CN206387871U - A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus - Google Patents
A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN206387871U CN206387871U CN201621390054.4U CN201621390054U CN206387871U CN 206387871 U CN206387871 U CN 206387871U CN 201621390054 U CN201621390054 U CN 201621390054U CN 206387871 U CN206387871 U CN 206387871U
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- earthing
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Abstract
A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus, it includes：Moving contact deformation detectors, it is used for the deformation to the moving contact of earthing and detected, obtains moving contact deformation signal；Signal processing circuit, it is connected with moving contact deformation detectors, for handling moving contact deformation signal, obtains the first electric signal；Earthing status determination circuit, it is connected with signal processing circuit, and the earthing status signal of earthing division state is characterized for being generated according to the first electric signal.The device detects the contact condition between earthing moving contact and static contact no longer as existing apparatus by the way of indirect monitoring, but the deformation that moving contact is produced by the extruding of static contact is directly detected using moving contact deformation detectors, it so also just can directly reflect whether the contact between the division state and dynamic/static contact of earthing is good.Compared to existing earthing state monitoring apparatus, the earthing state outcome that the present apparatus is obtained is more accurately and reliably.
Description
Technical field
The utility model is related to intelligent power grid technology field, specifically, is related to a kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus.
Background technology
With greatly developing for China's intelligent grid, earthing as a fairly large number of equipment in operation of power networks, while
It is to produce a more high-tension apparatus of failure.Although earthing structure is relatively simple, due to running environment condition and weather
The influence of condition and the reason such as manufacture and design, long-play easily makes its bad contact, abrasion, deformation, so as to influence electricity
The security reliability operation of net, while causing unnecessary security incident.Therefore the reliable sexual act of switch cubicle earthing is existed
Line monitoring is particularly important.
Existing earthing state monitoring apparatus is generally entered using current detecting or proximity switch come the state to earthing
Row monitoring, but all there are this problem in these devices, it is impossible to accurately and reliably the state to earthing is monitored.
Utility model content
To solve the above problems, the utility model provides a kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus, described device includes：
Moving contact deformation detectors, it is used for the deformation to the moving contact of earthing and detected, obtains moving contact deformation
Signal；
Signal processing circuit, it is connected with the moving contact deformation detectors, for entering to the moving contact deformation signal
Row processing, obtains the first electric signal；
Earthing status determination circuit, it is connected with the signal processing circuit, for being given birth to according to first electric signal
Into the earthing status signal for characterizing the earthing division state.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, the moving contact deformation detectors include foil gauge, the foil gauge
Laminating is arranged on the outer surface of the moving contact of earthing.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, the moving contact deformation detectors include two groups of foil gauges, described two
Group foil gauge is separately positioned on two outer surfaces of the moving contact.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, the foil gauge is resistance strain gage.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, the signal processing circuit includes：
Bridge circuit, it is connected with the moving contact deformation detectors, for being generated according to the moving contact deformation signal
Corresponding deformation voltage signal；
Power amplification circuit, it is connected with the bridge circuit, for carrying out power amplification to the deformation voltage signal,
To improve the driving force of the deformation voltage signal；
Analog to digital conversion circuit, it is connected with the power amplification circuit, for being carried out to the deformation voltage signal after processing
Analog-to-digital conversion, obtains first electric signal.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, described device also includes earthing sub-signal receiving circuit and ground connection
Knife has closed signal receiving circuit, the earthing sub-signal receiving circuit and earthing closed signal receiving circuit respectively with institute
The connection of earthing status determination circuit is stated, for sub-signal or earthing to have closed signal and transmitted to the earthing by earthing
Status determination circuit.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, described device also include location switch or proximity switch, it is described in place
Switch or proximity switch are used to producing earthing according to the state of the moving contact of the earthing and static contact sub-signal or have been connect
Earthing knife-switch has closed signal.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, sub-signal receiving circuit and/or earthing have been closed the earthing
Signal receiving circuit includes photoelectric coupled circuit.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, described device also includes：
Display circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit；And/or,
Warning circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit.
