CN203689773U - Two-dimensional large deformation demonstration instrument - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a two-dimensional large deformation demonstration instrument used for demonstrating large deformation. Four sliding steel bars form a groined shape and are driven by hand-operated screw rods to slide in a direction vertical to the slide steel bars in a plane. The slide steel bars are provided with a plurality of slide hooks, and one end of each hook is connected with a high-elasticity rubber film used for deformation demonstration. The slide steel bars are provided with the screw rods, a panel is arranged above the slide steel bars, the slide steel bars are connected with the panel through the screw rods, and the slide steel bars are enabled to only do linear translation in a plane relative to the panel. The panel is provided with graduations and a hollow observation hole used for observing planar large deformation of the rubber film. The two-dimensional large deformation demonstration instrument is advantaged in that large deformation and rotation effects included therein can be truly demonstrated; test operation is visual; and the instrument is easy to operate and not easy to damage.

Description

Two dimension large deformation demonstrator

Technical field

The utility model relates to a kind of test unit that strain under two-dimentional large deformation is demonstrated and operated, divide and belong to physical department by International Patent Classification (IPC), instrument branch, educate large class, education or demonstration apparatus group, large group of the model that science, medical science or mathematics are used, the technical field of solid group.

Background technology

Due to the difference in mathematics manipulation, the strain in solid mechanics is divided into two kinds of large strain and small strains in theory.Small strain can adopt the mode of a differentiate to obtain, and the range of strain that computing formula is set up generally in 5%, and does not allow to comprise larger rotation in distortion.Large strain is calculated and must be considered rotation effect, and calculating can not be used linear differentiate directly to obtain.

Most solid materials, in use all in small strain scope, can be demonstrated by electronics strainmeter in teaching, but the indication range major part of electronics strainmeter can only reach ± 5%.Strictly speaking, in the strain teaching of large deformation, do not have practical value lower than 5% demonstration.Secondly, even if use high-elongation foil gauge (strain range can reach ± 20%), for understanding real large deformation also directly perceived not, and easily damage electronics foil gauge.In addition, realize flexible test specimen and load mode that large deformation needs particular design, the rigidity of foil gauge itself can produce very important impact to the distortion of test specimen.

In to the further study of solid mechanics theory, or for example, in the process of research elastic material (rubber), need student to understand concept and the account form of large strain.Strain under large deformation is calculated not only complicated, and is not easy to understand thoroughly, all lacks corresponding demonstration instrument all the time.

Summary of the invention

The purpose of this utility model is to provide a kind of instruments used for education for strain calculating under Students ' Learning understanding and operation demonstration large deformation.Adopting after the design of " well " font slip steel rod and sliding hook, can on elastic sheet, carry out intuitively two-dimentional large deformation effect demonstration.Adopt the utility model binding isotherm study, can directly verify the computing formula of large contingency theory, and help student to understand the rotation in strain definition and principal strain concept under large deformation.

The technical solution of the utility model is: a kind of for demonstrating the teaching aid of large deformation strain, 4 slip steel bars form " well " font, can be under the drive of hand screw, and the vertical direction along slip steel bar in face is slided; On slip steel bar, place multiple sliding hooks, hook one end is connected with the high elastic rubber film of demonstration distortion use; Slip steel bar is provided with screw rod, and slip steel bar top is provided with panel, is connected with panel by screw rod steel plate, and the steel bar that makes to slide can only straight line translation in the plane of panel relatively; On panel, there is the viewport of scale and hollow out, for observing the plane large deformation of rubber film.

Adopt electronic mode that screw rod is rotated and drive the motion of slip steel bar.

Use the pull bar of bayonet socket or self-locking mode to replace screw rod, for driving the motion of slip steel bar.

On panel, there is the transparent part of observing distortion use.

The manual demonstrator of two-dimentional large deformation that experimental teaching is used, this device comprises observation servicing unit, panel, mechanical movement means and four parts of demonstration main element.

Demonstration main element is the elastomeric square rubber film of a slice, forms equidistant single pulling eye at the position tubular rivet of pressing close to 6～10 millimeters, four edge, limit, carries out two-way stretch reach the object that large deformation is demonstrated by the mechanical movement means of demonstrator.

Mechanical movement means is made up of 4 slip steel bars, multiple sliding hook (or slidably steel disc frame) and motion screw.4 slip steel bars form independent " well " font of sliding in panel bottom, sliding hook can slide and be connected with rubber film pulling eye on slip steel bar.Motion screw on slip steel bar can drive 4 slip steel bar motions by rotation mode.

