CN204790008U - Ionization chamber system - Google Patents
Ionization chamber system Download PDFInfo
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- CN204790008U CN204790008U CN201520476895.6U CN201520476895U CN204790008U CN 204790008 U CN204790008 U CN 204790008U CN 201520476895 U CN201520476895 U CN 201520476895U CN 204790008 U CN204790008 U CN 204790008U
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- ionization chamber
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Abstract
The embodiment of the utility model provides an ionization chamber system is related to, include: the box is the cylinder, and metallic composite makes by the multilayer, shields stray radiation and electromagnetic interference, the diaphragm is installed on a terminal surface of box, diaphragm center is coaxial with the box center, limits bundle to the X ray of jeting into the box, the electrode is including first voltage end and ground voltage end, first voltage end is two, follows respectively box inner wall symmetry sets up in the box, the collector, set up in in the box, the center of collector is aimed at with the diaphragm is central, when adding the polarization voltage of direct current on first voltage end and collector, form the electric field in the box, with the gas ionisation in the box, collect gas ionisation's ion through the collector, two pistons, the first voltage end that sets up with box inner wall and symmetry meets respectively, forms the collecting region, be in through the set piston position in the box changes the effective volume of collecting region.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of Radiation monitoring technical field, particularly relates to a kind of ionization chamber system.
Background technology
Ionization chamber is the detector utilizing the ionisation effect of ionising radiation to measure ionising radiation.In order to the metering of specification X ray, free-air ionization chamber is adopted to realize the benchmark that air kerma is used as metering X ray in the world.
Under normal conditions, ionization chamber adopts the ionization chamber of general merchandise, this is a kind of autonomous device, inside has ionized gas, but, the ionization chamber of direct use general merchandise carries out light-intensity test and there is certain problem: the volume of the ionized gas in ionization chamber cannot experimentally need to regulate, and therefore can easily not realize all required experiment condition.In order to obtain the ionized gas of different volumes, also needing the replacing carrying out ionization chamber, bringing very big inconvenience to experimental implementation.
Utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is the defect for prior art, provides a kind of ionization chamber system, can regulate the volume of ionized gas as required, and what add experimental provision can be handling.
For achieving the above object, the utility model provides a kind of ionization chamber system, and described ionization chamber system comprises:
Casing, in right cylinder, is made up of multi-layer metal composite material, shields stray radiation and electromagnetic interference (EMI);
Diaphragm, is installed on an end face of described casing, described diaphragm center and described casing central coaxial, carries out limit bundle for the X ray injecting described casing;
Electrode, comprises the first voltage end and ground voltage end; Described first voltage end is two, is symmetricly set in described casing respectively along described cabinet wall;
Collector, is arranged in described casing, and the center of described collector is aimed at described diaphragm center; When adding the polarizing voltage of direct current on described first voltage end and collector, in described casing, forming electric field, by the gas ionization in casing, being collected by the ion of described collector to described gas ionization;
Two pistons, connect respectively with described cabinet wall and symmetrically arranged first voltage end, form collecting region; By adjusting the position of described piston in described casing, change the active volume of described collecting region.
Preferably, described casing comprises casing antetheca, wall box and casing rear wall;
Wherein, described casing antetheca is circular, and geometric center has bulge-structure, and bulge-structure center has the first opening;
Described wall box is cylindrical, and one end connects with described casing antetheca, and the other end connects with described casing rear wall, near the position of described casing rear wall on described wall box, has a temperature sensing hole, pops one's head in order to laying temperature;
Described casing rear wall is circular, has the second opening in the geometric center of described casing rear wall; X-ray beam after limitting bundle by described diaphragm enters casing by the first opening of described casing antetheca, then is penetrated by described second opening.
Preferred further, described casing rear wall also has three connection terminals, is the ground connection connection terminal that the collector connection terminal of being drawn by collector, the high-pressure stage connection terminal of being drawn by the first voltage end and ground voltage end are drawn respectively.
Preferred further, described first opening is specially threaded hole, and inwall has screw thread, and the outer wall of described diaphragm has screw thread, matches with described threaded hole; Described diaphragm spiral shell is established and is connected to described first opening.