According to one embodiment of the present utility model, described device also includes：
Telecommunication circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit, for by the earthing status signal transmission
To corresponding external device (ED).
Earthing state monitoring apparatus provided by the utility model is no longer as existing apparatus using indirect monitoring
Mode detects the contact condition between earthing moving contact and static contact, but uses the moving contact deformation detectors (for example should
Become piece) deformation that moving contact is produced by the extruding of static contact is directly detected, it so also just can directly reflect earthing
Division state and dynamic/static contact between contact it is whether good.Compared to existing earthing state monitoring apparatus, this reality
The earthing state outcome obtained with new provided device is more accurately and reliably.
Meanwhile, moving contact deformation detectors are realized using foil gauge, and foil gauge is not only easily installed, and are not interfered with also and are connect
The mechanical structure of earthing knife-switch, it can be grounded the real-time monitoring of the reliable sexual act of knife.
Other features and advantages of the utility model will illustrate in the following description, also, partly from specification
In become apparent, or understood by implementing the utility model.The purpose of this utility model and other advantages can pass through
Specifically noted structure is realized and obtained in specification, claims and accompanying drawing.
Brief description of the drawings
, below will be to embodiment in order to illustrate more clearly of the utility model embodiment or technical scheme of the prior art
Or the accompanying drawing required in description of the prior art does simple introduction：
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the earthing state monitoring apparatus according to the utility model one embodiment；
Fig. 2 is the part-structure schematic diagram of the earthing according to the utility model one embodiment；
Fig. 3 is the concrete structure schematic diagram of the earthing state monitoring apparatus according to the utility model one embodiment.
Embodiment
Embodiment of the present utility model is described in detail below with reference to drawings and Examples, whereby to the utility model
How application technology means solve technical problem, and reach the implementation process of technique effect and can fully understand and implement according to this.
As long as it should be noted that not constituting each feature in each embodiment and each embodiment in conflict, the utility model
It can be combined with each other, the technical scheme formed is within protection domain of the present utility model.
Meanwhile, in the following description, many details are elaborated for illustrative purposes, it is new to this practicality to provide
The thorough understanding of type embodiment.It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the utility model can be without
Here detail or described ad hoc fashion is implemented.
For the device that existing use temperature sensor detects earthing division state, because earthing normally connects
During ground, earth current very little or do not have, therefore the temperature of measurement earthing contact can not reflect the reliable sexual act of earthing
Situation, it is not accurate enough that this also allows for the detection to earthing division state.
For existing use location switch or the device of proximity switch monitoring grounding knife division state, due to
The ratio of precision of bit switch and proximity switch is relatively low, and this detection mode is required very for the size and installation accuracy of component
Height, therefore it uses simultaneously inconvenience.
Simultaneously as the part such as switch cubicle inner breaker, earthing can produce very big vibration in action, this has very much can
Can cause the skew of location switch and proximity switch, so as to cause the confusion of detection signal, cause to be grounded to do not contact or
Cross contact.
In addition, location switch typically infers the contact of dynamic/static contact with proximity switch using the angle change of rotary shaft
Situation, this belongs to a kind of measurement indirectly.However, in the During Process of Long-term Operation of earthing, the contact of earthing occur abrasion,
Deformation, so that contact stabilization declines, therefore the dynamic/static contact of earthing is only judged by moving contact rotational angle
Contact condition is simultaneously unreliable.
For the above mentioned problem in the presence of prior art, a kind of new earthing status monitoring dress is present embodiments provided
Put, the device can be monitored according to the deformation of the moving contact of earthing come the division state to earthing.
Fig. 1 shows the structural representation for the earthing state monitoring apparatus that the present embodiment is provided.
As shown in figure 1, the earthing state monitoring apparatus that the present embodiment is provided is preferably included：Moving contact shape changing detection
Device 101, signal processing circuit 102, earthing status determination circuit 103, display circuit 104, warning circuit 105 and communication electricity
Road 106.Moving contact deformation detectors 101 are used for the deformation to the moving contact of earthing and detected, so as to obtain moving contact shape
Varying signal.
