CN207614848U - A kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method - Google Patents
A kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method Download PDFInfo
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- CN207614848U CN207614848U CN201721627141.1U CN201721627141U CN207614848U CN 207614848 U CN207614848 U CN 207614848U CN 201721627141 U CN201721627141 U CN 201721627141U CN 207614848 U CN207614848 U CN 207614848U
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Abstract
The utility model is related to a kind of vertical reactors continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, belong to polycarbonate production facilities technical field.Including vaporization chamber, mixed allocation room and the overflow chamber being arranged from top to bottom.The vertical reactor of the utility model is very suitable for ester-interchange method and continuously prepares makrolon, solves the problems of the prior art, simple and reasonable, and manufacture processing is easier to, and material flows from above to below, and is sufficiently mixed in the process, without dead angle.Lower part is equipped with overflow cylinder, and first at the top of overflow cylinder, then overflow formation liquid film flows down material along barrel again, that is, increases the evaporating surface of material, and increase residence time of the material in reactor.
Description
Technical field
The utility model is related to a kind of vertical reactors, more specifically, being suitable for ester the utility model is related to one kind and hand over
The vertical reactor that method continuously prepares makrolon is changed, polycarbonate production facilities technical field is belonged to.
Background technology
Makrolon (Polycarbonate, PC), be in strand the high molecular polymer containing carbonate group and with
The general name of prepared by it is matrix a variety of materials.With the difference of R group in its chain link, makrolon(PC)It can be classified as fat
Several big types such as fat race, alicyclic, aromatic series and fat-aromatic series.Fatty poly-ester carbonate is low with fusing point, solubility is big,
The shortcomings of thermal stability is poor, mechanical strength is not high, to be used as engineering material.Alicyclic, fatty-fragrant adoption
Carbonic ester, although fusing point increases, solubility is also reduced, but since the trend of its crystallization is excessively big, property is crisp, power
Intensity is not still high, and practical value still cannot extensive use.Add from the cost of raw material, the performance of product and molding
Many-sided consideration to integrate such as condition of work only has the aromatic copolycarbonate just value with commercial Application now.
Wherein, important, the poly- carbonic acid of bisphenol A-type especially with bisphenol A polycarbonate the most(polycarbonate of
bisphenol A), scientific name 2,2- is bis-(4- hydroxy phenyls)Propane makrolon is a kind of now still in the life development phase
Amorphous transparent thermoplastic engineering plastic.Generally in the case where not being illustrated especially, usually said poly- carbonic acid
The poly- carbon ester of bisphenol A-type and its kind being modified that ester all refers to.
It is respectively bisphenol-A and diphenyl carbonate, reaction that ester-interchange method, which generates makrolon and participates in two kinds of monomers of reaction,
Process can be divided into transesterification stage and polycondensation phase.In ester exchange reaction and polycondensation reaction, reaction process is reversible flat
Weighing apparatus reaction.To obtain the makrolon of expected molecular weight, it is necessary to uninterruptedly and as much as possible be removed instead from reactant system
The low molecule phenol product and diphenyl carbonate that should be produced.The transesterification stage mainly generates the oligomer that the degree of polymerization is 3-6.It is contracting
In the poly- stage, with the raising of temperature of reaction system and the reduction of pressure, the oligomer of transesterification formation, which reacts, generates higher
The makrolon of the degree of polymerization.Although the method is required in material purity, production equipment, technology etc. strictly, with change
The progress of construction equipment, control instrument technology, melt transesterification process replace phosgenation to be trend of the times.
State Intellectual Property Office discloses a Publication No. CN205347296U, entitled " one kind in 2016.06.29
Prepare the combined reactor of low-molecular polycarbonate " utility model patent, which discloses a kind of system
The combined reactor of standby low-molecular polycarbonate, the combined reactor are the vertical anti-of the two cylinders composition of inside and outside socket
Device, the bottom and inner cylinder bottom of outer barrel is answered to be respectively equipped with material inlet and material outlet;Outer barrel and inner cylinder are equipped with
The upper and lower vacuum port of ester exchange reaction;The inner cylinder and outer barrel is jacket type structure;The top of the inner cylinder is equipped with
Interior flow guide distribution plate;Extended outwardly at the top of inner cylinder equipped with the outer flow guide distribution plate being connect with outer barrel inner wall;Positioned at object
Expect to be equipped with outer barrel flow deflector in the outer barrel cavity between entrance and outer flow guide distribution plate, be set in the cavity of the inner cylinder
There is guiding flow of inner cylinder body piece.It realizes to stir and the process equipment that material fully reacts can be realized, meet makrolon life
The technological effect of production has the characteristics that manufacture processing is simple.