Preferred further, the length of described first voltage end is not less than the ultimate range can pulled open between described two pistons.
Preferably, described ionization chamber system also comprises slide-and-guide bar, and the first end surface cover of described piston is connected on described collector, and the second end face is socketed on described slide-and-guide bar; The geometric center of described piston has perforate, makes described X-ray beam enter/penetrate described collecting region through described perforate; The junction of described piston and described collector isolates for insulating.
Preferred further, the sidewall of described piston posting aluminium flake, with described first voltage end to contacting, making to keep being electrically connected with described first voltage end at described piston in slip.
Preferred further, aluminium flake is posted in the junction of piston and described collector, described aluminium flake grounding connection, makes the collector outside described collecting region realize ionization shielding by described aluminium flake.
Preferably, described system also comprises stop means, is installed in described casing, for limiting ultimate range between two pistons and minor increment.
Preferably, described ionization chamber system also comprises pedestal, and described pedestal comprises base plate, slide block and control device;
Described base plate comprises:
Base;
First displacement control device, is connected with described control device, produces the displacement along casing axial direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Second displacement control device, is connected with described control device, produces parallel described base plane and the displacement of vertical casing axial direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Triple motion control device, is connected with described control device, produces the displacement in vertical described base plane direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Slide block, comprises installed surface and slipping plane;
Described installed surface connects with described base plate, by described installed surface, described slide block is fixed on described base plate, and the displacement that described slide block is produced with described first displacement control device, the second displacement control device and triple motion control device is moved;
The slipping plane of described slide block is curved, and holder is connected on the outer wall of described casing, according to described control signal, drives the generation of described casing around the rotation displacement of described casing axial direction by described slipping plane.
The ionization chamber system that the utility model embodiment provides, can regulate the volume of ionized gas as required, and what add experimental provision can be handling.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The inner structure schematic diagram of the ionization chamber system that Fig. 1 provides for the utility model embodiment;
The front elevation of the ionization chamber system that Fig. 2 provides for the utility model embodiment;
The top plan view of the ionization chamber system that Fig. 3 provides for the utility model embodiment;
The pictorial diagram of the ionization chamber system that Fig. 4 provides for the utility model embodiment.
Embodiment
Below by drawings and Examples, the technical solution of the utility model is described in further detail.
The inner structure schematic diagram of the ionization chamber system that Fig. 1 provides for the utility model embodiment.As shown in the figure, the ionization chamber system of the utility model embodiment comprises: casing 1, diaphragm 2, electrode (comprising the first voltage end 31 and ground voltage end 32), collector 4, piston 51 and piston 52.
Casing 1, in right cylinder, is made up of multi-layer metal composite material, is shielded stray radiation and electromagnetic interference (EMI);
Concrete, casing 1 comprises casing antetheca 11, wall box 12 and casing rear wall 13;
Casing antetheca 11 is circular, and geometric center has bulge-structure 111, and bulge-structure 111 center has the first opening 112;
Wall box 12 is cylindrical, and one end connects with casing antetheca 11, and the other end connects with casing rear wall 13, near the position of casing rear wall 13 on wall box 12, has a temperature sensing hole (not shown), pops one's head in order to laying temperature;
Casing rear wall 13 is circular, has the second opening 131 in the geometric center of casing rear wall 13; Limit the X-ray beam after bundle to enter casing 1 by the first opening 112 of described casing antetheca 11 by diaphragm 2, then penetrated by the second opening 131.
In addition, casing rear wall 13 also having three connection terminals, is the ground connection connection terminal 134 that the collector connection terminal 132 of being drawn by collector 4, the high-pressure stage connection terminal 133 of being drawn by the first voltage end 31 and ground voltage end 32 are drawn respectively.
Casing antetheca 11, wall box 12 and casing rear wall 13 can adopt double layer material to make, and outer use stainless steel material, internal layer uses duralumin material.Wherein casing antetheca 11 penetrates to reduce radiation, and lead-copper-iron-aluminum composite plate also can be adopted to make.