Panel is square, and four middle parts, limit are useful on the otic placode that limits mechanical movement means, open threaded hole on otic placode, for limiting the also motion of routing motion screw rod.In the middle of panel, have circular viewport, the sight of being out of shape for student is looked into and is measured.The scale that is printed on instruction displacement and angle on panel, displacement scale can be indicated the displacement numerical value (or principal strain numerical value) of current direction; Angle index uses together with observation servicing unit, the rotation comprising for measuring strain.

Observation servicing unit is for observing sheet and square seal.Observing sheet is transparent disk, is placed on the viewport of panel, and can in viewport, rotates.Observe sheet edge and be printed on mark, test for setting large deformation the anglec of rotation calculating.Observe the middle opening square hole of sheet, square seal can pass through from square hole, and the element sides line chart of having carved in rubber film upper cover goes out seal.

In actual use procedure, be limited to the motion screw on panel by rotation, make 4 " well " font slip steel bars do between two in opposite directions (or deviating from mutually) motion, the motion of slip steel bar is passed to high resiliency film by sliding hook on slip steel bar, makes film separate generation on both direction shrink (or stretching).Student can directly observe the distortion that operation produces by the viewport on panel and displacement scale, and uses the rotational component comprising in cell configuration before and after seal and angle index contrast distortion and distortion.

The utility model has the advantage of: demonstration main element can be realized on two-dimentional principal direction of stress (two orthogonal directions) and independently to stretch or the distortion of 1 times of compression, and the ocular demonstration of large deformation is enough provided in teaching.Do not need to paste the loading specimen of foil gauge and particular design, the not strained stiffness effect of the levels of precision of large deformation effect.Can read or measure the strain numerical value on different directions.Can intuitively see and read the rotational component in strain under large deformation.Can Reusability, even if damaging, demonstration main part is also easy to supplement.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is the panel three-dimensional plot (side top view) of the utility model strainmeter;

Fig. 2 is the mechanical movement means three-dimensional plot of the utility model strainmeter;

Fig. 3 is the connection diagram of sliding hook figure and film pulling eye and slip steel bar;

Fig. 4 is the three-dimensional plot (side-lower is attempted) of the utility model strainmeter;

Fig. 5 a is the schematic diagram that only draws boundary position distortion in contingency theory;

Fig. 5 b is the schematic diagram that draws 2 × 2 distortions of the mesh in contingency theory;

Fig. 5 c is the schematic diagram that draws 4 × 4 distortions of the mesh in contingency theory;

The practical distortion of a bit locating when Fig. 6 a is yardstick 1.0 and the comparison diagram of first approximation;

The practical distortion of a bit locating when Fig. 6 b is yardstick 0.1 and the comparison diagram of first approximation;

The practical distortion of a bit locating when Fig. 6 c is yardstick 0.01 and the comparison diagram of first approximation;

Fig. 7 is distortion and the derivative implication schematic diagram after two-dimentional contingency theory unitization;

Fig. 8 is the distortion schematic diagram of local derviation matrix representative in two-dimentional contingency theory example 1;

Fig. 9 is the stress direction corresponding with strain under large deformation in two-dimentional contingency theory example 2;

Figure 10 a is in two-dimentional contingency theory example 3, and the stress of small deformation theory during to k=0.02 is explained;

Figure 10 b is in two-dimentional contingency theory example 3, and the stress of small deformation theory during to k=2 is explained;

Figure 11 is in two-dimentional contingency theory example 3, and the stress of Large Deformation Theory during to k=2 is explained;

Figure 12 is the graphic change while using strain demonstrator to operate the large deformation in example 3.

Label declaration in schematic diagram:

1---panel 2---slip steel bar 3---motion screw

4---sliding hook 5---high resiliency film 6---otic placodes

7---pulling eye 8---location rubber case 9---miniature bearings

Embodiment

The specific operation process following (detailed theory is derived in supporting guiding book) of test:

1, high resiliency thin slice is connected with hook, puts location rubber case.

2, motion screw is threaded to the distortion zero point on panel.

3, teacher sets the large deformation of test use, and student calculates the local derviation matrix of corresponding mapping function.

4, by local derviation matrix numerical evaluation principal strain directions and principal strain size.

