CN202584958U - Voltage-sharing type lightning-protection interval device capable of deeply restraining power frequency and follow current and voltaic arcs - Google Patents

Voltage-sharing type lightning-protection interval device capable of deeply restraining power frequency and follow current and voltaic arcs Download PDF

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Publication number
CN202584958U
CN202584958U CN 201220267351 CN201220267351U CN202584958U CN 202584958 U CN202584958 U CN 202584958U CN 201220267351 CN201220267351 CN 201220267351 CN 201220267351 U CN201220267351 U CN 201220267351U CN 202584958 U CN202584958 U CN 202584958U
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arc
generating unit
gas generating
control device
ground connection
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王巨丰
王嬿蕾
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Abstract

The utility model discloses a voltage-sharing type lightning-protection interval device capable of deeply restraining power frequency, follow current and voltaic arcs. The voltage-sharing type lightning-protection interval device capable of deeply restraining the power frequency, the follow current and the voltaic arcs comprises a grounding side arc-control device, and a grounding side hardware fitting (2) and a wire side hardware fitting (14) which are arranged on two ends of a circuit insulator chain (1) in parallel mode through fixing devices. The grounding side arc-control device and a wire side arc-control device are respectively arranged on the other ends of the grounding side hardware fitting (2) and the wire side hardware fitting (14). A connection slim tube (3) is arranged on the other end of the grounding side hardware fitting (2). One end of a non-metallic material grounding electrode (12) of the grounding side arc-control device is connected with the connection slim tube (3) on the grounding side hardware fitting (2) in inlaying mode through a Z-shaped connection hardware fitting (4), and the other end of the non-metallic material grounding electrode (12) is connected with a signal collecting device (11). Grading rings of the device can attract lightning current so that almost all voltaic arcs enter into arc-control cavities. When the device disruptively discharges, air-producing material restraining inside of space is heated by high-temperature voltaic arcs rapidly to produce high-voltage air, the signal collecting device collects signals automatically and starts a gas injection generating device at the same time, high-speed airflow is generated instantly to impact, cool and extinguish the voltaic arcs along the lengthways direction, and therefore stability of a power system is improved. The Z-shaped connection hardware fitting (4) is arranged so that arc-control devices can be changed conveniently, maintenance cost of a power grid is reduced and operation efficiency is improved.

Description

The even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device
Technical field
The utility model has related to a kind of gas arc extinguishing lightning protection device, has been specifically related to a kind of even pressure type degree of depth and has suppressed power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device.
Background technology
The transmission line lightning protection always is the important content of power department lightning protection work, and lightning fault remains one of key factor that influences power grid security.The impulse flashover that transmission line causes when thunderbolt takes place causes the line insulator flashover, produces very big power frequency continued flow then, damages insulator string and gold utensil, causes line accident.Traditional " obstruction type " lightning protection mode is because its limitation can not solve the thunderbolt problem at all.So power department generally is employed in, and transmission line installs parallel connection protection gap additional or leakage conductor is realized protective wire.Yet in the actual motion, parallel connection protection gap and leakage conductor all have its obvious defects following:
At first, when thunderbolt took place transmission line, parallel connection protection gap leaked into the earth preferentially because of the overvoltage that thunderbolt causes punctures with lightning current, thereby plays the effect of protection transmission line and electric equipment.Yet because parallel connection protection gap does not have the arc extinguishing ability; Can not extinguish the power frequency continued flow that causes behind the insulator string flashover; Electric arc is long-time calcination between the protection gap, will cause insulator string to damage, when serious; Possibly cause the transmission line broken string, electric arc can cause ablation and reduce its protective value electrode simultaneously.The final circuit breaker that relies on comes extinguish arcs to realize protecting transmission line and equipment, is to sacrifice the way that " trip-out rate " and " power supply reliability " exchanges " low rate of failure " for.
Secondly, leakage conductor costs an arm and a leg, use, maintenance cost height; Leakage Current is big, and useful life is short, changes frequent; And the zinc oxide module used of leakage conductor under lightning impulse owing to there is tangible kelvin effect; Big electric current is blast easily down, causes the circuit chromic trouble, is unfavorable for electrical network economy, safety, stable operation.