Fig. 2 shows the part-structure schematic diagram of earthing.As shown in Fig. 2 traditional earthing includes：Travelling gear 1,
Rotary shaft 2, attachment structure 3, grounding copper axle 4 and moving contact 5.When earthing is in " dividing " state, the moving contact 5 of earthing
It can't be deformed upon due to not contacted with static contact, therefore moving contact deformation detectors 101 can't detect moving contact 5
Deformation.
And after electrically operated device sends the instruction of splice grafting earthing knife-switch, direct current generator can drive power transmission shaft 1 to rotate, and then cause
Whole moving contact 5 is rotated, and most static contact is squeezed between the two panels contact point of moving contact 5 at last.Because the design of static contact is thick
Degree slightly larger than two panels contact point spacing, therefore static contact be squeezed into the two panels contact point of moving contact 5 between can cause contact point
Micro- deformation, and contact is formed, so that the dynamic/static contact of earthing being capable of good contact.
In the present embodiment, when the two panels contact point of the moving contact 5 of earthing is deformed upon, moving contact deformation detectors
101 can detect the deformation, and form moving contact deformation signal.Signal processing circuit 102 connects with moving contact deformation detectors 101
Connect, its moving contact deformation signal that can come to moving the transmission of moving contact deformation detectors 101 is handled, so as to obtain the first electricity
Signal.
Signal processing circuit 102 is connected with earthing status determination circuit 103, and it can will handle the first obtained telecommunications
Number transmit to earthing status determination circuit 103, to generate table according to first electric signal by earthing status determination circuit 103
Levy the earthing status signal that earthing is opened or closed.
In the present embodiment, earthing status determination circuit 103 can preferably be realized using comparator.Specifically, connect
Earthing knife-switch status determination circuit 103 can determine the deformation size of moving contact according to the size of the first electric signal, by by
The size of one signal is compared with predetermined voltage threshold, be also assured that out moving contact whether the table with earthing static contact
Face reliable contacts, then determine earthing division state.
In the present embodiment, moving contact deformation detectors are realized preferably by resistance strain gage, wherein, resistance strain gage
Laminating is arranged at the outer surface (surface not contacted with the static contact of earthing) of moving contact.So, it is quiet when earthing
When contact is squeezed into the two panels contact point of moving contact, the deformation of two panels contact point can trigger the deformation of resistance strain gage, cause electricity
The actual resistance of resistance foil gauge changes, so as to produce moving contact deformation signal.
, will not between moving contact and static contact when the moving contact of earthing is not completely in place or during dynamic/static contact loose contact
There is pressure, such moving contact would not also produce deformation, and the resistance of resistance strain gage is also just held essentially constant.
Specifically, as shown in figure 3, corresponding to three groups of moving contacts of earthing, in the present embodiment, moving contact deformation detectors
101 include three groups of foil gauges (i.e. the first foil gauge 301a, the second foil gauge 301a and the 3rd foil gauge 301c), wherein, the
One foil gauge 301a, which fits, is arranged at the outer surface of first group of moving contact, and the second foil gauge 301b laminatings are arranged at second group and moved
The outer surface of contact, the 3rd foil gauge 301c, which fits, is arranged at the outer surface of the 3rd group of moving contact.
Correspondingly, in the present embodiment, signal processing circuit 102 also includes three groups of structure identical signal transacting branch
Road, this three groups of signal transacting branch roads are electrically connected with above-mentioned three groups of foil gauges respectively.Specifically, each group signal transacting branch road is wrapped respectively
Bridge circuit, voltage conversion circuit and analog to digital conversion circuit are included, wherein, it is above-mentioned in order to simplify in circuit structure, the present embodiment
Three kinds of signal transacting branch roads preferably share same analog to digital conversion circuit.First signal transacting branch road includes the first bridge circuit
302a, first voltage change-over circuit 303a and analog to digital conversion circuit 304, secondary signal processing branch road include the second bridge circuit
302b, second voltage change-over circuit 303b and analog to digital conversion circuit 304, the 3rd signal transacting branch road include the 3rd bridge circuit
302c, tertiary voltage change-over circuit 303c and analog to digital conversion circuit 304.