5, decompose local derviation matrix, obtain rotation matrix and pure strain matrix.

6,, according to principal strain directions, on film, print off original unit by observing sheet and seal.

7,, according to principal strain size, adjustment movement screw rod is to principal strain correspondence position.

8,, according to rotation matrix, again adjust Bing Xin orientation, seal position place and print off reference unit.

9, remove observation sheet, measure and verify the actual effect of distortion and the correctness of calculating.

10, the tensor relation between checking principal strain matrix and pure strain matrix.

The use of two dimension contingency theory and demonstrator

One, the distortion description of a bit locating and the local derviation matrix of displacement function

Strain is for representing what any was located deformation extent.Specifically after 1 distortion of locating infinitesimal shape for distortion before how much change features of shape.

In the macroscopic description of large deformation, we generally increase by percent how many or angle with elongated how many times, length and change the degree of distortion are described.In this description, our ratio benchmark is all original length or angle.Similarly, on micro-scale, we still adopt between deflection and original size ratio is described, on numerical value, show as the ratio between micro-(line) first end displacement (poor) and the original size of micro-(line) unit.

For obtaining the expression of two-dimentional strain, need to know the displacement at each some place, be called displacement function

displacement function is vector function, comprises two projection function u (x, y) and v (x, y), is designated as

independent variable is the coordinate of material point in the time not being out of shape, and functional value is this material point displacement in deformation process.It should be noted that and only know that border changes the deformation characteristics (being strain) that every bit place can not be described.(in figure, being out of shape corresponding displacement function is as shown in Figure 5

$\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x,y)=({0.6x}^2+0.2y-0.2,{0.4y}^2-{0.5x}^2+0.1)$ )。

The displacement difference of point-to-point transmission equals

the vector of original size is expressed as

ratio is between the two displacement function at mathematical related notion local derviation matrix

$\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x,y)=\frac{\∂\stackrel{\‾}{U}}{\∂\stackrel{\‾}{x}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\∂u(x,y)}{\∂x}& \frac{\∂u(x,y)}{\∂y}\\ \frac{\∂v(x,y)}{\∂x}& \frac{\∂v(x,y)}{\∂y}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{11}(x,y)& R_{12}(x,y)\\ R_{21}(x,y)& R_{22}(x,y)\end{array}\right)$

As certain point (x ^*, y ^*) enough hour of the size of micro-cell area (square) of locating, the shape after distortion is small by becoming one parallelogram.If make the original coordinates on these four summits of small area unit be:

$\left(\begin{array}{cc}C& D\\ A& B\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}(x^{*},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})& (x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})\\ (x^{*},y^{*})& (x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*})\end{array}\right)$

After the distortion representing through displacement function, the coordinate on four new summits is:

$\left(\begin{array}{cc}{C}^{\text{'}}& D^{\text{'}}\\ A^{\text{'}}& B^{\text{'}}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}(x^{*},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})+\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})& (x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})+\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})\\ (x^{*},y^{*})+\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*})& (x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y)+\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*})\end{array}\right)$

At point (x ^*, y ^*) locate to adopt single order Taylor expansion, and utilize the definition of local derviation matrix, the displacement difference between new summit and original vertices can be similar to and be written as:

$\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{cc}{C}^{\text{'}}& D^{\text{'}}\\ A^{\text{'}}& B^{\text{'}}\end{array}\right)-\left(\begin{array}{cc}C& D\\ A& B\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})& \stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*}+\mathrm{\Δy})\\ \stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*})& \stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*}+\mathrm{\Δx},y^{*})\end{array}\right)\\ =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*})+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{\Δy}\end{array}\right)& \stackrel{}{U(x^{*},y^{*})+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·}\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Δx}\\ \mathrm{\Δy}\end{array}\right)\\ \stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*})& \stackrel{\‾}{U}(x^{*},y^{*})+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Δx}\\ 0\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right)\end{array}$

