CN204184516U - Electric car electrical system and battery-driven car - Google Patents
Electric car electrical system and battery-driven car Download PDFInfo
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- CN204184516U CN204184516U CN201420582686.5U CN201420582686U CN204184516U CN 204184516 U CN204184516 U CN 204184516U CN 201420582686 U CN201420582686 U CN 201420582686U CN 204184516 U CN204184516 U CN 204184516U
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- 229940074869 marquis Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a kind of electric car electrical system and battery-driven car, described electric system comprises front controller, rear controller, the forward and backward power and ground mated with forward and backward controller respectively; Forward and backward controller is provided with MCU and the communication module with MCU signal communication, and forward and backward controller realizes handshaking by communication port.The utility model is by rational piece electrical system, simplify car load electric wiring and structure, significantly reduce quantity and the length of electric wire and signal wire (SW), reduce material cost, car load assembly cost, the maintenance of car load and after-sales service cost, improve the overall performance of car load, reliability simultaneously, increase utility function.
Description
Technical field
The utility model belongs to electric field, especially relates to a kind of electric system that can be widely used on the battery-driven cars such as battery-operated motor cycle, Electrical Bicycle and Moped Scooter.
Background technology
Battery-driven car, due to without fuel oil, has the advantage of clean energy-saving, after especially increasing city forbids that fuel motorcycle travels, is more and more subject to the favor of consumers in general especially.Traditional electric system is all realize handshaking and control by electric wire and signal wire (SW) substantially, and maintenance and the after-sales service cost of material cost and car load assembly cost, car load are all higher; Can not adapt to demand that is electrified and automation, the ride comfort for user has larger impact.
Utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of electric system that can be widely used on the battery-driven cars such as battery-operated motor cycle, Electrical Bicycle and Moped Scooter, by rational piece electrical system, simplify car load electric wiring and structure, significantly reduce quantity and the length of electric wire and signal wire (SW), reduce material cost, car load assembly cost, the maintenance of car load and after-sales service cost, improve the overall performance of car load, reliability simultaneously, increase utility function.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution adopted in the utility model is:
A kind of electric car electrical system, comprises front controller, rear controller, the forward and backward power and ground mated with forward and backward controller respectively; Forward and backward controller is provided with MCU and the communication module with MCU signal communication, and forward and backward controller realizes handshaking by communication port.
Further: described forward and backward controller distribution is provided with concealed guard against theft and alarm system.
The utility model also provides a kind of battery-driven car comprising aforementioned electric system.
The utility model is by rational piece electrical system, simplify car load electric wiring and structure, significantly reduce quantity and the length of electric wire and signal wire (SW), reduce material cost, car load assembly cost, the maintenance of car load and after-sales service cost, improve the overall performance of car load, reliability simultaneously, increase utility function.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the overall electric-control system schematic diagram of battery-driven car described in the utility model;
Fig. 2 is battery-driven car integrated circuit schematic diagram described in the utility model;
Fig. 3 is front controller schematic diagram described in the utility model;
Fig. 4 is rear controller schematic diagram described in the utility model;
Fig. 5 is concealed guard against theft and alarm system schematic diagram described in the utility model;
Fig. 6 is the utility model communication module circuit structure diagram;
Fig. 7 is the utility model switching circuit structure figure;
The connection lead graph of a relation of Fig. 8 A to be time state liquid crystal and TM1721 annexation figure, Fig. 8 B be mileage liquid crystal and MCU;
Fig. 9 is the MCU of controller and the Wiring port schematic diagram of external device after the utility model;
Figure 10 is the control circuit structural representation of controller communication module after the utility model;
Figure 11 A is motor drive module chip pin; Figure 11 B is motor drive module chip auxiliary circuit; Figure 11 C is motor drive ic and peripheral auxiliary circuits thereof;
Figure 12 is the utility model position signal acquisition module schematic diagram;
Figure 13 is controller brake/driving lamp driver module schematic diagram after the utility model;
Figure 14 is the utility model steering indicating light driver module circuit diagram.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiments and the drawings, the utility model is described in further details.
