CN207083882U - 一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置 - Google Patents
一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN207083882U CN207083882U CN201721077607.5U CN201721077607U CN207083882U CN 207083882 U CN207083882 U CN 207083882U CN 201721077607 U CN201721077607 U CN 201721077607U CN 207083882 U CN207083882 U CN 207083882U
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[N].N CVTZKFWZDBJAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001058 adult Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 nitrite nitrogen Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021401 pellet diet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium nitrate Chemical compound 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Abstract
本实用新型属于水产养殖技术领域。具体涉及一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置，其特征在于所述的鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置由集污池(510)、发酵池(520)和人工湿地(530)组成，其中所述的集污池(510)为圆斗型，该集污池(510)的上方一侧连接有一个污水进水管(511)，收集由集排污装置排出的养殖污水；集污池(510)的左下方是一个废水出水管(512)，集污池(510)的右下方分别设置有废水出水管控制阀(513)和固形物排出控制阀(514)。本实用新型是一种有机型和友好型鱼类养殖系统。试验表明本实用新型的圈养养殖的日常排污效率约为95％。每亩鲜鱼单产达5吨，是常规散养单产的4～5倍。
Description
一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置
技术领域
[0001]本实用新型属于水产养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装 置。
背景技术
[0002]我国延续数千年的池塘养鱼模式实际是一种散养模式，即鱼类可自由活动于整个 养殖水体。这种模式在放养密度较低、水体鱼类承载量小于水体自净能力时，为一种生态养 殖模式。此时，鱼类的残饵、粪便等废弃物通过微生物的分解作用可充分转化为无机营养物 质，再经食物链(网）流向滤食性及杂食性鱼类，从而体现了营养物质的高效、循环利用，因 而成为世界所推崇的中国式典型生态混养模式。
[0003]但若放养密度过大、水体承载的鱼类数量超过其自净能力时，则残饵、粪便等有机 物无法及时被微生物矿化、分解导致有机物过量堆积；同时大量有机物氨化产生的氨过量 堆积于池塘环境中对鱼类产生强毒副作用，迅速降低鱼类体质和抵抗能力，病害便接踵而 至;渔民为保住养殖成活率而不得不大量、频繁使用渔药来抵御病害，不仅增加了养成风 险，而且大幅下降了水产品品质，药残等安全隐患问题格外突出。因此，在养殖密度普遍居 高不下的当下(单产普遍为900〜2000kg/亩，少数地区个别品种养殖产量甚至高达8000kg/ 亩），传统的“散养”模式已不再适应养殖需要，全新的健康养殖模式革新迫在眉睫。
[0004]所谓“圈养”，就是将吃食性鱼类集中于圈养装置之中饲喂，通过圈养装置的集、排 污系统，及时收集、清除残饵和粪便，以保持养殖水体的清洁。此种模式，因及时去除了养殖 废弃物，大幅减少养殖污染物对养殖水环境的污染，故能充分利用养殖水体有限的自净能 力大幅提升养殖容量，同时将传统池塘“肥水”养殖方式变更为“清水”养殖，不仅显著提升 产品品质，而且通过水环境的改善可有效抑制病害的发生，大幅减少渔药使用量，充分降低 养殖风险，提高养殖效益。
