of lubricating oil heater 9 by oil pump 3.Temperature control
Device 10 receives the signal of temperature sensor 11, when the operating temperature of cylinder sleeve cooling cycle is not achieved in temperature, lubricating oil heater 9
Lubricating oil in circuit can be heated.
Here operating temperature is preferably 200~250 DEG C, due to the lubricating oil operating temperature highest between piston group and cylinder sleeve
No more than 250 DEG C, so the ceiling temperature of cylinder sleeve temperature control is set to 250 DEG C or less, (Wu Yimin, Zhao Xudong, Liu little Bin heavy type are automobile-used
Diesel engine piston cooling oil chamber studies [J] bavin machine, 2009,31 (06): 31-33+37.)；The temperature sensor of above-mentioned electrically-controlled valve
Opening temperature be slightly above operating temperature, the number of specific value is subject to actual condition.
Long-range control in the utility model refers to that people can be by remote controller signal to interior before using internal combustion engine
The ECU control unit of combustion engine, ECU control unit controls battery again makes lubricating oil heater and pump start, makes I. C. engine oil
Lubricating oil inside cooling cylinder sleeve constantly heats up, and is warming up to normal operating temperature.
The citing exhaust temperature recycles attemperator.
When internal combustion engine is started to work, grease pump is also sent in the fume exchanger 6 of exhaust pipe 5 by oil pump, then will be hot
Lubricating oil be stored in oil storage tank 7, for internal combustion engine be cold-started it is spare.
When cold start-up, lubricating oil can also be entered in IC engine lubricating oil cylinder sleeve 4 in oil storage tank 7, be cold-started internal combustion engine
When can quickly reach normal working temperature.
It is equipped with lubricating oil heater 9 between solenoid valve 8 and the cooling cylinder sleeve 4 of I. C. engine oil, if 7 temperature of oil storage tank is not achieved out
Temperature is opened, lubricating oil heater 9 is begun to warm up.
Temperature controller 10 receives the signal of temperature sensor 11, and when temperature reaches operating temperature, interface A, B of solenoid valve are equal
It closes, the lubricating oil being heated is kept the temperature in oil storage tank 7；When the temperature is excessively high, the interface A of solenoid valve is beaten in oil storage tank 7
It opens, interface B is closed, and lubricating oil flows into automatically controlled oil cooler 1 and cooled down in oil storage tank 7；When operating temperature is not achieved in temperature
When, the interface A of solenoid valve is closed, and interface B is opened, and lubricating oil heater 9 heats lubricating oil, then is flowed into I. C. engine oil
In cooling cylinder sleeve 4, internal combustion engine is made to reach normal working temperature.
High temperature grease in oil storage tank 7 can be converted into electric energy by thermal energy by conversion equipments such as Seebeck effects, will
Electric energy is stored in Vehicular accumulator cell.
It is to be noted that the application system is then to realize cylinder-bore temperature heat management, circulation for no cylinder sleeve engine
Mode is constant, repeats no more in text.
The cooling cycle working medium of cylinder sleeve is substituted for by the utility model on the basis of original cooling jacket by coolant liquid
Lubricating oil, rest part is constant, and working medium remains as coolant liquid, can possess the lubricating oil compared with elevated operating temperature as circulation industrial
Matter, the complexity for not needing to carry out cooling jacket in structure changes, simple in structure, is able to ascend the temperature of cylinder sleeve.
The utility model does not address place and is suitable for the prior art.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system using lubricating oil, it is characterised in that the system includes the cooling cylinder of I. C. engine oil
Set, automatically controlled oil cooler, compensation bucket, oil pump, electrically-controlled valve, temperature controller, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater, automatically controlled machine oil
Cooler outlet end, the circuit entrance end for compensating the cooling cylinder sleeve of bucket, oil pump and I. C. engine oil are sequentially connected；I. C. engine oil cools down cylinder
Cover circuit outlet termination even electrically-controlled valve arrival end；The electrically-controlled valve is the electrically-controlled valve based on a temperature sensor, and electrically-controlled valve is small
Loop exit end is connected in the circuit between compensation bucket and oil pump；Electrically-controlled valve systemic circulation outlet end connects automatically controlled oil cooler
Arrival end；Lubricating oil heater is set on pipeline between the circuit entrance end and oil pump of the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil, is being leaned on
The circuit entrance end of the cooling cylinder sleeve of nearly I. C. engine oil is nearby arranged temperature sensor, temperature sensor and lubricating oil heater with
Temperature controller electrical connection；The lubricating oil heater provides electric energy by Vehicular accumulator cell.
2. the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system according to claim 1 using lubricating oil, which is characterized in that the lubricating oil
Heater is directly connected between oil pump and the circuit entrance end of the cooling cylinder sleeve of I. C. engine oil；Or it is cold with I. C. engine oil in oil pump
But branch is drawn on the pipeline between the circuit entrance end of cylinder sleeve, lubricating oil heater is connected to branch road.
3. the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system according to claim 2 using lubricating oil, which is characterized in that the system is also wrapped
Exhaust temperature recycling attemperator is included, the exhaust temperature recycling attemperator includes flue gas heat exchanger, oil storage tank, internal combustion engine
The outlet end of the cooling cylinder sleeve of oil connects exhaust pipe through flue gas heat exchanger, and the outlet of oil storage tank is connected to oil through flue gas heat exchanger
On pump discharge end；It is cold that the import of oil storage tank is separately connected parallel branch where lubricating oil heater, automatically controlled machine oil through solenoid valve
But the branch road drawn between device and electrically-controlled valve.
4. the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system according to claim 1 using lubricating oil, which is characterized in that the temperature controller
Rise formula temperature controller or direct current compression-type temperature controller for direct current liquid.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821121397.XU CN208778075U (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2018-07-16 | Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821121397.XU CN208778075U (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2018-07-16 | Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN208778075U true CN208778075U (en) | 2019-04-23 |
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ID=66154001
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201821121397.XU Active CN208778075U (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2018-07-16 | Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil |
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| CN (1) | CN208778075U (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108678850A (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2018-10-19 | 河北工业大学 | Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil |
| CN112253326A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-01-22 | 安徽天沃重工机械有限公司 | Diesel engine cooling system for engineering machinery |
-
2018
- 2018-07-16 CN CN201821121397.XU patent/CN208778075U/en active Active
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108678850A (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2018-10-19 | 河北工业大学 | Use the intelligent cylinder sleeve heat management system of lubricating oil |
| CN108678850B (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2023-10-24 | 河北工业大学 | Intelligent cylinder sleeve thermal management system using lubricating oil |
| CN112253326A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-01-22 | 安徽天沃重工机械有限公司 | Diesel engine cooling system for engineering machinery |
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