Owing to there being a normal vector in displacement difference its the implication of representative is integral translation, therefore, the in the situation that of first approximation, real deformation comparison can be thought the comparison between following two quadrilaterals:

move to initial pointsquare before distortion: $\left(\begin{array}{cc}(0,\mathrm{\Δy})& (\mathrm{\Δx},\mathrm{\Δy})\\ \left(\mathrm{0,0}\right)& (\mathrm{\Δx},0)\end{array}\right)$

process translationquadrilateral after distortion: $\left(\begin{array}{cc}(0,\mathrm{\Δy})+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{\Δy}\end{array}\right)& (\mathrm{\Δx},\mathrm{\Δy})+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Δx}\\ \mathrm{\Δy}\end{array}\right)\\ \left(\mathrm{0,0}\right)& (\mathrm{\Δx},0)+\stackrel{\‾}{R}(x^{*},y^{*})\·\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Δx}\\ 0\end{array}\right)\end{array}\right)$

Be deformed into example with shown in Fig. 5, the deformation extent of the point of locating in (0.2,0.2) in original position is discussed.The local derviation matrix of easily knowing this some place is $\stackrel{\‾}{R}\left(\mathrm{0.2,0.2}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0.24& 0.2\\ -0.2& 0.16\end{array}\right).$ In the time that the size of micro-cell area reduces gradually, the quadrilateral under infinitesimal (A ' B ' C ' D ') and first approximation before distortion after infinitesimal (ABCD), distortion as shown in Figure 6.

Due in two quadrilateral sizes that will compare, do not need concrete numerical value specify (be enough hour of the numerical value of Δ x and Δ y also do not affect the description to deformation extent), might as well make Δ x=Δ y=1.Now at point (x ^*, y ^*) locate, the quadrilateral coordinate comparing in order to calculate strain is: $\left(\begin{array}{cc}({\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="12"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000042.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\; <figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>\; </figure-callout>}}_{12},1+R_{22})& (1+R_{11}+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="12"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000042.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\; <figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>\; </figure-callout>}}_{12},1+R_{21}+R_{22})\\ \left(\mathrm{0,0}\right)& (1+R_{11},R_{21})\end{array}\right),$ Two tetragonal coordinate concrete conditions as shown in Figure 7.It should be noted that R _ijall there is sign.Wherein (R ₁₁, R ₂₁) expression vector (R ₁₂, R ₂₂) expression vector

Two, the numerical value implication in local derviation matrix in small deformation situation

Under ordinary meaning, point (x ^*, y ^*) condition that considered to be in small deformation state has two: (1) local derviation matrix in each number R _ij(x ^*, y ^*) < < 1; (2) material is still in the linear elasticity stage.Here we are only from geometrically considering, whether the problem in linear elasticity scope is not discussed.

Under small deformation condition, consider angle and R _ijsign, easily learn $\&angle;{\mathrm{BAB}}^{\&prime;}=\arctan \left(\frac{R_{21}}{1+R_{21}}\right)\&ap;R_{21},$ $\&angle;C^{\&prime;}\mathrm{AC}=\arctan \left(\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="12"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000042.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_{12}}{1+R_{22}}\right)\&ap;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="12"\; label="R"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000042.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">R</figure-callout>}}_{12},$ And easily find out to draw a conclusion from Fig. 3:

(1) R ₁₁(x ^*, y ^*) can be illustrated in point (x ^*, y ^*) locate,

the micro-line element of direction

elongation after distortion.? $R_{11}(x^{*},y^{*})\&ap;{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_x=\frac{l_{A^{\&prime;}{B}^{\&prime;}}-l_{\mathrm{AB}}}{l_{\mathrm{AB}}}.$

(2) R ₂₂(x ^*, y ^*) can be illustrated in point (x ^*, y ^*) locate,

the micro-line element of direction

elongation after distortion.? $R_{22}(x^{*},y^{*})\&ap;{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_y=\frac{l_{A^{\&prime;}{C}^{\&prime;}}-l_{\mathrm{AC}}}{l_{\mathrm{AC}}}.$

(3) R ₁₂(x ^*, y ^*)+R ₂₁(x ^*, y ^*) can be illustrated in point (x ^*, y ^*) locate,

with

between the micro-line element of direction

right angleafter distortion the radian number reducing.? $R_{12}(x^{*},y^{*})+R_{21}(x^{*},y^{*})\&ap;\mathrm{\&gamma;}=\frac{\mathrm{\&pi;}}{2}-\&angle;B^{\&prime;}{A}^{\&prime;}{C}^{\&prime;}.$

Because the numeral in these local derviation matrixes can intuitively reflect deformation extentand answering of respective direction the size of power, therefore in small deformation situation, can directly define engineering strain with the component in local derviation matrix.