Diaphragm 2, is installed on the casing antetheca 11 of casing 1, the center of diaphragm 2 and the central coaxial of casing 1, carries out limit bundle for the X ray injecting casing 1;
Concrete, the connection between diaphragm 2 with casing 1 can adopt and be threaded.The first opening 112 on casing 1 is threaded hole, the inwall of the first opening 112 has screw thread, matches with the screw thread on diaphragm 2 outer wall, thus is established by diaphragm 2 spiral shell and be connected in the first opening 112.Adopt the diaphragm of screw thread spinner mode to install, the replacing of different size diaphragm 2 can be facilitated, the center of diaphragm 2 and the good alignment of collector 4 can be realized again.
The material of diaphragm 2 specifically can be chosen as tungalloy, i.e. tungsten-nickel-copper alloy, and its component content is respectively: tungsten 89%, nickel 7%, copper 4%.Diaphragm 2 can have multiple specification, and the unthreaded hole form design of different size diaphragm 2 becomes the cylindrical of different-diameter, to obtain the beam of different-diameter.The design of diaphragm 2 is also considered and is lowered the scattering of photon in diaphragm vestibule face as far as possible, reduces edge scattering and penetrates.
Electrode, comprises the first voltage end 31 and ground voltage end (not shown), and the first voltage end 31 is two, is symmetricly set in casing 1 respectively along casing 1 inwall; Concrete, the first voltage end 31 is high-pressure stage, and ground voltage end is earthing pole, by ground voltage end, makes the earthing of casing of casing 1.
Collector 4, is arranged in casing 1, and the center of collector 4 is aimed at the center of diaphragm 2.Collector 4 is connected with the collector connection terminal 132 of casing rear wall 13.The two ends tension of collector 4 is to ensure collimation.
When adding the polarizing voltage of direct current on the first voltage end 31 and collector 4, in casing 1, form electric field, by the gas ionization in casing 1; The electronics of ionized gas and positive ion can be pulled to high-pressure stage and collector 4 respectively, thus collector 4 can be collected ionized gas ion in collecting region.
The ionization shielding of the collector part outside collecting region, is adopted the mode of pasting the thick aluminium flake of 1mm at the piston inner wall of insulation, is connected by aluminium flake with the ground connection connection terminal 134 of casing rear wall 13, realizes the ionization shielding of the collector part outside collecting region.
Two pistons 51 and 52, connect respectively with the inwall of casing 1 and two the first voltage ends 31, form collecting region; By the adjustment position of piston 51 and 52 in casing 1, change the active volume of collecting region.
Concrete, piston 51 and 52 can adopt the form of symmetric motion, relative to the motion of collecting region Central Symmetry, constant to ensure center, collecting region.The stop means 6 that on piston 51 and 52, point half-connection has high insulating material to make, realizes piston movement 51 and 52 protection during the course and limit function.
The position of piston 51 and 52 can be controlled by slide-and-guide bar 8, and the control signal sent by external control device controls, and also can manually regulating device control, as manual adjustments piston screw dial gauge knob.By changing the position of piston 51 and 52 in casing 1, change the active volume of collecting region, thus change the volume of ionized gas, different ionization currents can be obtained.
For piston 52, its first end face 521 is socketed on collector 4, and the second end face 522 is socketed on slide-and-guide bar 8; The geometric center of piston 52 has perforate 523, makes X-ray beam penetrate collecting region (on piston 51, the object of perforate makes X-ray beam inject collecting region through perforate) through perforate 523; Piston 52 is isolated for insulating with the junction of collector 4.
Because all need in collecting region to ionize gas, therefore the length of the first voltage end 31 is not less than the ultimate range can pulled open between two pistons 51 and 52.
Below in a concrete example, the concrete size of all parts in the ionization chamber system that the present embodiment provides, formation and structural relation are each other described, can be specific as follows:
The skin of casing antetheca 11 is corrosion resistant plate, thickness 10mm, and the diameter of geometric center bulge-structure 111 is 70mm, thickness 5mm; The diameter of the first opening 112 is 36mm.Unlined aluminium plate thickness 3mm.
