CN205847322U - A kind of protocol converter based on Contex A8 processor - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of protocol converter based on Contex A8 processor, including the application scenarios for determining device, gather headend equipment and be converted output to the typical application scheme module of rear end main website；For carrying out the Design of Hardware Architecture module of data interaction with other modules；The power module of electric energy is provided for each module by Power convert；For storing the storage of operating system and application program, carry out data interaction by universal serial bus and main control chip, it is achieved the Nand Flash module of the I/O operation of data；For realizing the network interface module of network service；The serial port module that transmission signal is changed and exported；And realize data interaction and the application software module shared.This utility model passes through serial port module and network interface module from intelligent front end acquisition subsystem data, be converted to a Standards Code through protocol converter internal organization spread out of to other application system of rear end, reach off-gauge terminal unit decentralized supervisory control to be converted to Centralized Monitoring.

Description

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor

Technical field

This utility model relates to the switch technology field that communicates, and is specifically related to a kind of stipulations based on Contex-A8 processor Transducer, is adapted to one of the smart terminal product in building intelligent field, is mainly used in the field such as transformer station, intelligent building Institute, can be applicable to information facility system, information-based application system, Architectural Equipment management system and public safety system simultaneously.

Background technology

Along with the economic and development of society, work, living environment are required more and more higher by people, as building to reach intelligence Change.And smart machine usage quantity and the kind in intelligent building also gets more and more so that the intelligence building system is to many in building The management of individual intelligent terminal, maintenance become increasingly complex.The development that automated control technology is intelligent building provides new side Method.Along with China's computer networking technology, the high speed development of wireless local area network technology contour science and technology level, intelligent building will Can play in construction of future cities and more importantly act on, it will as an organic component of modern architecture, pass through Constantly absorb and utilize new reliability engineering, constantly realizing design and technical breakthrough, give for traditional architectual concept New content so that INTELLIGENT BUILDING TECHNIQUE application will constantly improve and develop.

The newly-built office buildings of each big and medium-sized cities, the whole nation and business premises etc. the most tentatively realize intellectuality, and this is the most just Mean that the intellectuality of public building has become as the standard configuration of modern architecture.But, intelligence system in intelligent building and Terminal unit state of development at home is the most satisfactory, in system smart machine stipulations nonstandard many, data volume is little, joint Point is many, intelligent level is uneven, the problem that always intelligent building is denounced repeatly.For numerous and jumbled intelligence control system collection Become owing to standard disunity, management disunity cannot realize the communication between each system equipment and connection.

Utility model content

This utility model is according to above-mentioned problems of the prior art, it is provided that a kind of based on Contex-A8 processor Protocol converter.Each different mini systems are contacted into a big comprehensive system, unified intelligent management, it is achieved multiple non- The access of Standards Code and data parsing, then carry out data remote by a certain Standards Code so that the node data energy of far-end Obtain in any place, it is achieved the collection of information and remotely control.

For solving the problems referred to above, the technical solution adopted in the utility model is: a kind of rule based on Contex-A8 processor About transducer, including: for determining the application scenarios of device, gather headend equipment and be converted output to the allusion quotation of rear end main website Type application scheme module；For carrying out the Design of Hardware Architecture module of data interaction with other modules；It is each by Power convert Module provides the power module of electric energy；For storing the storage of operating system and application program, by universal serial bus and master control core Sheet carries out data interaction, it is achieved the Nand Flash module of the I/O operation of data；For realizing the network interface module of network service； The serial port module that transmission signal is changed and exported；And realize data interaction and the application software module shared.

Further, described typical case's application scheme module includes the monitoring application apparatus being arranged on front end, is adopted by serial ports Collection monitoring application apparatus carries out stipulations conversion, uses IEC104 and IEC61850 standard agreement to spread out of, is connected by RJ45 interface To rear end main website.

Further, described Design of Hardware Architecture module includes CPU module and the display lamp mould being connected with CPU module Block, memory module, serial port module and mixed-media network modules mixed-media.