As shown in Figures 1 and 2, battery-driven car described in the utility model comprises traditional parts such as vehicle frame, wheel, handlebar, but the electric system of battery-driven car described in the utility model and traditional battery-driven car also exist change in essence, by carrying out unit design to the electric system of battery-driven car, simplify electric wiring and the structure of car load, significantly reduce quantity and the length of electric wire and signal wire (SW), reduce material cost, car load assembly cost, the maintenance of car load and after-sales service cost, improve the overall performance of car load, reliability simultaneously, increase utility function.Described electric system mainly comprises front controller, rear controller, front and back communication port, front and back power lead, ground wire; Signalling methods comprises: wireless, wired (one, two, three serial communications, separately or with power supply altogether), power line carrier modulation demodulation.Thus traditional signal wire (SW) can be replaced: handle line, brake cable, model selection line, line, voice lines, instrument line, electric switch locking wire (being sometimes defined as electric wire) are set, and above every relevant power supply, ground wire etc.; And traditional electric wire: left and right turn lamp line, brake lamp line, decorative lamp lines, electric switch locking wire (being sometimes defined as electric wire) and ground wire thereof etc.
Electric system implementation of the present utility model is: forward and backward controller communicates mutually, coordinates and realizes various function, include but not limited to:
A) handle be unconventionally directly connected in rear controller by long line, to be powered by rear controller and handle signal return to rear controller, but be connected to front controller, powered by front controller, handle signal passes to front controller, then is undertaken concentrating coding and modulation by front controller, passes to rear controller by communication port, undertaken concentrating coding and modulation by front controller again, pass to rear controller by communication port.Rear controller demodulation recovers former handle signal and carries out corresponding electric machine control.
B) brake signal be unconventionally directly connected in rear controller by long line, but be connected to front controller, undertaken concentrating coding and modulation by front controller, pass to rear controller by communication port.Rear controller demodulation recovers original signal and carries out corresponding electric machine control.
C) the third gear options button (or three fast options buttons or similar options button) of headstock is positioned at, other function setting key etc., and be unconventionally directly connected in rear controller by long line, but be connected to front controller, undertaken concentrating coding and modulation by front controller, pass to rear controller by signal line.Control accordingly after rear controller demodulation restoring signal.
D) instrument signal the unconventional gauge panel rear controller motor lines (a wherein doubling of motor phase line U, V, W) being directly connected to headstock by long line, size according to its analog signal carries out speed of a motor vehicle display by analogue instrument, or change laggard row numerical monitor by A/D, but by rear controller, the hall signal of motor is converted to motor speed, pass to front controller by communication port after concentrating coding and modulation, carry out accurate speed of a motor vehicle display by front controller.Computing motor speed being scaled vehicle speed per hour can be undertaken by front controller or rear controller.
And unconventionally connect a long line to electric door lock by battery E), by electric door lock as switch, connect a long line again to rear controller, as the start signal of vehicle, but received by front controller and start push button signalling, after coding and modulation after communication port sends to controller to start vehicle.
F) realization of function includes section components and is positioned at headstock, and another section components or controller are positioned at the every other function of vehicle rear, such as but not limited to voice message, warning, malfunction coefficient etc., connect before and after it and not adopt direct line to connect, but undertaken encoding by forward and backward controller, modulation /demodulation, signal is exchanged, the various functions that front and back controller is worked in coordination and realized by signal line.
The VDD-to-VSS line of the associate components that (a)-(f) G) is every, is no longer provided by long line by traditional remote controller, but is provided by short-term by the controller of near-end.
H) the left and right steering indicating light of the tailstock no longer by traditional headstock button by long line control, but controlled by rear controller, it flashes, open, closing signal is modulated by front coding of controls, issues rear controller by communication port, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls.
I) stoplight stop lamp of the tailstock no longer by traditional headstock brake lever by long line control, but controlled by rear controller, it flashes, open, closing signal is modulated by front coding of controls, issues marquis's controller through communication port, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls.
J) other the tailstock is added electrical spare parts, ornament lamp and is no longer controlled by long line by traditional headstock control fitting, but controlled by rear controller, the control signals such as its unlatching, closedown, function switching are modulated by front coding of controls, controller after communication port is issued, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls.