[0005]鱼类要实施“圈养”的技术方案，由于是高密度养殖，对鱼类排污和残饵等有机物 的污染治理一致以来是一个十分棘手的问题。现有的淡水养殖的集污池一般为方塘型池 塘，池底部是平的，水体交换性差，集污效果差，鱼粪和残饵等有机物很难在该集污池中进 行初步降解，也不能通过适当的方式进一步处理，因而影响到有机污染物在后续处理中的 降解和水质的净化。 实用新型内容
[0006]本实用新型的目的在于克服现有技术存在的缺陷，提供一种鱼类圈养污水固形物 分离装置。
[0007]本实用新型以集中排污治理为核心，创新性提出了鱼类圈养模式，彻底改变原有 散养換式，实现“清水”养殖，不仅大幅提升了水体养殖容量，而且也充分保证了养殖鱼类的 品质，是一种可颠覆和取代延续数千年的传统散养方式的全新、高效、有机、健康、安全和友 好型养殖模式。
[0008] 本实用新型的技术方案如下所述：
[0009] 本鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置是一种鱼类池塘圈养系统配套使用一种装置，本 装置应用的优势在于与一个可循环的圈养系统配套使用，也可以独立使用。优选使用是基 于一个鱼类池塘圈养系统，该系统由圈养装置(100)、集排污装置(200)、曝气装置(300)、循 环水装置(400)和废弃物处理装置(500)构成，按照如下模式实施：
[0010] (1)圈养装置(100):
[0011]所述的圈养装置(100)为一圆柱体，内径为3〜5m，深度视池塘水位而定，要求高出 养殖水面0.2m以上，其底部与池塘底部相平。所述的圈养装置（1〇〇)由支柱（11〇)、防逃网 (120)、玻璃钢围挡（140)和人行通道(130)构成。所述的支柱（110)由钢柱或水泥柱制作;防 逃网（120)由网片或者钢质网片制成;水深lm以上设置防逃网（120)，下部分用玻璃钢围挡 (140)密封，防逃网（120)和玻璃钢围挡（140)与支柱（110) —起组合成圆柱体的养殖空间。 防逃网的网目大小以能防止养殖鱼类逃出即可。人行通道(130)设置在圈养装置的上端，方 便管理人员巡查。所述的圈养装置(100)可并排或双排设置于池塘之中。
[0012] ⑵集排污装置(200):
[0013]所述的的集排污装置（200)由集污漏斗（210)、排污管道（220)和吸污泵（230)组 成，所述的集污漏斗位于圈养底部，呈漏斗状圆锥体，集污漏斗（210)的上口径与圈养装置 (100)的内径相同且与圈养装置(100)套装，集污漏斗(210)的下口径为〇. 2m〜0 • 5m，侧壁倾 斜角度保持为20°〜45°，表面光滑，以便残饵粪便滑落到最低端，便于吸污栗排污;集污漏 斗（210)的下口端与相同孔径的排污管道(220)相连，排污管道(220)从圈养装置之外延伸 至水面，方便吸污水泵(20)吸污。所述的吸污栗(230)可选择潜水栗或真空泵。
[0014] ⑶曝气装置(300):
[0015]所述的曝气装置(300)由双叶轮旋涡式气泵C310)、主气管（320)、气阀（330)和微 孔曝气盘(340)组成。所述的双叶轮旋涡式气泵功率应满足圈养鱼类耗氧需求，所述的双叶 轮旋涡式气泵（310)与主气管（320)相连，主气管（32〇)再与圈养装置底部的微孔曝气盘 (340)相连;微孔曝气盘上的曝气管具有防堵功能，曝气系统(3〇〇)主要在阴雨天、晚间等溶 氧不高时段开启，以确保养殖对象对氧气的需求。
[0016] ⑷循环水装置(400):
[0017]所述的循环水装置(400)由冲水装置(410)、输水管(420)和潜水栗(430)组成。所 述的冲水装置由环状主水管(411)和若干垂直分水管(412)组成，所述的环状主水管直径为 5.0cm，置于圈养装置的最低端或最上端;在环状主水管(411)上每隔一米安装一根与圈养 装置同高，直径为2.5cm的垂直分水管(412)，所述的垂直分水管在高于水面2〇cm处设置一 个直径lcm的主喷水孔(413)，在水下0 • 50m、1 • 0m和1 • 5m的点设置3个直径0 • 5cm的副喷水孔 (414)，辅助主喷水孔(413)推动水下的水体;在圈养系统外设置可调节吃水深度的丨.5千瓦 潜水泵(430)作为供水动力，水泵把圈养装置外高溶氧水通过输水管送入冲水装置(41〇)， 冲水形成环流。水流大小可通过调整潜水栗的功率进行调整。
[0018] ⑸废弃物处理装置(500):