The skin of wall box 12 is stainless steel, thickness 3mm, unlined aluminium plate thickness 3mm, temperature sensing bore dia 4mm.
The skin of casing rear wall 13 is stainless steel, thickness 3mm unlined aluminium plate thickness 3mm, the diameter 20mm of the second opening 131.。
Electrode can be specially cylindrical tube, and material adopts the duralumin of internal diameter 76mm thickness 3mm.Dimensional accuracy reaches in 0.01mm, inside surface smooth finish≤5 μm.In order to ensure that high-pressure stage is stablized indeformable, also Ageing Treatment to be carried out to material.
Collector 4 can be diameter is 1.6mm duralumin rod, and smooth surface, impulse-free robustness, size and cylindricity etc. meet allowable tolerance requirement, length >=160mm.Ensure that the positioning precision of collecting region and reproducible in 0.01mm thus; When collecting region is moved both ends of the surface collimation, be better than 0.01mm with the perpendicularity of high-pressure stage central shaft.
Collector central shaft and high-pressure stage central shaft distance 25mm are as far as possible short along (definition face) behind center, collecting region to diaphragm.
Piston 51 and 52 adopts high insulating material-pure polyetheretherketone (PEEK).Piston end surface thickness 2mm, to ensure that end face plane is better than 0.01mm, is connected to form the part of piston movement with high-pressure stage, and its thickness is can ensure the steady repeatability of piston movement as well.The front end face of piston 51 and 52 respectively pastes 2mm aluminium flake, ensures that high-pressure stage is connected unimpeded with the electric signal of aluminium flake in slip.The diameter 20mm of geometric center place perforate 523, to ensure that beam leads directly to.
In this example, the minor increment between piston 51 and 52 is 80mm, ultimate range 160mm, and namely the displacement of every side piston is 40mm, and movement and the positioning precision of piston 51 and 52 are less than or equal to 0.01mm.
In this example, the alignment of aperture, collector central shaft and X-ray beam main shaft is better than 0.1mm; The perpendicularity of diaphragm definition face and high-pressure stage central shaft is better than 0.01mm; High-pressure stage internal diameter and collector outside dimension error are better than 0.01mm.
When ionization chamber system of the present utility model is applied in x-ray system or other system, shown in composition graphs 2, Fig. 3, ionization chamber system also comprises pedestal 7, for setting up casing 1.Described pedestal comprises base plate 71, slide block 72 and control device (not shown);
Concrete, base plate 71 can comprise: base and three displacement control devices.
Wherein, the first displacement control device is connected with external control device, produces the displacement along casing axial direction according to the control signal of described external control device; Second displacement control device is connected with control device, produces parallel described base plane and the displacement of vertical casing axial direction according to the control signal of described control device; Triple motion control device is connected with control device, produces the displacement in vertical described base plane direction according to the control signal of described control device; Therefore, the position on x, y, z three directions of adjustment casing 1 can be controlled by control device, thus adjustment X-ray beam is aimed at diaphragm 2, collector 4 place axis.
Slide block 72, comprises installed surface and slipping plane;
Installed surface connects with base plate 71, is fixed on base plate 71 by slide block 72 by installed surface, and the displacement that slide block 72 is produced with the first displacement control device, the second displacement control device and triple motion control device is moved;
The slipping plane of slide block 72 is curved, shown in Figure 4, and holder connects the outer wall of casing 1, according to described control signal, produces the rotation displacement around casing axial direction by slipping plane drive casing 1.Therefore, the angle on r direction of adjustment casing 1 can be controlled by control device.
Control device in pedestal 7 can comprise micromatic setting and the electric controller of armstrong's patent adjustment, thus controls three-dimensional translating and the rolling of ionization chamber.Control device can also comprise the horizon detector be arranged on pedestal 7, can be realized the automatic leveling of ionization chamber on pedestal 7 by the test data of horizon detector.
In a concrete example, the adjustable extent of casing overall height pitching is ± 10mm.