Three, the strain definition problem in large deformation situation

The General Definition of large deformation is to meet one of following two conditions: (1) local derviation matrix

in have a number R at least _ij(x ^*, y ^*)=O (1); (2) distortion of material exceeds the linear elasticity stage.Linear Elasticity Problem is not equally here discussed.

Due to the description (strain) of distortion must be associated with stress in mechanics, and it is not only a kind of geometric expression.Therefore local derviation numerical value R in large deformation _ijalthough can represent distortion, while no longer thering is small deformation with stress simple correlationcharacteristic (seeing counter-example below), therefore can not simply use local derviation numerical value R _ijdefine strain.Local derviation numerical value R _ijto be that the local derviation matrix of large deformation includes right for reason that can not simple correlation with respective direction stress the description of rotation.

Example 1: if the local derviation matrix numerical value at certain some place is $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{R}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}-1& -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}& \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}-1\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0.293& -0.707\\ 0.707& -0.293\end{array}\right),$ Examination draws deformation pattern, and illustrates that the Digital size in this local derviation matrix can not be relevant to stress intensity.

According to the geometry implication shown in Fig. 7, easily draw the deformation pattern of this some place infinitesimal as shown in Figure 8.Easily find out that this distortion is a rigid body rotation, known intuitively: any substantial distortion does not occur the infinitesimal being determined by this local derviation matrix, and the stress that is to say this infinitesimal place is 0.Therefore, no matter be 0.293 or 0.707, all can not be relevant to stress intensity, therefore can not be directly used in the definition of strain.

For the strain definition under large deformation, be generally directly from mapping functionfirst approximation start with.Mapping function is also a phasor function, can be written as

independent variable is the coordinate of material point in the time not being out of shape, and functional value is the coordinate of this material point after distortion.From defining, between mapping function and displacement function, there is lower relation of plane: (X (x, y), Y (x, y))=(x+u (x, y), y+v (x, y)).From the relation between mapping function and displacement function, the local derviation matrix of mapping function is $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}{F}_{11}& F_{12}\\ F_{21}& F_{22}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+R_{11}& R_{12}\\ R_{21}& 1+R_{22}\end{array}\right),$ And have $\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{dX}\\ \mathrm{dY}\end{array}\right)=\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{dx}\\ \mathrm{dy}\end{array}\right).$ I.e. any one little line segment with direction at certain some place, the line segment vector after distortion equals the line segment vector before the mapping function local derviation matrix dot product distortion of this point.

Use a benefit of mapping function to be, the in the situation that of pure rotation, local derviation matrix will become an orthogonal matrix, and displacement function cannot be accomplished directly to equate with orthogonal matrix.In the time of non-pure rotation, we can be by

be decomposed into two matrixes, one of them is rigid Body in Rotation With, another is interpreted as pure distortion.For pure deformation matrix, we require it to be symmetry matrixalthough, a not strict reason, from stress symmetry, this is rational for the aspects such as mathematical form.

Point (x ^*, y ^*) locate local derviation matrix

mathematics decompose expression formula as follows:

$\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}(x^{*},y^{*})=\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{Q}(x^{*},y^{*})\&CenterDot;\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{P}(x^{*},y^{*})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}& -\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&theta;}& \cos \mathrm{\&theta;}\end{array}\right)\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_x& 0.5\mathrm{\&gamma;}\\ 0.5\mathrm{\&gamma;}& 1+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_y\end{array}\right)$

Wherein with

be respectively preposition rigid body rotation matrix and pure deformation matrix, θ is that the angle that after pure distortion, edge was rotated counterclockwise again occurs in unit.Given for one

matrix,

with

in every can obtaining by solving an equation.Concrete manual calculations step is as follows:

(1) by ${\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{Q}}^T\&CenterDot;\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}& \sin \mathrm{\&theta;}\\ -\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}& \cos \mathrm{\&theta;}\end{array}\right)\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{cc}{F}_{11}& F_{12}\\ F_{21}& F_{22}\end{array}\right)={\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{Q}}^T\&CenterDot;\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{Q}\&CenterDot;\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{P}=\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{P}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_x& 0.5\mathrm{\&gamma;}\\ 0.5\mathrm{\&gamma;}& 1+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_y\end{array}\right)$ Known, if requirement

for symmetric matrix, θ meets cos θ (F ₁₂-F ₂₁)+sin θ (F ₂₂+ F ₁₁)=0, Xie Wei $\mathrm{\&theta;}=\arctan \left(\frac{F_{21}-F_{12}}{F_{22}+F_{11}}\right).$

(2) will in the θ substitution (1) obtaining, can obtain engineering strain ε _x, ε _yand γ.