For front controller, as shown in Figure 3, comprise MCU, the power module be connected with MCU electric signal, communication module, instrument drive module, ON/OFF control circuit, brake, handle signal control module and gear/function selecting module; Also comprise the radio influence module be connected with MCU electric signal; Also comprise the loudspeaker driver module be connected with MCU electric signal; Also comprise the steering indicating light driver module be connected with MCU electric signal; Also comprise the vibrations warning device be connected with MCU electric signal.That front controller adopts is STM8S105C6T6, LQFP48, and this kind of MCU is that ST company manufactures.
The control circuit structure of described communication module as shown in Figure 6.U2 is MAX485 chip.MAX485 interface chip is a kind of RS-485 chip of Maxim company.MAX485 is the low-power consumption transceiver communicated for RS-485 and RS-422, has an actuator and a receptor in each device.The actuator Slew Rate of MAX485 is unrestricted, can realize the transfer rate of the highest 2.5Mbps.
The structure of MAX485 chip and pin are all very simple, inner containing an actuator and receptor.RO and DI end is respectively the output of receptor and the input end of actuator, only needs to be connected with RXD with TXD of micro controller system respectively when being connected with micro controller system; / RE and DE end is respectively the Enable Pin receiving and send, and when/RE is logical zero, device is in receiving condition; When DE is logical one, device is in transmission state, because MAX485 is operated in half duplex operation state, so only need control this two pins with of a micro controller system pin; Side a and b is respectively the differential signal end receiving and send, and when the level of A pin is higher than B, the data that representative sends are 1; When the level of A is held lower than B, the data that representative sends are 0.When being connected with micro controller system, wiring is very simple.Only need the reception of a signal control MAX485 and send.Add matched resistance, the generally resistance of optional 100 Ω between being held by A and B simultaneously.
This product concrete model of MAX485 used is the MAX485EESA+ of Maxim (Maxim Integrated Inc.).The MCU of front controller is by carrying out the mutual transmission controlling to carry out with rear controller information to USART_TX, USART_CS, USART_RX tri-pins as shown in Figure 6, then to the process that information is correlated with.
As shown in Figure 7, a digital signal low level " 0 " all can be sent to make action to front MCU, MCU according to corresponding definition when pressing electric door lock or starting switch.
The circuit structure of instrument drive module is as shown in Fig. 8 A-Fig. 8 B.What instrument of the present utility model display adopted is, and two blocks of different liquid crystal are used as display interface one piece is time state liquid crystal, and be the customization part after die sinking, another block liquid crystal is mileage liquid crystal.The time state liquid crystal of die sinking be customization part, as long as above display in have current speed per hour, current time, electricity, this mileage and handle dynamics size.The LCD driving chip adopted is TM1721, SSOP48, and its manufacturer is sky micro-(Shenzhen Tian Micro Electronics Co., Ltd.).Time state liquid crystal and TM1721 annexation are as shown in Figure 8 A.Can see its databook to TM1721, SSOP48 concrete operations.
Another block liquid crystal is mileage liquid crystal, be the parameter shown by mileage liquid crystal have this car to travel total kilometrage number, this travelled distance number, battery condition.The connection lead of mileage liquid crystal and MCU as shown in Figure 8 B.The mileage liquid crystal that the utility model is selected is LCD12832 on the market, because have good alerting ability, and employing is micro controller system Direct driver.Can see its databook to LCD12832 concrete operations.
The utility model passes through power module, communication module, instrument drive module, ON/OFF control circuit, brake, handle signal control module and gear/function selecting module, radio influence module, loudspeaker driver module, steering indicating light driver module, and vibrations warning device etc. realizes electric signal UNICOM with MCU, carries out concentrated coded modulation by signal, controller after communication port is issued, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls, and can realize the control of handle, brake and gear etc. by actv..