The ionization chamber system that the utility model embodiment provides, can regulate the volume of ionized gas as required, and what add experimental provision can be handling.
The ionization chamber system that the utility model embodiment provides is specially free-air ionization chamber, can be used as benchmark ionization chamber and calibrate other ionization chambers in x-ray system.
X-ray system for ionization chamber calibration mainly comprises X-ray machine, filters rotating disk, guide rail position automatic regulating system, cylindrical free-air ionization chamber, is calibrated ionization chamber and laser orientation system.Wherein, cylindrical free-air ionization chamber and be calibrated the two ends that ionization chamber is all arranged on ionization chamber measuring table, be vertically set on guide rail, can cylindrical free-air ionization chamber adjusted by guide rail position automatic regulating system or be calibrated ionization chamber in working position.
When it is applied in x-ray detection system, first need to install ionization chamber system and fix.After cylindrical free-air ionization chamber is placed to ionization chamber pedestal, first by the level meter that pedestal carries, realize pedestal and the free-air ionization chamber levelness on measuring table by the adjustment of the axis of rolling, make it be better than 0.01mm.By just realizing the accurate location (the laser cross center of this laser instrument has been adjusted as X ray main beam center) of cylindrical free-air ionization chamber to X-ray machine optical table end laser instrument, by finely tuning height and the horizontal level of free-air ionization chamber, need ensure that the center of ionization chamber can be injected in laser cross center from the X-ray light hole center of free-air ionization chamber, then complete laying and fixing of free-air ionization chamber.
During work, X-ray machine is opened in pulpit, rotates additional rotating disk specification of filtering in working position.By guide rail position automatic regulating system and laser orientation system, control ionization chamber measuring table to move, free-air ionization chamber is made to be in laser cross center, namely working position (air kerma reference position) is arrived, regulate the pedestal of cylindrical free-air ionization chamber again, ensure that the collector of cylindrical free-air ionization chamber, aperture center, ray machine ray source focus are coaxial.Open free-air ionization chamber's measuring system and start measurement count, complete measurement, preserve data.Turn piston screw dial gauge knob, changes the active volume of cylindrical free-air ionization chamber, then repeats above work and measure.
Traverse measurement platform, switches ionization chamber to be calibrated and arrives working position in laser cross center, starts to measure, completes counting, preserve data.
Then, change X-ray machine parameter, rotate and filter rotating disk and next working position, repeat top-operation.Until complete the measurement of all specifications.Processed by the measurement data of the electric leakage to free-air ionization chamber, stability and repeatability etc., according to reference value normal value, provide every modifying factor and the uncertainty of cylindrical free-air ionization chamber, complete measurement and the reproduction work of air kerma benchmark.A calibration factor can be provided to being calibrated ionization chamber thus, making the product of the measured value and this calibration factor being calibrated ionization chamber equal reference value, to make to be calibrated the function and efficacy that ionization chamber also can realize free-air ionization chamber.
Above-described embodiment; the purpose of this utility model, technical scheme and beneficial effect are further described; be understood that; the foregoing is only embodiment of the present utility model; and be not used in restriction protection domain of the present utility model; all within spirit of the present utility model and principle, any amendment made, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., all should be included within protection domain of the present utility model.
Claims (10)
1. an ionization chamber system, is characterized in that, described ionization chamber system comprises:
Casing, in right cylinder, is made up of multi-layer metal composite material, shields stray radiation and electromagnetic interference (EMI);
Diaphragm, is installed on an end face of described casing, described diaphragm center and described casing central coaxial, carries out limit bundle for the X ray injecting described casing;
Electrode, comprises the first voltage end and ground voltage end; Described first voltage end is two, is symmetricly set in described casing respectively along described cabinet wall;
Collector, is arranged in described casing, and the center of described collector is aimed at described diaphragm center; When adding the polarizing voltage of direct current on described first voltage end and collector, in described casing, forming electric field, by the gas ionization in casing, being collected by the ion of described collector to described gas ionization;
Two pistons, connect respectively with described cabinet wall and symmetrically arranged first voltage end, form collecting region; By adjusting the position of described piston in described casing, change the active volume of described collecting region.