Example 2: analyzing displacement function local derviation matrix is $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{R}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0.24& 0.2\\ -0.2& 0.16\end{array}\right)$ Time (distortion shown in Fig. 7), distortion representative strain numerical value.

Separate: numerical value from matrix is known to be calculated for large deformation, and the mode of employing mapping function is analyzed as follows: can be obtained by mapping function and displacement function local derviation matrix relationship:

$\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1+R_{11}& R_{12}\\ R_{21}& 1+R_{22}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1.24& 0.2\\ -0.2& 1.16\end{array}\right),$

Turned angle is: $\mathrm{\&theta;}=\arctan \left(\frac{-0.2-0.2}{1.24+1.16}\right)=-\arctan \left(\frac{1}{6}\right).$ Than time sin θ=-0.1644, cos θ=0.9864.

By θ substitution

expression formula after with

dot product can obtain:

$\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{P}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0.9864& 0.1644\\ -0.1644& 0.9864\end{array}\right)\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{cc}1.24& 0.2\\ -0.2& 1.16\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1.256& 0.0066\\ 0.0066& 1.177\end{array}\right)$

Can think that current distortion is equivalent to engineering strain ε _x=0.256, ε _y=0.177 and γ=0.0132.

Although it should be noted that ε now _xrepresentative be still displacement component elongation in the x-direction after the distortion of the micro-line element of x direction, be no longer in the x-direction but use stress corresponding to Hooke's law, but process new direction after matrix rotation, in Zhe road example, is turn clockwise in the x-direction 9.5 ° (=arctan0.1667).Specifically referring to Fig. 9.

In order to be familiar with more intuitively this definition, we are for a more special example.

Example 3: when displacement function local derviation matrix corresponding to distortion is $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{R}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="k"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">k</figure-callout>}\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right),$ When k is limited real number, rational strain analysis is carried out in examination.

Separate: in the time of k < < 1, adopt small deformation definition, can think that material point is pure shear at this place, engineering strain can be defined as: ε _x=ε _y=0, γ=k.Corresponding stress σ _x=σ _y=0, τ=Gk.As shown in Figure 10 a.This explanation and general knowledge match.

When k=O (1), for example k=2, if also adopt the strain definition of small deformation, will find in explanation above that normal stress is 0 obviously wrong, because (Figure 10 can find out that material distortion is with very obvious stretch characteristic b) from deformation pattern.σ _x=σ _ythe=0th, manifest error, therefore the strain under small deformation is explained improper.

According to the explanation of aforementioned large deformation, in the time of k=2, the local derviation matrix decomposition of mapping function can be written as (calculating of angle is referring to example 2):

If also think, stress and strain meets Hooke's law, being interpreted as now: (1) material has a larger rotation in the distortion at this some place, and corner size is-45 °; (2) ε _y=1.121, represent the y direction of material after rotation, i.e. strong tension in 45 ° of directions of former coordinate system, concrete condition is as shown in figure 11; (3) ε _x=-0.293, represent pressurized in ° direction of former coordinate system-45 (or tension depends on the situation of Poisson ratio); (4) γ=0.707, represents that this material point is subject to the impact of very large shear stress.Difference while please noting mark stress between Figure 11 and Figure 10 b.

The mathematical expression of large deformation strain does not have difficulty, but need to consider aspect two in the time of application: the use of (1) Hooke's law; (2) matching of test findings.For different materials and different strain definitions, all should be taking these 2 as last criterion.In order to coordinate Hooke's law, people define separately the numerical value of strain sometimes on the basis of above-mentioned calculating, no longer introduce here.

Four, principal direction of stress and how to produce random variation

For the principal direction definition of large deformation strain, our object is to want consistent with the principal direction of stress.Definition above can meet this requirement.Here do not prove, only verified by example.

The principal direction of isotropic material defines by its feature, and this feature is: the party upwards, do not have shear stress, represent corresponding to strain two orthogonal line elements still keep phase after distortion vertical mutually.This condition has obvious correctness in practice, is also the ultimate principle that strain demonstrator uses.