Because the circuit structure and realization principle of above-mentioned three groups of signal transacting branch roads are identical, for the simplicity of description, with
Under signal processing circuit 102 is further described by taking the first signal transacting branch road as an example.
As shown in figure 3, the first bridge circuit 302a is electrically connected with the first foil gauge 301a, it can be by the first foil gauge
301a resistance signal is converted into corresponding deformation voltage signal.For example, not deposited when between the moving contact and static contact of earthing
In pressure, the first foil gauge 301a would not also have deformation, and such first foil gauge 301a resistance will be maintained at former resistance
Value, so that the first bridge circuit 302a maintains balance and exports the first deformation voltage signal；And when the moving contact of earthing
When there is pressure between static contact, the first foil gauge 301a also will correspondingly produce deformation because of the deformation of moving contact, this
The first foil gauge of sample 301a resistance also just changes, so that the first bridge circuit 302a breaks original poised state
And export the second deformation voltage signal.
First power amplification circuit 303a is electrically connected with the first bridge circuit 302a, and it can be to the first bridge circuit 302a
The deformation voltage signal that transmission comes carries out power amplification (such as voltage amplification and/or Current amplifier), so as to improve the shape
The driving force of time variant voltage signal.
Analog to digital conversion circuit 304 is electrically connected with the first power amplification circuit 303a, and it can be to the first power amplification circuit
Deformation voltage signal after the processing that 303a transmission comes carries out analog-to-digital conversion, so as to obtain corresponding data signal (the i.e. first electricity
Signal).
Analog to digital conversion circuit 304 is realized preferably by high-precision high-speed modulus conversion chip.Specifically, the present embodiment
In, the model of the high-precision high mode conversion chip is preferably by AD7656.Certainly, in other embodiment of the present utility model
In, the model of above-mentioned modulus conversion chip can also use other reasonable models, the utility model not limited to this.
It is pointed out that in the present embodiment, in order to improve the accuracy of the shape changing detection to earthing moving contact, moving and touching
The outer surface of the two panels contact point of head can fit respectively sets a foil gauge, the utility model not limited to this.Meanwhile, at this
In the other embodiment of utility model, moving contact deformation detectors can also be realized using other reasonable devices or circuit, this
Utility model is similarly not so limited to.
Earthing status determination circuit 103 is connected with analog to digital conversion circuit 304, and it can be according to analog to digital conversion circuit 304
The first electric signal that transmission comes characterizes the earthing status signal that earthing is opened or closed to generate.Specifically, the present embodiment
In, the specific value of the first electric signal produced by analog to digital conversion circuit 304 is relevant with the change in resistance amount of foil gauge, and
The change in resistance amount of foil gauge depends on the deformation quantity of the moving contact of earthing again, therefore, and earthing status determination circuit 103 leads to
The deformation quantity of the now moving contact of earthing can be judged by crossing the size of the first electric signal of analysis, and then judge now to be grounded
The division state of knife.
In the present embodiment, earthing state monitoring apparatus also includes：Sub-signal receiving circuit and earthing be for earthing
Close signal receiving circuit.Wherein, sub-signal receiving circuit preferably includes the first photoelectric coupled circuit 306a to earthing, and earthing is
It is equal that conjunction signal receiving circuit preferably includes the second photoelectric coupled circuit 306b, the first photoelectric coupled circuit 306a and the second photoelectric coupled circuit 306b
It is connected with earthing status determination circuit 103, it can sub-signal or earthing have closed signal and transmitted to ground connection by earthing
Knife status determination circuit 103, thinks that earthing status determination circuit 103 judges that the division state of earthing improves auxiliary judgment letter
Number.