Therefore; People begin to study to these problems; Like the patent of inventor in first to file; Chinese patent number is 2011201046273 just to disclose a kind of 10~35kV overhead transmission line constraint space jet gas arc extinguishing lightning protection inter space device that is applicable to 10~35kV overhead transmission line, and this device is in parallel installed with in the line insulator string two ends, and the flashover voltage between the protection gap is less than by the protection insulator string; Puncture thereby when transmission line is struck by lightning, have precedence over by the protection insulator string; During disruptive discharge, the automatic induction lightening of signal pickup assembly stream signal also triggers the high velocity jet gas generating unit, moment produce the high velocity jet air-flow to afterflow electric arc in the constraint space longitudinally intense impact, be cooled to and extinguish.And for example Chinese patent number is 2011200053246 to disclose the constraint space jet-stream wind arc extinguishing lightning protection inter space device that is used for each electric pressure transmission line; This device is in parallel installed with in the line insulator string two ends; Flashover voltage between the protection gap is less than being protected insulator string; Puncture thereby when transmission line is struck by lightning, have precedence over, during disruptive discharge, when the inner gas exhausted material of constraint space is sharply heated the generation gases at high pressure by high-temperature electric arc by the protection insulator string; The automatic acquired signal of signal pickup assembly also starts the jet gas generating means, and moment produces high velocity air and longitudinally electric arc impacted, is cooled to and extinguishes.These patents have been got for the problems referred to above and have been solved effect preferably; But still have certain defective, as can not very electric arc being introduced arc control device, and arc-control device connects and changes inconvenience etc.; Therefore; Above-mentioned device also need further improve, thereby reaches better arc quenching effect, improves the stability of electric power system.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the utility model is the deficiency to prior art, and the even pressure type degree of depth that provide a kind of and be applicable to the overhead transmission line of various electric pressures, almost absolutely makes electric arc get into arc control device, is convenient to change arc-control device, reduces power system transmission line tripping rate with lightning strike and rate of failure, raising stability of power system, prolongs power equipment such as transformer, circuit breaker useful life suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device.
To achieve these goals; The utility model has adopted following technical scheme: a kind of even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, comprises ground connection side arc-control device, is installed on the ground connection side gold utensil and the lead side gold utensil at line insulator string two ends through fixture respectively; Said ground connection side arc-control device is installed in the other end of ground connection side gold utensil; Said ground connection side arc-control device comprises that signal pickup assembly, the outside are provided with insulated enclosure housing, gas generating unit and the arcing chamber of hydrophobicity shirt rim, and gas generating unit places in the insulated enclosure housing; It is characterized in that: the other end of said ground connection side gold utensil is provided with the connection tubule; Said ground connection side arc-control device also comprises the nonmetallic materials earth electrode, and an end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode connects gold utensil through the Z type and inlays connection with the tubule that is connected on the ground connection side gold utensil, and the other end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode is connected with signal pickup assembly.Adopt the Z type to connect gold utensil and inlay connection, realized the simple and easy replacing of arc-control device.The hydrophobicity shirt rim can effectively prevent the flashover of rainy day generation along the insulation shell surface.
The other end of said lead side gold utensil is equipped with lead side arc-control device; Lead side arc-control device comprises that the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point, the outside are provided with insulated enclosure housing, signal pickup assembly, gas generating unit and the arcing chamber of hydrophobicity shirt rim; One end of the said nonmetallic materials lead utmost point reliably is connected through internal thread with lead side gold utensil, and is connected with signal pickup assembly; Gas generating unit be installed in the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point around, be connected with signal pickup assembly.Also connect arc-control device at lead side gold utensil one end, can better reach arc quenching effect.
The puff prot place of said arcing chamber is provided with the built-in metal arcing ring.The built-in metal arcing ring can almost 100% be introduced electric arc in the arc control device, rises to attract electric arc and uniform voltage function is arranged.