Due to $\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{dX}\\ \mathrm{dY}\end{array}\right)=\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{dx}\\ \mathrm{dy}\end{array}\right),$ If α is a certain any direction, distortion before two orthogonal line elements can be expressed as into $\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_1$ With $\left(\begin{array}{c}-\sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000012.png,HSA0000101023840000013.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_2,$ After distortion, line element is $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_1$ With $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}-\sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000012.png,HSA0000101023840000013.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_2,$ If this direction is principal direction, need to be out of shape rear line element mutually vertical, ${(\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{dl}}_1)}^T\&CenterDot;\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}-\sin \\ \cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000012.png,HSA0000101023840000013.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_2=0.$ And the true action direction of external force should the line element direction after two distortion on.

The secular equation that expansion above formula abbreviation can obtain principal direction is:

2(F ₁₁F ₁₂+F ₂₁F ₂₂)cos2α+sin2α(F ₁₂ ²+F ₂₂ ²-F ₁₁ ²-F ₂₁ ²)＝0

Can obtain thus, the angle of principal direction is before not being out of shape:

Normal strain in this strain principal direction is $\frac{\mathrm{Norm}(\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right){\mathrm{dl}}_1)-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_1}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="dl"\; filenames="HSA0000101023840000021.png,HSA0000101023840000022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">dl</figure-callout>}}_1}=\mathrm{Norm}(\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right))-1,$ Same, the normal strain of another direction is $\mathrm{Norm}(\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}\&CenterDot;\left(\begin{array}{c}-\sin \mathrm{\&alpha;}\\ \cos \mathrm{\&alpha;}\end{array}\right))-1.$

It should be noted that after distortion tension and compression principal stress directionbefore distortion strain principal directionbetween there is a pure rotation, can not be directly represent the principal direction of stress by the strain principal direction before distortion.

Example 4: the distortion while how obtaining k=2 in example 3 by the tension and compression mode of principal direction on strain demonstrator?

Separate: known $\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{F}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right),$ Can obtain corresponding strain principal direction by formula is:

$\mathrm{\&alpha;}=\frac{1}{2}\arctan \frac{2(1\&times;2+0\&times;1)}{1^2+0^2-2^2-1^2}=\frac{1}{2}\arctan (-1)=-\frac{\mathrm{\&pi;}}{8}$

Normal strain in this principal direction is:

Normal strain in another principal direction is:

The rotation angle comprising in strain is θ=-45 ° (seeing example 3).

Thus, taking the tension and compression direction of strainmeter as reference, use seal on film, to print off unit square ABCD to be seen, in the x of strainmeter direction, make film shrink 58.58% with-α angle, in y direction, make film extend 141.42%, ABCD now will become A ' B ' C ' D ' simultaneously.In order to see the contrast as shown in example 3, need to be by for be rotated counterclockwise-α-θ of the unit square of drawing, turn over counterclockwise after 67.5 ° and again on film, print off the original configuration EFGH for contrasting by seal, concrete situation of change as shown in figure 12.Classmates can verify whether the geometric properties of distortion front-and-back unit matches with example 3 voluntarily by ruler and protractor.

In this road large deformation example, comprised two angles, first angle [alpha] is the angle between tension and compression principle stress and original unit direction, coordinates the calculating of principal strain to determine afterwards the deformation extent of unit; Second angle θ is after large deformation completes, in the situation that not changing deformation extent, and the rotation of carrying out being out of shape rear unit, object is in order to be consistent with observations on locus.Therefore, real principle stress position is in θ+α direction. in experiment, principle stress is exactly two draw directions of instrument.

Claims (4)

1. for demonstrating a teaching aid for large deformation strain, it is characterized in that: 4 slip steel bars form " well " font, can be under the drive of hand screw, the vertical direction along slip steel bar in face is slided; On slip steel bar, place multiple sliding hooks, hook one end is connected with the high elastic rubber film of demonstration distortion use; Slip steel bar is provided with screw rod, and slip steel bar top is provided with panel, is connected with panel by screw rod steel plate, and the steel bar that makes to slide can only straight line translation in the plane of panel relatively; On panel, there is the viewport of scale and hollow out, for observing the plane large deformation of rubber film.

2. teaching aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that: adopt electronic mode that screw rod is rotated and drive the motion of slip steel bar.

3. teaching aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that: use the pull bar of bayonet socket or self-locking mode to replace screw rod, for driving the motion of slip steel bar.

4. teaching aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that: on panel, have the transparent part of observing distortion use.

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