Said combination reactor has the following problems:
1, combined reactor is that two cylinders of inside and outside socket form, and complicated, manufacture processing is more difficult;
2, the feed inlet of combined reactor is in outer tube wall lower part, and after material enters reactor, there are one streams from bottom to top
Dynamic process, drawback are that material is easy to form dead zone, the part of inner/outer tube overlapping, the inside and outside mutual shadow of temperature of charge in the process
It rings, is difficult to control;
3, combined reactor inner cylinder lower half portion does not have internals, and the liquid level only with material is stopped in this section of region to be had
It closes, and the opposite standing of material in this section of region, without mixed effect.
Utility model content
The utility model aims to solve the problem that structure of reactor in the prior art is complicated, and not reasonable so that technique is not easy
Control, residence time of material is shorter, the bad problem of mixed effect, provides one kind and continuously preparing poly- carbonic acid suitable for ester-interchange method
The vertical reactor of ester.The vertical reactor is highly suitable for ester-interchange method and continuously prepares makrolon, simple and reasonable, whole
A process is easier to control, and end reaction effect is preferable.
To achieve the goals above, specific technical solution is as follows:
A kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, it is characterised in that:Including from upper and
Vaporization chamber, mixed allocation room and the overflow chamber of lower setting;Material inlet pipe, the evaporation are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber
The true mouth pipeline of vaporization chamber is communicated at the top of room, the bottom of the vaporization chamber is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet, is mixed with described
The mixed allocation room material inlet connection of distributor chamber;It is provided with multiple sieve plates in the mixed allocation room;The mixed allocation room
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders stacked, the bottom of the overflow chamber in the overflow chamber
Portion is provided with material outlet, and the top of overflow chamber's side wall is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline.
The utility model is preferred, and the vaporization chamber has been autoclave body.
The utility model is preferred, and the indoor top of evaporation is provided with conical, massive baffle.
The utility model is preferred, where the material inlet pipe is set to the evaporation chamber cross-section on the tangent line of circle,
And positioned at the middle part or lower part of the vaporization chamber side wall.
The utility model is preferred, and material inlet tube valve is provided on the material inlet pipe.
The utility model is preferred, and the multiple sieve plate is pyramidal structure, from top to bottom arrangement and two one group, while every
Two sieve plate tips are positioned opposite in group.The structure and utility model patent CN205347296U, it is entitled " a kind of to prepare low point
Flow deflector structure in the combined reactor of son amount makrolon " is identical(Two sieve plates correspond to upper sieve plate therein in every group
With lower sieve plate).
The utility model is preferred, and the bottom part down of the multiple sieve plate is provided with collection board, and the collection board is tip
Cone directed downwardly, and middle part is provided with through-hole.
The utility model is preferred, and the indoor overflow cylinder of overflow stacks from top to bottom to be multiple, and the overflow cylinder
Internal diameter increase step by step successively from top to bottom.
The utility model is preferred, and the overflow cylinder is cylinder cartridge, and the top of the overflow cylinder is liquid dish,
The plate edge of the liquid dish is uniformly covered with overflow notch, and the barrel of the overflow cylinder and bottom are uniformly covered with several evaporation apertures
(Regular hole, circle, hexagon etc.).
The utility model is preferred, internal diameter and institute of the mixed allocation room bottom with the connectivity part at the top of the overflow chamber
The internal diameter for stating mixed allocation room is identical, and the internal diameter of the overflow chamber is more than the internal diameter of the mixed allocation room.
The utility model is preferred, is both provided on overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline and the true mouth pipeline of the vaporization chamber true
Vacant duct valve.
The utility model is preferred, and overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline is connected to the true mouth pipeline of the vaporization chamber, is then converged
At a pipeline, vacuum pipe valve is provided on the pipeline.
The advantageous effects that the utility model is brought:
1, the vertical reactor of the utility model is very suitable for ester-interchange method and continuously prepares makrolon, solves existing skill
The problems in art, simple and reasonable, manufacture processing is easier to, and material flows from above to below, and is had in the process fully mixed
It closes, without dead angle.Lower part is equipped with overflow cylinder, and material is first at the top of overflow cylinder, and then overflow formation liquid film is flowed down along barrel again,
The evaporating surface of material is increased, and increases residence time of the material in reactor.