2. ionization chamber system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described casing comprises casing antetheca, wall box and casing rear wall;
Wherein, described casing antetheca is circular, and geometric center has bulge-structure, and bulge-structure center has the first opening;
Described wall box is cylindrical, and one end connects with described casing antetheca, and the other end connects with described casing rear wall, near the position of described casing rear wall on described wall box, has a temperature sensing hole, pops one's head in order to laying temperature;
Described casing rear wall is circular, has the second opening in the geometric center of described casing rear wall; X-ray beam after limitting bundle by described diaphragm enters casing by the first opening of described casing antetheca, then is penetrated by described second opening.
3. ionization chamber system according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, described casing rear wall also has three connection terminals, is the ground connection connection terminal that the collector connection terminal of being drawn by collector, the high-pressure stage connection terminal of being drawn by the first voltage end and ground voltage end are drawn respectively.
4. ionization chamber system according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described first opening is specially threaded hole, and inwall has screw thread, and the outer wall of described diaphragm has screw thread, matches with described threaded hole; Described diaphragm spiral shell is established and is connected to described first opening.
5. ionization chamber system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the length of described first voltage end is not less than the ultimate range can pulled open between described two pistons.
6. ionization chamber system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described ionization chamber system also comprises slide-and-guide bar, and the first end surface cover of described piston is connected on described collector, and the second end face is socketed on described slide-and-guide bar; The geometric center of described piston has perforate, makes described X-ray beam enter/penetrate described collecting region through described perforate; The junction of described piston and described collector isolates for insulating.
7. ionization chamber system according to claim 6, is characterized in that, the sidewall of described piston posts aluminium flake, with described first voltage end to contacting, makes to keep being electrically connected with described first voltage end in slip at described piston.
8. ionization chamber system according to claim 6, is characterized in that, aluminium flake is posted in the junction of piston and described collector, described aluminium flake grounding connection, makes the collector outside described collecting region realize ionization shielding by described aluminium flake.
9. ionization chamber system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described system also comprises stop means, is installed in described casing, for limiting ultimate range between two pistons and minor increment.
10. ionization chamber system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described ionization chamber system also comprises pedestal, and described pedestal comprises base plate, slide block and control device;
Described base plate comprises:
Base;
First displacement control device, is connected with described control device, produces the displacement along casing axial direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Second displacement control device, is connected with described control device, produces parallel described base plane and the displacement of vertical casing axial direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Triple motion control device, is connected with described control device, produces the displacement in vertical described base plane direction according to the control signal of described control device;
Slide block, comprises installed surface and slipping plane;
Described installed surface connects with described base plate, by described installed surface, described slide block is fixed on described base plate, and the displacement that described slide block is produced with described first displacement control device, the second displacement control device and triple motion control device is moved;
The slipping plane of described slide block is curved, and holder is connected on the outer wall of described casing, according to described control signal, drives the generation of described casing around the rotation displacement of described casing axial direction by described slipping plane.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201520476895.6U CN204790008U (en) | 2015-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | Ionization chamber system |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201520476895.6U CN204790008U (en) | 2015-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | Ionization chamber system |
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| CN204790008U true CN204790008U (en) | 2015-11-18 |
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| CN201520476895.6U Expired - Fee Related CN204790008U (en) | 2015-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | Ionization chamber system |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105022079A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-11-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionization chamber system |
| CN110658545A (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2020-01-07 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | Ambient radiation detector |
| CN111487662A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-08-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Free air ionization chamber and air kerma measuring method |
-
2015
- 2015-07-03 CN CN201520476895.6U patent/CN204790008U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105022079A (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-11-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionization chamber system |
| CN105022079B (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2018-09-21 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Ionize chamber system |
| CN110658545A (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2020-01-07 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七一九研究所 | Ambient radiation detector |
| CN111487662A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-08-04 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Free air ionization chamber and air kerma measuring method |
| CN111487662B (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2022-04-29 | 中国计量科学研究院 | Free air ionization chamber and air kerma measuring method |
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