Said gas generating unit comprises the gentle ball insulator foot of arc extinguishing gas ball; On gas ball insulator foot, be provided with trigger electrode, on arc extinguishing gas ball, be provided with short-circuited conducting sleeve; Trigger electrode is connected with signal pickup assembly.Arc extinguishing gas ball is by short-circuited conducting sleeve short circuit made of copper, and short-circuited conducting sleeve was spaced and loses the short circuit effect when arc extinguishing gas ball was packed gas ball insulator foot into.A gas generating unit of ground connection side is made up of several gas balls, composition be one whole than large square, and a gas generating unit of lead side is made up of a gas ball, composition be individual than corpusculum; Be big than the conductor side of the gas generating unit of ground connection side.
The stack vertically in the insulated enclosure housing of the gas generating unit of said ground connection side arc-control device is arranged and embedded iron plate is equipped with in inside; The insulated enclosure housing of said ground connection side arc-control device is provided with kicker magnet and switches sheet metal; When transmission line takes place once to be struck by lightning; First gas generating unit starts and carries out arc extinguishing, breaks away from ground connection side arc-control device then, the position of first gas generating unit before second gas generating unit falls to; The position of second gas generating unit before the 3rd gas generating unit falls to; The embedded iron plate of second gas generating unit and kicker magnet adhesive, the trigger electrode of second gas generating unit forms reliable the connection with signal pickup assembly, accomplishes the arc extinguishing that once is struck by lightning.The switching sheet metal of the high velocity jet gas shock gas generating unit after gas generating unit starts is the necessary condition that next gas generating unit starts.Adopt this structural configuration, only need a signal pickup assembly to get final product
After described signal pickup assembly collects the thunder and lightning signal, just send triggering signal to the trigger electrode of gas generating unit immediately.
Described gas generating unit front end has digital marking.This just just can observe last gas reflector under shaft tower quantity is beneficial to timely this device of replacing maintenance.
The described leading even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device and when thunderbolt, produces electric arc, when electric arc gets into arcing chamber arrival A point, needs folding to turn 90 degrees and arrives the nonmetallic materials earth electrode, forms the electric arc loop.The action of high-speed airflow that gas generating unit sprays is in the A point, existingly vertically blows and horizontal effect of blowing is arranged, and is easier to extinguishing of electric arc.
The arcing chamber outside of said ground connection side arc-control device is provided with outer ripple.Outer ripple plays the increase creepage distance, and the mistake breakdown probability is further reduced.
The gas exhausted material that described insulated enclosure housing adopts produces gases at high pressure under the high-temperature electric arc effect, act on behind the electric arc puff prot discharge from arcing chamber.
The described nonmetallic materials earth electrode and the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point are formed the protection gap.The nonmetallic materials electrode is few than the electronics number that metal material produced, and the reduction arcing is arranged.
The said leading even pressure type electric arc degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device and is in parallel installed with in the line insulator string two ends through fixture; Form main discharge gap between the nonmetallic materials earth electrode and the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point; The flashover voltage of main discharge gap is less than the flashover voltage of being protected insulator string; Thereby when transmission line is struck by lightning, preferentially puncture, the power frequency continued flow that continues forms the electrical discharge arc passage between main discharge gap, and the protection insulator string is avoided the electric arc calcination; 3 gas generating units are installed in the insulated enclosure housing of constraint space; When thunderbolt takes place in transmission line; The automatic acquired signal of signal pickup assembly also starts gas generating unit, and the high velocity jet air-flow of generation acts on the electric arc in the arc extinguishing cavity and causes impact of collision to be cooled to electric arc and extinguish.
The utility model is the actual conditions to China's multi-thunder area overhead transmission line; The a large amount of exploitative experiments that carry out have been designed a kind of suspension insulator (porcelain, glass) of the overhead transmission line of various electric pressures and even pressure type degree of depth inhibition power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device of strain insulator string of can be used for, and this device is when thunderbolt takes place transmission line; Not only can have precedence over by the protection insulator string and puncture; And have initiatively arc extinguishing function of very strong constraint space air blast, puncture at protective device, after lightning current flows through; Gas generating unit action generation high velocity air extinguishes power frequency continued flow in the constraint space; Reach the purpose of quick elimination thunderbolt ground connection or short trouble, and the quenching time less than relaying protection operate time, thereby effectively guarantee the reliability of supplying power.