Further, described power module includes DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501, pre-filtering electric capacity C39-C41, Energy storage inductor L5, Transient Suppression Diode DK1, decoupling capacitance C42-C45, outside 12V power supply is by pre-filtering electric capacity C39- C41 is connected with the input IN of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501, the outfan OUT of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 It is connected with VDD_5 by energy storage inductor L5 and decoupling capacitance C44, C45, wherein the output of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 End OUT pin is connected with the negative pole of Transient Suppression Diode DK1, the plus earth of Transient Suppression Diode DK1, DC-DC power source The FB pin of conversion chip AP1501 is connected with VDD_5 by decoupling capacitance C42, C43.

Further, described Nand Flash module uses S29GL256N10TFI010 chip, it is provided that 512M stores sky Between, for storing the storage of operating system and application program, this hard disk chip carries out data by universal serial bus and main control chip Alternately, it is achieved the I/O operation of data；S29GL256N10TFI010 chip includes two kinds of bus modes, and a kind of address is the most total Line AB1_BOOT_FLASH ~ AB24_BOOT_FLASH carries out Address Recognition, another kind of data parallel bus DB0_BOOT_FLASH ~ DB7_BOOT_FLASH carries out data interaction；Data Control pin include OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_FLASH, WEN_BOOT_FLASH and AB0_BOOT_FLASH, wherein OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_FLASH, WEN_BOOT_ FLASH pin arranges pull-up resistor R127-R129, arranges decoupling capacitance C35 and C319 between chip pin VCC and VIO.

Further, described network interface module realizes 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication by AR8031 chip, ARM-AM3354 chip and AR8031 chip carry out data interaction by RGMII and order controls, it is achieved network communicating function, then Drawn by standard RJ45 joint.Master chip ARM-AM3354 parallel receive data/address bus port include RGMII_RXD0, RGMII_RXD1, RGMII_RXD2, RGMII_RXD3, transmitted in parallel data/address bus port RGMII_TXD0, RGMII_TXD1, RGMII_TXD2, RGMII_TXD3 generate four to differential data bus signal ETH1_ by PHY chip AR8031 TRX0_P Yu ETH1_TRX0_N, ETH1_TRX1_P Yu ETH1_TRX1_N, ETH1_TRX2_P Yu ETH1_TRX2_N, ETH1_ TRX3_P and ETH1_TRX3_N, then realizes external 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication by RJ45 interface.

Further, described serial port module realizes conversion and the biography of RS485 differential signal by controlling ADM2582E chip Defeated, then drawn by the terminal of 9pin, 3.81mm spacing, ADM2582E chip internal includes inputting VDD_3.3V and GND through isolation The insulating power supply of rear output VCC_485_0 and GND_485_0；Signal as UART0_ from the Transistor-Transistor Logic level of ARM main control chip output TXD, to collect mail number be UART0_RXD, direction control signal be UART0_DIR after ADM2582E, after output isolation, difference is believed Number 0_RS485_A+ and 0_RS485_B-；Input and outfan at ADM2582E chip are respectively provided with input decoupling capacitance C49, C50, C57, C58 and outfan decoupling capacitance C53, C54.

Further, described software module uses delamination modularization design, including the startup for realizing mastery routine with just Beginningization configuration information, interface driver control and the startup module of relevant parameter；For SQLITE data base, configuration file, message The configuration module monitored；Including database management module, it is achieved data base reads and management, memory management module realizes internal memory letter The establishment of breath, monitoring and manage, process interaction module realizes interprocess communication, data interaction, and management module management monitors each Run the management module of the ruuning situation of module；Rely on configuration module, the interface needing to start by reading configuration information to obtain Information, manages the serial ports started and the communication interface modules of network interface module simultaneously；Rely on configuration module and interface module, pass through Read configuration and obtain the concrete protocol process needing startup optimization；Carry out receiving and dispatching message and interaction data and managing phase by interface Close the protocol module of protocol process.

Further, use between the process of described startup module, configuration module, management module, interface module, protocol module Shared drive mode realizes data interaction and shares.