The analog meter dial plate not control MCU of conventional electric front side headstock, or the gauge panel of numerical monitor has purely for the MCU of instrument display, and this novel front controller is a comprehensive controller, except instrument display function, also comprises following characteristic feature:
A) connect handle, provide power supply, ground wire to handle, read handle (speed governing) signal, carry out subsequent treatment and control;
B) connect brake lever, read brake lever signal, carry out subsequent treatment and control;
C) connect third gear (or three speed or other are similar) selection key, carry out subsequent treatment and control;
D) connect other settings being positioned at headstock, selection key, carry out subsequent treatment and control;
E) every signal of above (a)-(d) is carried out concentrated coded modulation, controller after communication port is issued, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls;
F) connect left and right steering indicating light button, cancel independent flashing light device, directly control the open and close of front left and right steering indicating light and flash mode;
G) by left and right steering indicating light push button signalling coded modulation, controller after signal line is issued, by rear controller demodulation, controls the open and close of the left and right steering indicating light of the tailstock and flashes mode after restoring signal;
H) connect the vehicle launch/closedown button replacing electric door lock, after being modulated by its Signal coding, controller after communication port is issued, by rear controller demodulation, controls vehicle after restoring signal;
I) cancel the access of instrument signal line (a wherein doubling of motor phase line U, V, W), read motor speed signal or vehicle speed per hour signal by serial communication channels, carry out processing, convert after in instrument display vehicle speed per hour;
J) cancel and first get involved battery voltage detection line by electric door lock, change and read battery voltage signal by serial communication channels, carry out processing, convert after in instrument display battery dump energy state;
K) in the remaining mileage number that instrument display can also be driven according to this charging that battery dump energy calculates;
L) in the remaining battery life number that instrument display calculates according to cell degradation degree, display mode is the proportional numers brand-new relative to this battery;
M) various vehicle trouble and prompting, processing mode etc. is shown in instrument;
N) show charge condition, time with instrument, and remind the charge prompting etc. of vehicle driver;
What O) provide vehicular drive to control by display reminding arranges function, include but not limited to that driving power or electric current, starting dynamics, acceleration dynamics, driving power are relative to the controlling curve etc. of handle twisting angle, it is arranged through (replacement electric door lock), and vehicle launch/closedown push-button unit completes (realizing by changing pattern of pressing) to after signalization coded modulation, controller after communication port is issued, by rear controller demodulation, after restoring signal, control vehicle;
What P) provide vehicle specification by display reminding arranges function, include but not limited to cell pressure, wheel diameters, brake signal level, motor steering, handle speed-regulating signal scope etc., it is arranged through (replacing electric door lock), and vehicle launch/closedowns push-button unit key completes that ((pressing pattern realization by changing) is to after signalization coded modulation, controller after communication port is issued, by rear controller demodulation, after restoring signal, control vehicle;
Q) read clock, the information such as this mileage number, total kilometrage number, it is arranged through (replacement electric door lock), and vehicle launch/closedown push-button unit key completes ((realizing by changing pattern of pressing).
2, serial communication mode comprises: wireless, wired (one, two/tri-serial communications, individually or with power supply altogether), power line carrier modulation demodulation.
For rear controller; as shown in Figure 4; comprise MCU; the power module be connected with MCU electric signal, communication module, and motor drive module; and the signal emission module that moves in turn to be connected with MCU electric signal; stoplight stop lamp driver module, steering indicating light driver module, fault alarm, protection, detection and processing module and electrical spare parts driver module for subsequent use.
The circuit structure of described MCU is (as shown in Figure 9):
That the MCU of rear controller selects is the MN101EF52A manufactured by PANASONIC (Panasonic Semiconductor Solutions Co., Ltd.), and internal resource introduction refers to its specifications.
The MCU of rear controller and the Wiring port of external device as shown in Figure 9, the MCU of rear controller by and front controller communication after corresponding control is made to its external equipment.
The control circuit structure of described communication module is as shown in Figure 10.The concrete model of MAX485 that after the same with front controller, controller is used is the MAX485EESA+ of Maxim.The MCU of front controller is by carrying out the mutual transmission controlling to carry out with rear controller information to USART_TX, USART_CS, USART_RX tri-pins as shown in Figure 6, then to the process that information is correlated with.