In the present embodiment, the first photoelectric coupled circuit 306a is used to receive earthing sub-signal, and by earthing sub-signal
Transmitted after carrying out signal adjustment and Phototube Coupling to earthing status determination circuit 103.Second photoelectric coupled circuit 306b is used to receive
Earthing has closed signal, and earthing has been closed signal progress signal adjustment and transmitted after light-coupled isolation to earthing condition adjudgement
Circuit 103.
It is pointed out that sub-signal and earthing have closed signal and both can have corresponding volume to arrive respectively above-mentioned earthing
Bit switch or proximity switch obtain to detect, can also be obtained by other rational devices or units test, the utility model is not
It is limited to this.
In the present embodiment, optocoupler used in the first photoelectric coupled circuit 306a and the second photoelectric coupled circuit 306b preferably by
PC817.Certainly, in other embodiment of the present utility model, the first photoelectric coupled circuit 306a and the second photoelectric coupled circuit 306b are made
Optocoupler model can also be other reasonable models, and the utility model is similarly not so limited to.
Again as shown in figure 1, the earthing state monitoring apparatus that the present embodiment is provided can also include：Display circuit
104th, warning circuit 105 and telecommunication circuit 106.Wherein, display circuit 104 is connected with earthing status determination circuit 103, its
Can correspondingly it be shown according to the earthing status signal produced by earthing status determination circuit 103, with straight to user
See the current state that earthing is presented in ground.
Warning circuit 105 is equally connected with earthing status determination circuit 103, in the present embodiment, earthing condition adjudgement
Circuit 103 can not only judge that earthing is in isloation state (the i.e. moving contact of earthing and quiet according to above-mentioned first electric signal
Effective contact is not present in contact) or conjunction state (i.e. the moving contact of earthing and static contact have effective contact), additionally it is possible to root
Judge whether the moving contact of earthing contacts well with static contact according to the size of the first electric signal.If for example, earthing
Moving contact is squeezed into static contact completely, but the size of the first electric signal received by earthing status determination circuit is less than just
Normal voltage threshold, then then represent to be not reaching to normal pressure by the pressure between moving contact and static contact that (i.e. moving contact is occurred
Deformation be not reaching to the deformation that should occur under normal condition), and such case be likely due to static contact abrasion cause
, therefore now earthing status determination circuit 103 will also generate corresponding alarm command and transmit to warning circuit 105,
With by warning circuit 105 export corresponding alarm signal (such as outputting alarm voice or alarm indicator flicker) come point out use
The current earthing in family exists abnormal.
In the present embodiment, telecommunication circuit 106 is equally connected with earthing status determination circuit 103, and it can be by earthing
Coherent signal (such as earthing status signal) produced by status determination circuit 103 is transmitted to corresponding external device (ED) (example
Such as night shift room) so that obtaining user need not reach that earthing working site can be appreciated that the running status of earthing.
In the present embodiment, telecommunication circuit 106 preferably includes RS232 interface circuits and RS485 interface circuits.It may be noted that
, in other embodiment of the present utility model, telecommunication circuit 106 can also use other rational circuit (such as optical fiber
Interface circuit etc.) to realize, the utility model is similarly not so limited to.
It is also desirable to which, it is noted that in other embodiment of the present utility model, earthing state monitoring apparatus may be used also
So that including other rational circuits (human interface device such as mouse, keyboard), the utility model is similarly not so limited to.
As can be seen that the earthing state monitoring apparatus that is provided of the present embodiment is no longer as existing apparatus from foregoing description
The contact condition between earthing moving contact and static contact is detected by the way of indirect monitoring like that, but uses moving contact
Deformation detectors (such as foil gauge) directly detect the deformation that moving contact is produced by the extruding of static contact, so also just can be with
Directly reflect whether the contact between the division state and dynamic/static contact of earthing is good.Compared to existing ground connection knife-like
State monitoring device, the earthing state outcome that the device that the present embodiment is provided is obtained is more accurately and reliably.