The advantage of the utility model:
The utility model has remarkable advantages with respect to existing parallel connection gaps and leakage conductor; When circuit normally moves, do not have afterflow, can start reliable arc extinguishing in the time of " dredging " lightning current rapidly when Lightning Over-voltage takes place; And can be with arc extinction before the relay protection of transmission line action; Thereby avoid line tripping to take place, thereby protect power equipment effectively, improve power supply reliability; But and repetitive operation, gas generating unit can charged for replacement; Because the time compole that electric arc continues is short, electrode material does not have ablation basically, can steady in a long-term move.
1. set up the built-in metal arcing ring at the puff prot place of arcing chamber, almost absolutely made electric arc get into arc control device, and play the effect of uniform electric field.
2. clearance electrode (earth electrode and conductive electrode) all adopts non-metallic conducting material, and (like electric conducting materials such as C element, Si elements) has the cold cathode effect, thereby the energy that can suppress electric arc is beneficial to and extinguishes.
3. apparatus structure is further optimized, made turning round a little of air-flow effect electric arc, have horizontal blowing and the vertical dual arc quenching effect that blows, more help arc extinction.
4. gas generator has digital marking in the device, can under shaft tower, observe the quantity of last gas reflector, is beneficial to timely this device of replacing maintenance.
5. improved the annexation of arc-control device and gold utensil, helped the simple and easy replacing of arc extinguishing tube, improved with changing efficient.
6. adopt upper/lower electrode to act on electric arc simultaneously, make its root that acts on electric arc, suppress the electric arc development, more help arc extinction.
7. reduce power system transmission line tripping rate with lightning strike and rate of failure, raising stability of power system, prolong power equipment such as transformer, circuit breaker useful life, practiced thrift maintenance, the maintenance cost of equipment cost and system greatly.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the utility model one embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the sketch map of gas generating unit arrangement form in the ground connection side arc-control device of the utility model one embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the sketch map of the gas generating unit internal structure of the utility model one embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the sketch map that gas generating unit is connected with signal pickup assembly in the lead side arc-control device among the utility model one embodiment.
Reference numeral: line insulator string 1, ground connection side gold utensil 2 connects tubule 3, and the Z type connects gold utensil 4, insulated enclosure housing 5, gas generating unit (6,6-1,6-2,6-3); Outer ripple 7, built-in metal arcing ring 8, arcing chamber 9, hydrophobicity shirt rim 10, signal pickup assembly 11; Nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12, the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point 13, lead side gold utensil 14, embedded iron plate 15, kicker magnet 16; Switch sheet metal 17, trigger electrode 18, arc extinguishing gas ball 19, gas ball insulator foot 20, short-circuited conducting sleeve 21.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the utility model is further specified.
Embodiment:
Shown in accompanying drawing, one is in parallel installed with in the even pressure type degree of depth at line insulator string two ends through fixture and suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, comprises ground connection side gold utensil 2, lead side gold utensil 14, ground connection side arc-control device and lead side arc-control device; One end of said ground connection side gold utensil 2 and lead side gold utensil 14 is in parallel installed with in line insulator string 1 two ends through fixture respectively, and the other end of ground connection side gold utensil 2 and lead side gold utensil 14 is connection ground connection side arc-control device and lead side arc-control device respectively; The other end of said ground connection side gold utensil 2 is provided with and connects tubule 3;
Said ground connection side arc-control device comprises nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12, signal pickup assembly 11, insulated enclosure housing 5, gas generating unit 6 and arcing chamber 9; Gas generating unit 6 places in the insulated enclosure housing 5, and insulated enclosure housing 5 outsides are provided with hydrophobicity shirt rim 10; One end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12 connects gold utensil 4 through the Z type and inlays connection with the tubule 3 that is connected on the ground connection side gold utensil 2, and the other end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12 is connected with signal pickup assembly 11; The stack vertically in insulated enclosure housing 5 of the gas generating unit 6 of said ground connection side arc-control device is arranged and embedded iron plate 15 is equipped with in inside; The insulated enclosure housing 5 of said ground connection side arc-control device is provided with kicker magnet 16 and switches sheet metal 17; When transmission line takes place once to be struck by lightning; Gas generating unit 6-1 starts and carries out arc extinguishing, breaks away from ground connection side arc-control device then, the position of gas generating unit 6-1 before gas generating unit 6-2 falls to; The position of gas generating unit 6-2 before gas generating unit 6-3 falls to; Embedded iron plate 15 and kicker magnet 16 adhesives of gas generating unit 6-2, the trigger electrode 18 of gas generating unit 6-2 form with signal pickup assembly 4 and reliably are connected, and accomplish the arc extinguishing that once is struck by lightning; Arcing chamber 9 outsides of said ground connection side arc-control device are provided with outer ripple 7;