The beneficial effects of the utility model:

It is long-range that this utility model gathers power, environmental monitoring, equipment by serial port module and network interface module from intelligent front end The subsystem data such as control, security guard, signal light control, through protocol converter internal organization be converted to a Standards Code spread out of to Other application system of rear end, reaches off-gauge terminal unit decentralized supervisory control to be converted to Centralized Monitoring.This device has interface Many, stable, powerful, installation and debugging are easy, and safety is high, easily practical, and this device is mainly used in transformer station, intelligence The systems such as building, as intrasystem preposition communicator, simultaneously with stipulations translation function, can access system by different stipulations Multiple headend equipment data in system, and be converted to a Standards Code and spread out of；This utility model communication based on AM3354 conversion dress Putting that to have volume little, precision is high, disturbs little, and reliability is high, and safety is high and circuit is simply easily practical, in intelligent power field There is preferable application prospect.

Accompanying drawing explanation

A kind of based on Contex-A8 processor the protocol converter structure chart that Fig. 1 provides for this utility model；

Described typical case's application scheme function structure chart that Fig. 2 provides for this utility model；

The described Design of Hardware Architecture function structure chart that Fig. 3 provides for this utility model；

The described power module circuitry figure that Fig. 4 provides for this utility model；

The described Nand Flash module circuit diagram that Fig. 5 provides for this utility model；

The described network interface module circuit diagram that Fig. 6 provides for this utility model；

The described serial port module circuit diagram that Fig. 7 provides for this utility model；

The described application software module structure chart that Fig. 8 provides for this utility model.

Detailed description of the invention

Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, this utility model is further detailed.

See Fig. 1, for the utility model proposes a kind of protocol converter structure chart based on Contex-A8 processor.

As it is shown in figure 1, a kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor, including: for determining the application of device Scene, gathers headend equipment and is converted output to the typical application scheme module of rear end main website；For entering with other modules The Design of Hardware Architecture module of row data interaction；The power module of electric energy is provided for each module by Power convert；For storing Operating system and the storage of application program, carry out data interaction by universal serial bus and main control chip, it is achieved the I/O operation of data Nand Flash module；For realizing the network interface module of network service；The serial ports mould that transmission signal is changed and exported Block；And realize data interaction and the application software module shared.

See Fig. 2, the described typical case's application scheme function structure chart provided for this utility model.

As in figure 2 it is shown, typical case's application scheme module includes the monitoring application apparatus being arranged on front end, supervised by serial acquisition Control application apparatus carries out stipulations conversion, uses IEC104 and IEC61850 standard agreement to spread out of, after being connected to by RJ45 interface End main website.

In this utility model embodiment, monitoring application apparatus includes that fire alarm, intelligent air condition, gas detecting, wind speed pass Sense, ammeter water meter, water pump control and the module such as signal light control, determine the application scenarios of device, device by serial acquisition power, The headend equipment information such as environment, after this device carries out stipulations conversion, then are spread out of by IEC104, IEC61850, to rear end Master device or system.

In this utility model embodiment, by serial port module and network interface module from intelligent front end gather power, environmental monitoring, The subsystem data such as equipment remotely controls, security guard, signal light control, are converted to a standard gauge through protocol converter internal organization About spread out of to other application system of rear end, reach off-gauge terminal unit decentralized supervisory control to be converted to Centralized Monitoring.This device Having interface many, stable, powerful, installation and debugging are easy, and safety is high and device is the most practical.

The described Design of Hardware Architecture function structure chart that Fig. 3 provides for this utility model.

As it is shown on figure 3, Design of Hardware Architecture module include CPU module and the indicating lamp module being connected with CPU module, Memory module, serial port module and mixed-media network modules mixed-media.