[0019]所述的废弃物处理装置(5〇0)由集污池（51〇)、发酵池（520)和人工湿地（530)组 成。其中所述的集污池(510)为圆斗型，该集污池(51〇)的上方一侧连接有一个污水进水管 (511)，收集由集排污装置排出的养殖污水；集污池（510)的左下方是一个废水出水管 ，果朽池010)的石卜万分力Ij设置有废水出水管控制阀（513)和固形物排出控制阀 (514)。
[0020]集污池(510)、发酵池(520)、人工湿地(530)依次配置。
[0021]该集污池(510)兼有容纳废弃物和沉淀分离固形物的双重作用，发酵池(52〇)用于 发酵养殖固形废弃物以制作沼气和肥料，人工湿地(53〇)采用间歇性曝气方式启动短程硝 化/反硝化或厌氧氨氧化，充分去除废水中的氨氮、亚硝态氮等有害氮素，净化后的废水重 新回到池塘用于养殖活动。
[0022] ⑹圈养装置运行
[0023] 1)鱼种放养：以每个圈养装置生产1〜2吨鱼获品为目标产量，根据不同鱼种不同 规格的年净增重倍数可推算出年初放养量，如养殖成鱼（以四大家鱼的鳙鱼为例进行说明， 但不限于该品种），每个圈养系统可放养尾重5〇〇g左右的大规格鱼种250〜500kg;如养殖大 规格二龄鱼种，一般每个圈养系统可放养尾重3〇g/尾左右的一龄鱼种60〜150kg。
[0024] 2)投饵:本实用新型的圈养系统首选饲料为市售的膨化饲料。在水温较低时，每天 投喂3次，分别为8:00、11:00和16:00投喂。当水温达25 °C时，每日投喂4次，分别为在7:00、 11:00、13:00和17:00投喂。投馆量视天气、水质及鱼类活动情况而定，一般每年的3月-5月 投饲率为2%，6-7月投词量率2-3%，8-9月投饲率为3-4%，10月-12月为2%左右，以此类 推。投饵量及投饵频率也可按正常养鱼要求进行。
[0025] 3)集排污:每天傍晚对圈养系统进行排污操作。打开排污泵，一般分钟内抽出 的水由浊变清即可关机，即完成排污作业。
[0026] 4)曝气增氧:依据养殖水体溶解氧的高低来决定曝气系统的开启。一般溶氧降至 3mg/L时开启曝气增氧设备(为常规配置，增氧机为商购设备，按照产品说明书操作）。
[0027]圈养方法：
[0028]构建圈养装置（100)，将鱼类集中圈养于圈养装置（100)之中，每天定时收集鱼类 残饵、粪便至集污池中进行固形物分离，分离后的固形物作资源化再利用处理，去除固形物 后的废水经净化系统降解去除有害氮素之后再流回养殖池塘重复使用，实现零排放。该方 法实现了清水养殖，可大幅提升池塘养殖容量和鱼类品质、大幅减少渔药使用量，实现健 康、高效、零排放安全养殖。
[0029]圈养装置的配置
[0030]如上所述，圈养系统由圈养装置（100)、曝气装置(3〇〇)、集排污装置(200)、循环水 装置(400)以及废弃物处理装置(500)构成。
[0031] (1)圈养装置（100)主体为圆柱体结构，由支柱（110)、防逃纱网（120)、玻璃钢 (140)及人行通道(130)等部件组成，圈养装置(100)用来容纳养殖鱼类，并保持与外界水体 交换。
[0032] ⑵集排污装置(200):
[0033]所述的的集排污装置（2〇0)由集污漏斗（210)、排污管道(220)和吸污栗（230)组 成，所述的集污漏斗位于圈养底部，呈漏斗状圆锥体，集污漏斗(210)的上口径与圈养装置 (100)的内径相同且与圈养装置(100)套装，集污漏斗(210)的下口径为0 • 2m〜0 • 5m，侧壁倾 斜角度保持为20°〜45°，表面光滑，以便残饵粪便滑落到最低端，便于吸污栗排污;集污漏 斗(210)的下口端与相同孔径的排污管道(220)相连，排污管道(22〇)从圈养装置之外延伸 至水面，方便吸污水泵(20)吸污。所述的吸污泵(230)可选择潜水泵或真空泵。
[0034] (3)曝气装置（300)由双叶轮旋涡式气泵（310)、送气管道（320)及微孔增氧盘 (340)等部件组成，曝气装置(3〇〇)用于人工增氧以保证养殖对象氧气需求。
[0035] (4)循环水装置(400)由潜水泵(43〇)、输水管(420)及冲水装置(410)构成，通过水 栗的注水，实现圈养装置内水的环流，以实现集中固形物、利用鱼类顶水游泳习性锻炼鱼体 目的。
[0036] (5)废弃物处理装置(500)由集污池(510)、发酵池(520)和人工湿地(530)组成。集 污池用于收纳排出的废弃物并实现固形物的分离，发酵池用于固形废弃物制作沼气和肥 料，人工湿地用于废水的净化处理。
[0037]显然，本实用新型废弃物处理装置中的养殖污水固形物分离装置（即集污池)既可 以与池塘鱼类圈养系统配套使用，也可以与其他淡水养殖方式配套使用，当然也可以对现 今鱼类高密度养殖例如集约化养殖提供污水固形物分离装置及其解决方案，具有良好的经 济效益、社会效益和生态效益