Motor drive module circuit structure is as shown in Figure 11 A-Figure 11 C, and the drive IC that motor drive module the present invention adopts is FAN7888 motor drive ic, and device maker is fairchild (Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation).
FAN7888 is a chip being integrated with three semibridge system gate driver integrated circuit, aims at high pressure, and high-speed driving MOSFET and IGBT design, can up to+200V operating at voltages.The high potential process of Fairchild Semiconductor and common-mode noise technology for eliminating can ensure high-side driver stable operation under high dv/dt noise circumstance.Advanced level shifting circuit allows high-side driver to operate in VS=-9.8V (representative value) when VBS=15V.When VDD and VBS is lower than the threshold voltage of specifying, UVLO circuit can trouble saving.Electric current/filling the electric current that draws of output driver is generally 350mA/650mA, and it is applicable to the three-phase half bridge circuit in motor driven systems.The concrete structure of FAN7888 refers to it and thinks corresponding databook.
Its motor drive module is as shown in Figure 11 A-Figure 11 C, and in figure, W+, W-, V+, V-, U+, U-are input, are connected with the MCU of rear controller.
Move in turn signal emission module
Position signal acquisition module is used to calculate mileage and speed per hour, the position signal original value got by sensor is sent to front controller through communication module by rear controller after coding, front controller calculates accordingly it after restoring original data, draws mileage number and current speed per hour.Schematic diagram is as shown in Figure 12 position signal acquisition module schematic diagram.
Stoplight stop lamp driver module
The function of the stoplight stop lamp driver module of rear controller, mainly when carrying out brake, being reminded vehicle below by lighting the stoplight stop lamp be positioned at after car, carefully being knocked into the back.Its specific implementation circuit is as shown in controller brake/driving lamp driver module schematic diagram after Figure 13.The IC9 conducting when Brake is high level " 1 ", stoplight stop lamp is bright; When Brake is low level " 0 ", IC9 turns off, and stoplight stop lamp goes out; Driving lamp is identical with stoplight stop lamp.
Steering indicating light driver module
The effect of the steering indicating light of rear controller position of just installing identical from the effect of the steering indicating light module of front controller is different.The steering indicating light driver module of rear controller as shown in figure 14.Its principle of work is the same with brake/driving lamp driving circuit.
This is similar to the traditional controller of electric two-wheel vehicle (or electric machine controller, DC brushless motor controller), but the great different feature of this new controller compared with traditional controller comprises:
A) handle connection lead and adaptor union thereof is eliminated;
B) brake wire size line and adaptor union thereof is eliminated;
C) eliminate third gear (or three speed or other are similar) and select line and adaptor union thereof;
D) eliminate other and line, voice lines etc. are set, and related connector;
E) electric switch locking wire and adaptor union thereof is eliminated;
F) above A)-E) every signal by concentrating coding, modulation /demodulation, carries out communicating with outside through a logical serial signal passage and obtains;
G) instrument signal line (a wherein doubling of motor phase line U, V, W) and adaptor union thereof is cancelled, the hall signal of motor is adopted to calculate the rotating speed of motor, be scaled vehicle speed per hour (having this controller or peripheral control unit to carry out) again, the serial-port mentioned by (F) is externally sent;
H) eliminate anti-theft alarm signal wire (SW) and adaptor union thereof, its anti-theft alarm function part focuses in this controller, is separately partially integrated in outside front controller, is communicated mutually by former and later two controllers, coordinates and form Full Featured anti-theft alarm function;
I) Direct driver increasing tailstock left and right turn signal controls, and the serial-port that control signal is mentioned by (F) is by the acquisition that communicates;
J) Direct driver increasing tailstock stoplight stop lamp controls, and the serial communication channels that control signal is mentioned by (F) is by the acquisition that communicates;
K) cancel the outside flashing light device of tailstock left and right turn signal and stoplight stop lamp, directly control flashing light by this controller;
I) other additional electrical spare partss, ornament lamp etc. being positioned at the tailstock are no longer controlled by long line by traditional headstock control fitting, but directly controlled nearby by rear controller, the control signals such as its unlatching, closedown, function switching are modulated by front coding of controls, controller after communication port is issued, rear controller demodulation, restoring signal also controls.