In this utility model embodiment, power module provide 12V DC source that communications switching unit can normally be opened Starting building to make, CPU module is run, by serial port module and net from Nand Flash module read operation system program and application program Mouth die block and other system carry out data interaction, and interface communication state is shown by indicating lamp module.Described CPU module uses Contex-A8 processor, its dominant frequency is 600MHz, low in energy consumption, and performance is good；Serial port module and mixed-media network modules mixed-media mainly include 6 RS485 serial ports and 2 RJ45 network interfaces, serial ports, network interface and power interface are all disposed at the cabinet back side and are drawn.

See Fig. 4, the described power module circuitry figure provided for this utility model.

As shown in Figure 4, described power module includes DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501, pre-filtering electric capacity C39- C41, energy storage inductor L5, Transient Suppression Diode DK1, decoupling capacitance C42-C45, outside 12V power supply is by pre-filtering electric capacity C39-C41 is connected with the input IN of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501, the output of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 End OUT is connected with VDD_5 by energy storage inductor L5 and decoupling capacitance C44, C45, wherein DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 Outfan OUT pin is connected with the negative pole of Transient Suppression Diode DK1, the plus earth of Transient Suppression Diode DK1, DC-DC The FB pin of power conversion chip AP1501 is connected with VDD_5 by decoupling capacitance C42, C43.

In this utility model embodiment, DC12V turn DC5V circuit be achieved in that first by outside access 12V unidirectional current Source realizes DC12V by DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 and is converted to DC5V.The power conversion chip decoupling by AP1501 The cooperative achievement power source conversion functions such as electric capacity, energy storage inductor, Transient Suppression Diode.

See Fig. 5, the described Nand Flash module circuit diagram provided for this utility model.

As it is shown in figure 5, Nand Flash module uses S29GL256N10TFI010 chip, it is provided that 512M memory space, use In storage operating system and the storage of application program, this hard disk chip carries out data interaction by universal serial bus and main control chip, Realize the I/O operation of data；S29GL256N10TFI010 chip includes two kinds of bus modes, a kind of address parallel bus AB1_ BOOT_FLASH ~ AB24_BOOT_FLASH carries out Address Recognition, another kind of data parallel bus DB0_BOOT_FLASH ~ DB7_ BOOT_FLASH carries out data interaction；Data Control pin includes OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_FLASH, WEN_ BOOT_FLASH and AB0_BOOT_FLASH, wherein OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_FLASH, WEN_BOOT_FLASH draw Foot arranges pull-up resistor R127-R129, arranges decoupling capacitance C35 and C319 between chip pin VCC and VIO.

By arranging decoupling capacitance C35 and C319 at power access end, it is ensured that power supply is stable.

See the described network interface module circuit diagram that Fig. 6 provides for this utility model.

As shown in Figure 6, network interface module realizes 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication, ARM-by AR8031 chip AM3354 chip and AR8031 chip carry out data interaction by RGMII and order controls, it is achieved network communicating function, then passes through Standard RJ45 joint is drawn.The parallel data/address bus port that receives of master chip ARM-AM3354 includes RGMII_RXD0, RGMII_ RXD1, RGMII_RXD2, RGMII_RXD3, transmitted in parallel data/address bus port RGMII_TXD0, RGMII_TXD1, RGMII_ TXD2, RGMII_TXD3 by PHY chip AR8031 generate four to differential data bus signal ETH1_TRX0_P with ETH1_TRX0_N, ETH1_TRX1_P and ETH1_TRX1_N, ETH1_TRX2_P and ETH1_TRX2_N, ETH1_TRX3_P with ETH1_TRX3_N, then realizes external 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication by RJ45 interface.

The support chip of AR8031 chip has data and the impedance matching resistor of clock cable, energy storage inductor, passive crystalline substance Body, power supply decoupling capacitance etc..

See the described serial port module circuit diagram that Fig. 7 provides for this utility model.