2, the utility model is preferred, and the vaporization chamber has been autoclave body.The material inlet pipe is set to the evaporation
Where chamber cross-section on the tangent line of circle, and positioned at the middle part or lower part of the vaporization chamber side wall.The material inlet Guan Shangshe
It is equipped with material inlet tube valve.Because during ester-interchange method continuously prepares makrolon, reaction is carried out continuously, material exists
It is also intended to be reacted during Pipeline transport.Therefore, material from feed inlet enter vertical reactor vaporization chamber it
Before, there are the phenol that reaction generates in material.There is valve on the materail tube road due to entering vertical reactor, can make
There are pressure differences before and after valve(It is vacuum state after valve because being pressure state before valve), this pressure difference causes material to pass through
After valve, phenol rapid vaporization sweeps along material to be injected into vaporization chamber together.Vaporization chamber is a cavity, and feed inlet is set as
Tangential feed, effect is that material tangent line enters vaporization chamber, and due to effect of inertia, material is turn-taked along barrel, and material is main herein
The effect for realizing vapor-liquid separation, phenol steam is extracted out from top, liquid since gravity is detached with phenol steam toward dirty,
And material is rotated along barrel to flowing down compared with stream directly down, increases material in the residence time of vaporization chamber, energy is more preferable
Realization vapor-liquid separation.
3, the utility model is preferred, and the indoor top of evaporation is provided with conical, massive baffle.Material enters steaming
After sending out room, due to the phenol meeting rapid vaporization in vacuum action material, the vacuum port positive bottom setting cone at the top of vaporization chamber
Solid barrier, can make vaporization phenol will not short circuit be directly entered vacuum port, but diffuse to side, then true to entering behind top
It eats dishes without rice or wine, phenol steam flowing velocity can be slowed down, reduce entrainment of the phenol steam to material.
4, the utility model is preferred, the multiple sieve plate be pyramidal structure, from top to bottom arrangement and two one group, simultaneously
Two sieve plate tips are positioned opposite in every group.The bottom part down of the multiple sieve plate is provided with collection board, and the collection board is point
Cone directed downwardly is held, and middle part is provided with through-hole.Multiple sieve plates vapor-liquid separation, material can mix and remove benzene well
Phenol.Collection board is used to flow through the material after sieve plate and is all flowed into collection board, then is flowed into overflow by the through-hole of collection board
On first overflow cylinder of room.
5, the utility model is preferred, and the indoor overflow cylinder of overflow stacks from top to bottom to be multiple, and the overflow
The internal diameter of cylinder increases step by step successively from top to bottom.The overflow cylinder is cylinder cartridge, and the top of the overflow cylinder is to connect
The plate edge of liquid disk, the liquid dish is uniformly covered with overflow notch, if the barrel of the overflow cylinder and bottom are uniformly covered with dry blowing
Hair engaging aperture.Material flows into the overflow cylinder of overflow chamber from the collection board of mixed allocation room, and liquid dish of the material on overflow cylinder mixes, so
Afterwards under the overflow notch on disk side flows on overflow barrel, by several overflow cylinders, it is repeatedly performed " under mixing → barrel
Stream " process, during this period, material uniformly mixes, and the phenol for reacting generation is extracted, and because material overflow cylinder barrel
Dirty formation liquid film, is more advantageous to the extraction of phenol.Evaporation apertures are opened on barrel be also advantageous that formed on barrel in material
Thin electrolyte film.It directly flows down relative to material, the structure type of " mixing → barrel flows down " also adds material in the reactor
Reaction time
6, the utility model is preferred, and overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline is both provided with on the true mouth pipeline of the vaporization chamber
Vacuum pipe valve.The vacuum in reactor can be adjusted in the upper setting valve of two vacuum pipes, the vacuum at two
It can be the same or different.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the utility model structure of reactor schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of two vacuum pipes of the utility model reactor connection;
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram that the multiple overflow cylinders of the utility model stack.
Reference numeral:1 it is vaporization chamber, 2 be mixed allocation room, 3 be overflow chamber, 4 be material inlet pipe, 5 is that vaporization chamber is true
Eat dishes without rice or wine pipeline, 6 be vaporization chamber material outlet, 7 be mixed allocation room material inlet, 8 be sieve plate, 9 be overflow cylinder, 10 be that material goes out
Mouthful, 11 be overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline, 12 be conical, massive baffle, 13 be material inlet tube valve, 14 be collection board, 15 be
Liquid dish, 16 be overflow notch, 17 be evaporation apertures, 18 be vacuum pipe valve.