附图说明
[0038]图1:本实用新型的系统框图。
[0039]图2:本实用新型的圈养装置、曝气装置、集排污装置和循环水装置部分结构示意 图。
[0040]图3:本实用新型部分装置结构的俯视图。
[0041]图4:本实用新型的养殖污水固形物分离装置(集污池)结构的侧视图。
[0042]附图标记说明：
[0043] 100—圈养装置
[0044] 110-支柱，12〇-防逃网，1：30-人行通道，14〇-玻璃钢围挡；
[0045] 200—集排污装置
[0046] 210-集污漏斗，220-排污管道，230-吸污泵；
[0047] 300—曝气装置
[0048] 310_双叶轮旋涡式气泵，32〇_主气管，330-气阀，340-微孔曝气盘；
[0049] 400—循环水系统
[0050] 410-冲水装置
[0051] 411_环状主水管，412_垂直分水管，413-主喷水孔，414-副喷水孔；
[0052] 似0-输水管，430-潜水泵；
[0053] 500—废弃物处理装置
[00M] 510-^污池(养殖污水固形物分离装置），52〇_发酵池，53〇—人工湿地。
[0055] 511-污水进水管，512-废水出水管，513_废水出水管控制阀，514_固形物排出控制 阀。
具体实施方式
[0056](一)圈养系统装置
[0057] 1、圈养装置(100)设计
[0058]圈养装置(100)为一圆柱体，内径为3—5m，深度视池塘水位而定，一般应高出水面 0.2m以上，底部与池塘底相平。圈养装置主要由支柱（11〇)、防逃网（12〇)、玻璃钢围挡（14〇) 和人行通道（130)构成。支柱（110)可由钢柱或水泥柱等材料制作;防逃网（12〇)可由网片或 者钢质网片制成，水深lm以上设置防逃网（120)，下部分用玻璃钢围挡（丨仙)密封，防逃网和 玻璃钢围挡与支柱（110) —起组合成圆柱体的养殖空间，防逃网的网目大小以能防止养殖 鱼类逃出即可。所述的人行通道(130)设置圈养装置的最上端，方便管理人员行走于圈养装 置(100)之上。
[0059]该圈养装置(100)可并排或双排设置于池塘之中。
[0060] 2、集排污装置(200)
[0061]所述的的集排污装置（200)由集污漏斗（210)、排污管道（220)和吸污栗（230)组 成，所述的集污漏斗位于圈养底部，呈漏斗状圆锥体，集污漏斗（21〇)的上口径与圈养装置 (100)的内径相同且与圈养装置(100)套装，集污漏斗(210)的下口径为〇. 2m〜0.5m，侧壁倾 斜角度保持为20°〜45°，表面光滑，以便残饵粪便滑落到最低端，便于吸污泵排污;集污漏 斗（210)的下口端与相同孔径的排污管道(220)相连，排污管道(220)从圈养装置之外延伸 至水面，方便吸污水泵(20)吸污。所述的吸污栗(230)可选择潜水栗或真空泵。
[0062] 3、曝气装置(300)
[0063]由双叶轮旋涡式气泵(310)、主气管(320)、气阀（330)及微孔曝气盘(340)组成。双 叶轮旋涡式气泵（310)功率应满足圈养鱼类耗氧需求，双叶轮旋涡式气泵（310)、气阀 (33〇)、主气管(32〇)和圈养底部的微孔曝气盘(340)依次相连。微孔曝气管(340)具防堵功 能。曝气系统(3〇0)主要在阴雨天、晚间等溶氧不高时段开启，以确保养殖对象氧气需求。 [0064] 4、循环水装置(400)
[0065]循环水装置由冲水装置(410)，输水管(420)和潜水泵(430)组成。冲水装置(410) 由环状主水管(411)和若干根垂直分水管(412)组成，环状主水管(411)的直径为5.0cm，可 置于圈养装置的最低端或最上端。在环状主水管(411)上每隔一米安装一根与圈养装置同 高、直径为2 • 5cm的垂直分水管(412)，垂直分水管分别在水面上每隔20cm开一个直径lcm左 右的主喷水孔(413)，垂直分水管在水下每隔50cm、1.0m和1.5m开3个直径为0.5cm的副喷水 孔(414)，辅助主喷水孔(413)推动水下的水体流动。在圈养装置外设可调节吃水深度的1.5 千瓦潜水栗(430)作为供水动力，潜水栗把圈养系统外高溶氧水通过输水管送入冲水装置 (410)，冲水形成环流，水流大小可通过调整水泵功率进行调整。
[0066] 5、废弃物处理装置(500)
[0067] 所述的废弃物处理装置（500)由集污池（510)、发酵池（520)和人工湿地（530)组 成。其中，所述的集污池(510)为圆斗型，该集污池(510)的上方一侧连接有一个污水进水管 (511) ，收集由集排污装置排出的养殖污水；集污池（510)的左下方是一个废水出水管 (512) ，集污池（510)的右下方分别设置有废水出水管控制阀（513)和固形物排出控制阀 (514)。