As it is shown in fig. 7, serial port module realizes conversion and the transmission of RS485 differential signal by controlling ADM2582E chip, Again by 9pin, the terminal of 3.81mm spacing is drawn, and it is defeated after isolation that ADM2582E chip internal includes inputting VDD_3.3V and GND Go out the insulating power supply of VCC_485_0 and GND_485_0；From ARM main control chip output Transistor-Transistor Logic level signal for UART0_TXD, Collecting mail number be UART0_RXD, direction control signal be UART0_DIR after ADM2582E, output isolate after differential signal 0_ RS485_A+ and 0_RS485_B-；The input of ADM2582E chip and outfan be respectively provided with input decoupling capacitance C49, C50, C57, C58 and outfan decoupling capacitance C53, C54.

In this utility model embodiment, RS485 circuit is to be realized by ADM2582E chip, this chip internal be integrated with every From power supply, input VDD_3.3V and GND exports VCC_485_0 and GND_485_0 independent current source after isolation.From ARM master control core It is UART0_RXD that the Transistor-Transistor Logic level of sheet output signals as UART0_TXD, the collection of letters number, and direction control signal is UART0_DIR warp After crossing ADM2582E, differential signal 0_RS485_A+ and 0_RS485_B-after output isolation.Support chip has input decoupling electricity Hold four and outfan decoupling capacitance two.

See the described application software module structure chart that Fig. 8 provides for this utility model.

As shown in Figure 8, software module uses delamination modularization design, including startup and initialization for realizing mastery routine Configuration information, interface driver control and the startup module of relevant parameter；For SQLITE data base, configuration file, protocol monitor Configuration module；Including database management module, it is achieved data base reads and management, and memory management module realizes memory information Creating, monitor and manage, process interaction module realizes interprocess communication, data interaction, and management module management monitors that each runs The management module of the ruuning situation of module；Rely on configuration module, obtain, by reading configuration information, the interface message that needs start, Manage the serial ports started and the communication interface modules of network interface module simultaneously；Rely on configuration module and interface module, by reading Configuration obtains the concrete protocol process needing startup optimization；Carry out receiving and dispatching message association relevant with interaction data management by interface The protocol module of view process.

Further, use between the process of described startup module, configuration module, management module, interface module, protocol module Shared drive mode realizes data interaction and shares.Facilitate software management, safeguard and upgrade.

This utility model is applicable to the protocol conversion device of the application such as transformer station, intelligent building, and it possesses each different Mini system contacts into a big comprehensive system, unified intelligent management.Protocol conversion device can also realize multiple nonstandard The access of quasi-stipulations and data parsing, then carry out data remote by a certain Standards Code so that the node data of far-end can be Any place obtains, it is achieved the collection of information and remotely control.The application of device will greatly facilitate transformer station, intelligent building The operational management of interior relevant application system, raising work efficiency.

Above in conjunction with accompanying drawing, this utility model preferred implementation is explained in detail, but this utility model is not limited to Above-mentioned embodiment, in the ken that those of ordinary skill in the art are possessed, it is also possible to without departing from this utility model Make a variety of changes on the premise of objective.Many other can be made without departing from spirit and scope of the present utility model change and change Type.Should be appreciated that this utility model is not limited to specific embodiment, scope of the present utility model is limited by claims Fixed.

Claims (10)