2, serial communication mode comprises: wireless, wired (one, two/tri-serial communications, individually or with power supply altogether), power line carrier modulation demodulation.
There is difference in essence in the electric system due to electric system described in the utility model and traditional battery-driven car, on this basis, develops one more hidden, the better guard against theft and alarm system of theftproof performance, as shown in Figure 5.
Concrete: described guard against theft and alarm system comprises the warning device being distributed in the forward and backward controller of vehicle, and forward and backward controller is provided with MCU and the communication module with MCU signal communication, realizes handshaking by communication port; This warning device comprises and to be connected with front controller MCU electric signal and can the anti-theft circuit control processor whether opened of sensor circuit, vehicle motion sensor part, and vehicle motion sensor part is connected with anti-theft circuit control processor electric signal; And the signalling alarm equipment to be connected with MCU electric signal, move in turn signal transmitting module.
Described anti-theft circuit control processor, vehicle motion sensor part are integrated in front controller; The described signal transmitting module that moves in turn is integrated in rear controller.
Described signalling alarm equipment comprises warning flashing light, or/and alarming horn, or/and alerting vibration device; According to the needs of different automobile types, one or several warning devices can be set.
Described rear controller is also integrated with electromechanical locks control circuit.After the MCU of rear controller receives alerting signal, by the locked motor of three phase electric machine line short circuit manner, thus actv. realizes anti-theft feature.
Described vehicle motion sensor part is mercury switch or collision bead switch, such as SW420, usually connects, switch-on and-off during vibration.
This novel described guard against theft and alarm system is distributed in each anti-theft alarm function between forward and backward controller, and communication cooperation realizes various function mutually, and disguised strong, theftproof performance is remarkable, effectively raises guarantee intensity.
Above content is in conjunction with concrete preferred implementation further detailed description of the utility model, can not assert that concrete enforcement of the present utility model is confined to these explanations.For the utility model person of an ordinary skill in the technical field, without departing from the concept of the premise utility, some simple deduction or replace can also be made, all should be considered as belonging to protection domain of the present utility model.
Claims (3)
1. an electric car electrical system, is characterized in that: described electric system comprises front controller, rear controller, the forward and backward power and ground mated with forward and backward controller respectively; Forward and backward controller is provided with MCU and the communication module with MCU signal communication, and forward and backward controller realizes handshaking by communication port.
2. electric car electrical system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: described forward and backward controller distribution is provided with concealed guard against theft and alarm system.
3. a battery-driven car, comprises the electric car electrical system described in claims 1 or 2.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201420582686.5U CN204184516U (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2014-10-10 | Electric car electrical system and battery-driven car |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201420063520 | 2014-02-13 | ||
| CN2014200635202 | 2014-02-13 | ||
| CN201420582686.5U CN204184516U (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2014-10-10 | Electric car electrical system and battery-driven car |
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| CN204184516U true CN204184516U (en) | 2015-03-04 |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106904241A (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2017-06-30 | 天津微驰科技有限公司 | Electric bicycle control system and electric bicycle |
| CN107187401A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-22 | 巢波 | A kind of vehicle electric circuitry controller |
| CN108146366A (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2018-06-12 | 深圳市蓝希领地科技有限公司 | Electric vehicle and its electric control system |
| CN111572473A (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2020-08-25 | 重庆北斗捷安新能源科技有限公司 | Electric motorcycle circuit system without main cable |
-
2014
- 2014-10-10 CN CN201420582686.5U patent/CN204184516U/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107187401A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-22 | 巢波 | A kind of vehicle electric circuitry controller |
| CN108146366A (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2018-06-12 | 深圳市蓝希领地科技有限公司 | Electric vehicle and its electric control system |
| CN106904241A (en) * | 2017-04-24 | 2017-06-30 | 天津微驰科技有限公司 | Electric bicycle control system and electric bicycle |
| CN111572473A (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2020-08-25 | 重庆北斗捷安新能源科技有限公司 | Electric motorcycle circuit system without main cable |
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Granted publication date: 20150304 |