[0068] 集污池(510)、发酵池(520)、人工湿地(530)依次配置。
[0069]该集污池兼有容纳废弃物和沉淀分离固形物的双重作用;发酵池用于发酵养殖固 形废弃物以制作沼气和肥料;人工湿地采用间歇性曝气方式启动短程硝化/反硝化或厌氧 氨氧化，充分去除废水中的氨氮、亚硝态氮等有害氮素，净化后的废水重新回到池塘用于养 殖活动。
[0070](二）圈养系统装置的运行与管理 [0071] 1、鱼种放养
[00^2]以每个圈养装置生产1-2吨鱼获品为目标产量，根据不同鱼种不同规格的年净增 重倍数推算出年初放养量，如养殖成鱼（以四大家鱼中的鳙鱼养殖为例进行说明，但实施本 实用新型并不限于上述品种），每个圈可放养尾重500g左右的大规格鱼种250—500kg;如养 殖大规格一龄鱼种，一般每个圈养装置可放养尾重30g/尾左右的一龄鱼种6〇—150kg。
[0073] 2、投饵：
[0074]本实用新型的圈养养殖首选饲料为市售的膨化饲料。在水温较低时，每天投喂3 次，分别为8:00、11:00和16:00投喂。当水温达25 X：时，每日投喂4次，分别为在7:00、11:00、 13:00和17:00投喂。投饵量视天气、水质及鱼类活动情况而定，一般每年的3月_5月投饲率 为2%，6-7月投饲量率2-3%，8-9月投饲率为3-4%，10月-12月为2%左右，以此类推。投饵 量及投饵频率也可按正常养鱼要求进行。
[0075] 3、集污池的运行
[0076]每天傍晚进行排污操作。打开排污杲(23〇)，一般1〜3分钟内抽出的水由浊变清即 可关机，完成排污。排出的养殖污水由污水进水管(511)进入集污池(养殖污水固形物分离 装置），静置沉淀12h至翌日清晨，首先打开固形物排出控制阀门（514)，排出固形物至发酵 池(520)，之后再打开废水出水管控制阀门（513)，将去除了固形物的养殖废水经废水出水 管(512)排出集污池，到人工湿地(530)进一步除氮处理。调节废水出水管控制阀门（513)开 度，控制集污池(养殖污水固形物分离装置）内的养殖废水12h排空，到傍晚时分，即可进行 新一轮的排污处理。
[0077] 4、曝气增氧
[0078] 依据养殖水体溶解氧的高低来决定曝气装置(300)的开启。一般溶氧降至3mg/L时 应开启曝气增氧设备(增氧设备为常规配置，增氧机为商购设备，按照产品说明书操作）。 [0079]本实用新型的排污和增产效果：
[0080]本实用新型在湖北省国营公安县崇湖渔场华中农业大学实验示范基地进行实测， 试验品种是鳙鱼，采用养殖污水固形物分离装置后，圈养系统中的日常排污效率约为95%。 即约95 %的养殖废弃物都被排出养殖系统之外，排污效果极佳。每亩鲜鱼单产可达5吨，是 常规散养单产的4〜5倍。
Claims (1)
1. 一种鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装置，其特征在于所述的鱼类圈养污水固形物分离装 置由集污池(510)、发酵池(520)和人工湿地(53〇)组成，其中所述的集污池(510)为圆斗型， 该集污池(510)的上方一侧连接有一个污水进水管(511)，收集由集排污装置排出的养殖污 水;集污池(51〇)的左下方是一个废水出水管(5丨2)，集污池(51〇)的右下方分别设置有废水 出水管控制阀(513)和固形物排出控制阀(514)。
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| CN112471012A (zh) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-03-12 | 杭州千岛湖鲟龙科技股份有限公司 | 鲟鱼大水面绿色生态养殖技术 |
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| CN110402855A (zh) * | 2019-08-24 | 2019-11-05 | 丹阳市佳吉渔业专业合作社 | 一种锦鲤池塘圈养方法 |
| CN112471012A (zh) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-03-12 | 杭州千岛湖鲟龙科技股份有限公司 | 鲟鱼大水面绿色生态养殖技术 |
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