1. a protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor, it is characterised in that: including: for determining the application of device Scene, gathers headend equipment and is converted output to the typical application scheme module of rear end main website；For entering with other modules The Design of Hardware Architecture module of row data interaction；The power module of electric energy is provided for each module by Power convert；For storing Operating system and the storage of application program, carry out data interaction by universal serial bus and main control chip, it is achieved the I/O operation of data Nand Flash module；For realizing the network interface module of network service；The serial ports mould that transmission signal is changed and exported Block；And realize data interaction and the application software module shared.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Typical case's application scheme module includes the monitoring application apparatus being arranged on front end, carries out stipulations by serial acquisition monitoring application apparatus Conversion, uses IEC104 and IEC61850 standard agreement to spread out of, is connected to rear end main website by RJ45 interface.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Design of Hardware Architecture module include CPU module and the indicating lamp module being connected with CPU module, memory module, serial port module and Mixed-media network modules mixed-media.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that described CPU module uses Contex-A8 processor.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Power module includes DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501, pre-filtering electric capacity C39-C41, energy storage inductor L5, transient state suppression two Pole pipe DK1, decoupling capacitance C42-C45, outside 12V power supply is by pre-filtering electric capacity C39-C41 and DC-DC power source conversion chip The input IN of AP1501 connects, and the outfan OUT of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 is by energy storage inductor L5 and decoupling electricity Holding C44, C45 to be connected with VDD_5, wherein the outfan OUT pin of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 and transient state suppress two poles The negative pole of pipe DK1 connects, the plus earth of Transient Suppression Diode DK1, and the FB pin of DC-DC power source conversion chip AP1501 leads to Cross decoupling capacitance C42, C43 to be connected with VDD_5.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Nand Flash module uses S29GL256N10TFI010 chip, and S29GL256N10TFI010 chip includes two kinds of bus sides Formula, a kind of address parallel bus AB1_BOOT_FLASH ~ AB24_BOOT_FLASH carries out Address Recognition, another kind of data parallel Bus DB0_BOOT_FLASH ~ DB7_BOOT_FLASH carries out data interaction；Data Control pin include OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_FLASH, WEN_BOOT_FLASH and AB0_BOOT_FLASH, wherein OEN_BOOT_FLASH, CSN_BOOT_ FLASH, WEN_BOOT_FLASH pin arranges pull-up resistor R127-R129, arranges decoupling between chip pin VCC and VIO Electric capacity C35 and C319.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Network interface module realizes 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication, ARM-AM3354 chip and AR8031 by AR8031 chip Chip carries out data interaction by RGMII and order controls, it is achieved network communicating function, then is drawn by standard RJ45 joint； Master chip ARM-AM3354 parallel receive data/address bus port include RGMII_RXD0, RGMII_RXD1, RGMII_RXD2, RGMII_RXD3, transmitted in parallel data/address bus port RGMII_TXD0, RGMII_TXD1, RGMII_TXD2, RGMII_TXD3 are logical Cross PHY chip AR8031 and generate four to differential data bus signal ETH1_TRX0_P Yu ETH1_TRX0_N, ETH1_ TRX1_P Yu ETH1_TRX1_N, ETH1_TRX2_P Yu ETH1_TRX2_N, ETH1_TRX3_P and ETH1_TRX3_N, then lead to Cross RJ45 interface and realize external 10/100/1000Mbps high-speed network communication.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Serial port module realizes conversion and the transmission of RS485 differential signal by controlling ADM2582E chip, then by 9pin, 3.81mm spacing Terminal draw, ADM2582E chip internal include input VDD_3.3V and GND through isolation after export VCC_485_0 and GND_ The insulating power supply of 485_0；Signaling as UART0_TXD, the collection of letters number from the Transistor-Transistor Logic level of ARM main control chip output is UART0_ RXD, direction control signal be UART0_DIR after ADM2582E, output isolation after differential signal 0_RS485_A+ and 0_ RS485_B-；Input and outfan at ADM2582E chip are respectively provided with input decoupling capacitance C49, C50, C57, C58 With outfan decoupling capacitance C53, C54.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Software module uses delamination modularization design, including startup and initial configuration information, interface driver for realizing mastery routine Control and the startup module of relevant parameter；For SQLITE data base, configuration file, the configuration module of protocol monitor；Including number According to database management module, it is achieved data base reads and management, and memory management module realizes the establishment of memory information, monitors and manage, Process interaction module realizes interprocess communication, data interaction, and management module management monitors that each runs the ruuning situation of module Management module；Relying on configuration module, the interface message needing to start by reading configuration information to obtain, management simultaneously is started Serial ports and the communication interface modules of network interface module；Rely on configuration module and interface module, need to start by reading configuration acquisition The concrete protocol process run；Carry out receiving and dispatching message and interaction data and managing the agreement mould of related protocol process by interface Block.

A kind of protocol converter based on Contex-A8 processor the most according to claim 9, it is characterised in that described Starting uses shared drive mode to realize data between the process of module, configuration module, management module, interface module, protocol module Mutual and shared.