Specific implementation mode
Embodiment 1
It is a kind of continuously to prepare the vertical reactor of makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, including the evaporation being arranged from top to bottom
Room 1, mixed allocation room 2 and overflow chamber 3;Material inlet pipe 4, the top of the vaporization chamber 1 are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber 1
Portion is communicated with the true mouth pipeline 5 of vaporization chamber, and the bottom of the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet 6, with the mixed allocation
The mixed allocation room material inlet 7 of room 2 is connected to;It is provided with multiple sieve plates 8 in the mixed allocation room 2;The mixed allocation room 2
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber 3, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders 9 stacked, the overflow chamber 3 in the overflow chamber 3
Bottom be provided with material outlet 10, the top of 3 side wall of the overflow chamber is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11.
Embodiment 2
It is a kind of continuously to prepare the vertical reactor of makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, including the evaporation being arranged from top to bottom
Room 1, mixed allocation room 2 and overflow chamber 3;Material inlet pipe 4, the top of the vaporization chamber 1 are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber 1
Portion is communicated with the true mouth pipeline 5 of vaporization chamber, and the bottom of the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet 6, with the mixed allocation
The mixed allocation room material inlet 7 of room 2 is connected to;It is provided with multiple sieve plates 8 in the mixed allocation room 2;The mixed allocation room 2
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber 3, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders 9 stacked, the overflow chamber 3 in the overflow chamber 3
Bottom be provided with material outlet 10, the top of 3 side wall of the overflow chamber is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11.
Preferably, the top in the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with conical, massive baffle 12.
Preferably, where the material inlet pipe 4 is set to 1 cross section of the vaporization chamber on the tangent line of circle, and it is located at institute
State the middle part or lower part of 1 side wall of vaporization chamber.
It is preferred or further, it is provided with material inlet tube valve 13 on the material inlet pipe 4.
Embodiment 3
It is a kind of continuously to prepare the vertical reactor of makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, including the evaporation being arranged from top to bottom
Room 1, mixed allocation room 2 and overflow chamber 3;Material inlet pipe 4, the top of the vaporization chamber 1 are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber 1
Portion is communicated with the true mouth pipeline 5 of vaporization chamber, and the bottom of the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet 6, with the mixed allocation
The mixed allocation room material inlet 7 of room 2 is connected to;It is provided with multiple sieve plates 8 in the mixed allocation room 2;The mixed allocation room 2
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber 3, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders 9 stacked, the overflow chamber 3 in the overflow chamber 3
Bottom be provided with material outlet 10, the top of 3 side wall of the overflow chamber is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11.
Preferably, the bottom part down of the multiple sieve plate 8 is provided with collection board 14, and the collection board 14 is that tip is directed downwardly
Cone, and middle part is provided with through-hole.
Embodiment 4
It is a kind of continuously to prepare the vertical reactor of makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, including the evaporation being arranged from top to bottom
Room 1, mixed allocation room 2 and overflow chamber 3;Material inlet pipe 4, the top of the vaporization chamber 1 are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber 1
Portion is communicated with the true mouth pipeline 5 of vaporization chamber, and the bottom of the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet 6, with the mixed allocation
The mixed allocation room material inlet 7 of room 2 is connected to;It is provided with multiple sieve plates 8 in the mixed allocation room 2;The mixed allocation room 2
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber 3, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders 9 stacked, the overflow chamber 3 in the overflow chamber 3
Bottom be provided with material outlet 10, the top of 3 side wall of the overflow chamber is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11.
Preferably, the overflow cylinder 9 in the overflow chamber 3 be it is multiple stack from top to bottom, and the internal diameter of the overflow cylinder 9 from
Increase step by step successively under.
Preferred or further, the overflow cylinder 9 is cylinder cartridge, and the top of the overflow cylinder 9 is to connect
The plate edge of liquid disk 15, the liquid dish 15 is uniformly covered with overflow notch 16, and the barrel of the overflow cylinder 9 and bottom are uniformly covered with
Several evaporation apertures 17.
It is preferred or further, the internal diameter of 2 bottom of mixed allocation room and the connectivity part at 3 top of the overflow chamber
Identical as the internal diameter of the mixed allocation room 2, the internal diameter of the overflow chamber 3 is more than the internal diameter of the mixed allocation room 2.