Meanwhile, in the present embodiment, moving contact deformation detectors are realized using foil gauge, and foil gauge is not only easily installed,
The mechanical structure of earthing is not interfered with also, and it can be grounded the real-time monitoring of the reliable sexual act of knife.
It should be understood that embodiment disclosed in the utility model is not limited to specific structure disclosed herein or processing
Step, and the equivalent substitute for these features that those of ordinary skill in the related art are understood should be extended to.It should also be understood that
, term as used herein is only used for describing the purpose of specific embodiment, and is not intended to limit.
" one embodiment " or " embodiment " mentioned in specification means special characteristic, the structure described in conjunction with the embodiments
Or characteristic is included at least one embodiment of the present utility model.Therefore, the phrase " one that specification various places throughout occurs
Individual embodiment " or " embodiment " might not refer both to same embodiment.
Although above-mentioned example is used to illustrate principle of the utility model in one or more applications, for this area
For technical staff, in the case of without departing substantially from principle of the present utility model and thought, hence it is evident that can in form, usage and reality
Various modifications may be made in the details applied and without paying creative work.Therefore, the utility model by appended claims Lai
Limit.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus, it is characterised in that described device includes：
Moving contact deformation detectors, it is used for the deformation to the moving contact of earthing and detected, obtains moving contact deformation signal；
Signal processing circuit, it is connected with the moving contact deformation detectors, to the moving contact deformation signal
Reason, obtains the first electric signal；
Earthing status determination circuit, it is connected with the signal processing circuit, for generating table according to first electric signal
Levy the earthing status signal of the earthing division state.
2. device as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the moving contact deformation detectors include foil gauge, described to answer
Become the outer surface that piece laminating is arranged on the moving contact of earthing.
3. device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that the moving contact deformation detectors include two groups of foil gauges, institute
State two outer surfaces that two groups of foil gauges are separately positioned on the moving contact.
4. device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that the foil gauge is resistance strain gage.
5. such as device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that the signal processing circuit includes：
Bridge circuit, it is connected with the moving contact deformation detectors, corresponding for being generated according to the moving contact deformation signal
Deformation voltage signal；
Power amplification circuit, it is connected with the bridge circuit, for carrying out power amplification to the deformation voltage signal；
Analog to digital conversion circuit, it is connected with the power amplification circuit, for carrying out modulus to the deformation voltage signal after processing
Conversion, obtains first electric signal.
6. such as device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that described device has also divided letter including earthing
Number receiving circuit and earthing have closed signal receiving circuit, and sub-signal receiving circuit and earthing have closed signal to the earthing
Receiving circuit is connected with the earthing status determination circuit respectively, for by earthing, sub-signal or earthing to have closed signal
Transmit to the earthing status determination circuit.
7. device as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that described device also includes location switch or proximity switch, described
Location switch or proximity switch are used to produce earthing sub-signal according to the moving contact of the earthing and the state of static contact
Or earthing has closed signal.
8. device as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that the earthing sub-signal receiving circuit and/or earthing
Having closed signal receiving circuit includes photoelectric coupled circuit.
9. such as device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that described device also includes：
Display circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit；And/or,
Warning circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit.
10. such as device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that described device also includes：
Telecommunication circuit, it is connected with the earthing status determination circuit, for by the earthing status signal transmission to phase
The external device (ED) answered.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201621390054.4U CN206387871U (en) | 2016-12-16 | 2016-12-16 | A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201621390054.4U CN206387871U (en) | 2016-12-16 | 2016-12-16 | A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus |
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| CN206387871U true CN206387871U (en) | 2017-08-08 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108205094A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108205094A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of earthing state monitoring apparatus |
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Effective date of registration: 20221129 Address after: Yanan City, Shandong province Qingdao City three road 266071 No. 218 Patentee after: CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEMICAL Corp. Patentee after: Sinopec Safety Engineering Research Institute Co.,Ltd. Address before: Yanan City, Shandong province Qingdao City three road 266071 No. 218 Patentee before: CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEMICAL Corp. Patentee before: SINOPEC Research Institute OF SAFETY ENGINEERING |