Embodiment 5
It is a kind of continuously to prepare the vertical reactor of makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, including the evaporation being arranged from top to bottom
Room 1, mixed allocation room 2 and overflow chamber 3;Material inlet pipe 4, the top of the vaporization chamber 1 are communicated on the side wall of the vaporization chamber 1
Portion is communicated with the true mouth pipeline 5 of vaporization chamber, and the bottom of the vaporization chamber 1 is provided with vaporization chamber material outlet 6, with the mixed allocation
The mixed allocation room material inlet 7 of room 2 is connected to;It is provided with multiple sieve plates 8 in the mixed allocation room 2;The mixed allocation room 2
Bottom be connected to the top of the overflow chamber 3, be provided with multiple overflow cylinders 9 stacked, the overflow chamber 3 in the overflow chamber 3
Bottom be provided with material outlet 10, the top of 3 side wall of the overflow chamber is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11.
Preferably, it is both provided with vacuum pipe on the true mouth pipeline of overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11 and the vaporization chamber 5
Valve 18.
Preferably, the true mouth pipeline of overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline 11 and the vaporization chamber 5 is connected to, and then converges into a pipe
Road is provided with vacuum pipe valve 18 on the pipeline.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method, it is characterised in that:Including from top to bottom
The vaporization chamber of setting(1), mixed allocation room(2)The overflow chamber and(3);The vaporization chamber(1)Side wall on be communicated with material inlet
Pipe(4), the vaporization chamber(1)Top be communicated with the true mouth pipeline of vaporization chamber(5), the vaporization chamber(1)Bottom be provided with steaming
Send out room material outlet(6), with the mixed allocation room(2)Mixed allocation room material inlet(7)Connection;The mixed allocation room
(2)Inside it is provided with multiple sieve plates(8);The mixed allocation room(2)Bottom be connected to the overflow chamber(3)Top, it is described overflow
Flow chamber(3)Inside it is provided with multiple overflow cylinders stacked(9), the overflow chamber(3)Bottom be provided with material outlet(10), described
Overflow chamber(3)The top of side wall is communicated with overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline(11).
2. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:The vaporization chamber(1)Interior top is provided with conical, massive baffle(12).
3. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:The material inlet pipe(4)It is set to the vaporization chamber(1)Where cross section on the tangent line of circle, and it is located at the steaming
Send out room(1)The middle part or lower part of side wall.
4. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1 or 3,
It is characterized in that:The material inlet pipe(4)On be provided with material inlet tube valve(13).
5. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:The multiple sieve plate(8)Bottom part down be provided with collection board(14), the collection board(14)For tip circle directed downwardly
Taper, and middle part is provided with through-hole.
6. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:The overflow chamber(3)Interior overflow cylinder(9)It is stacked from top to bottom to be multiple, and the overflow cylinder(9)Internal diameter from upper
Increase step by step successively under.
7. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1 or 6,
It is characterized in that:The overflow cylinder(9)For cylinder cartridge, the overflow cylinder(9)Top be liquid dish(15), described to connect
Liquid disk(15)Plate edge be uniformly covered with overflow notch(16), the overflow cylinder(9)If barrel and bottom be uniformly covered with dry blowing
Hair engaging aperture(17).
8. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1 or 6,
It is characterized in that:The mixed allocation room(2)Bottom and the overflow chamber(3)The internal diameter of the connectivity part at top and the mixed allocation
Room(2)Internal diameter it is identical, the overflow chamber(3)Internal diameter be more than the mixed allocation room(2)Internal diameter.
9. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:Overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline(11)With the true mouth pipeline of the vaporization chamber(5)On be both provided with vacuum pipe valve
(18).
10. a kind of vertical reactor continuously preparing makrolon suitable for ester-interchange method according to claim 1, special
Sign is:Overflow chamber's vacuum port pipeline(11)With the true mouth pipeline of the vaporization chamber(5)Connection, then converges into a pipeline,
Vacuum pipe valve is provided on the pipeline(18).
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111298754A (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2020-06-19 | 清华大学 | Reactor and process for continuously producing polycarbonate oligomer |
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2017
- 2017-11-29 CN CN201721627141.1U patent/CN207614848U/en active Active
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN111298754A (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2020-06-19 | 清华大学 | Reactor and process for continuously producing polycarbonate oligomer |
CN111298754B (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2024-04-05 | 清华大学 | Reactor and process for continuously producing polycarbonate oligomer |
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Effective date of registration: 20221017 Address after: No. 40, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 Patentee after: CHINA BLUESTAR CHENGRAND Co.,Ltd. Patentee after: ZHONGLAN CHENGUANG CHEMICAL CO.,LTD. Address before: 610041, No. four, 30 South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, Wuhou District Patentee before: CHINA BLUESTAR CHENGRAND Co.,Ltd. |
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