Said lead side arc-control device comprises that the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point 13, the outside are provided with the insulated enclosure housing 5 of hydrophobicity shirt rim 10, signal pickup assembly 11, gas generating unit 6 and arcing chamber 9; One end of the said nonmetallic materials lead utmost point 13 and lead side gold utensil 14 reliably are connected through internal thread, and are connected with signal pickup assembly 11; Gas generating unit 6 be installed in the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point 13 around, be connected with signal pickup assembly 11;
The puff prot place of said arcing chamber 9 is provided with built-in metal arcing ring 8; Described gas generating unit 6 front ends have digital marking; Said gas generating unit 6 comprises arc extinguishing gas ball 19 gentle ball insulator foots 20; On gas ball insulator foot 20, be provided with trigger electrode 18, on arc extinguishing gas ball 19, be provided with short-circuited conducting sleeve 21; Trigger electrode 18 is connected with signal pickup assembly 11.
The described even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device and when thunderbolt, produces electric arc, when electric arc gets into arcing chamber 9 arrival A points, needs folding to turn 90 degrees and arrives nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12, forms the electric arc loop; After described signal pickup assembly 4 collects the thunder and lightning signal, just give trigger electrode 18 triggering signals of gas generating unit 6 immediately; The gas exhausted material that described insulated enclosure housing 5 adopts produces gases at high pressure under the high-temperature electric arc effect, act on behind the electric arc puff prot discharge from arcing chamber 9; Described nonmetallic materials earth electrode 12 is formed the protection gap with the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point 13.
This even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device and has remarkable advantages with respect to existing parallel connection gaps and leakage conductor; When circuit normally moves, do not have afterflow, can start reliable arc extinguishing in the time of " dredging " lightning current rapidly when Lightning Over-voltage takes place; And can be with arc extinction before the relay protection of transmission line action; Thereby avoid line tripping to take place, thereby protect power equipment effectively, improve power supply reliability; But and repetitive operation, gas generating unit can charged for replacement; Because the time compole that electric arc continues is short, electrode material does not have ablation basically, can steady in a long-term move.

Claims (8)

1. the even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, comprises ground connection side arc-control device, is installed on the ground connection side gold utensil (2) and the lead side gold utensil (14) at line insulator string (1) two ends through fixture respectively; Said ground connection side arc-control device is installed in the other end of ground connection side gold utensil (2); Said ground connection side arc-control device comprises that signal pickup assembly (11), the outside are provided with hydrophobicity shirt rim (10), insulated enclosure housing (5), gas generating unit (6) and arcing chamber (9), and gas generating unit (6) places in the insulated enclosure housing (5); It is characterized in that: the other end of said ground connection side gold utensil (2) is provided with and connects tubule (3); Said ground connection side arc-control device also comprises nonmetallic materials earth electrode (12); One end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode (12) connects gold utensil (4) through the Z type and inlays connection with the tubule (3) that is connected on the ground connection side gold utensil (2), and the other end of nonmetallic materials earth electrode (12) is connected with signal pickup assembly (11).
2. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 1 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, and it is characterized in that: the other end of said lead side gold utensil (14) is equipped with lead side arc-control device; Lead side arc-control device comprises that the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point (13), the outside are provided with the insulated enclosure housing (5) of hydrophobicity shirt rim (10), signal pickup assembly (11), gas generating unit (6) and arcing chamber (9); One end of the said nonmetallic materials lead utmost point (13) reliably is connected through internal thread with lead side gold utensil (14), and is connected with signal pickup assembly (11); Gas generating unit (6) be installed in the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point (13) around, be connected with signal pickup assembly (11).
3. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 2 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, and it is characterized in that: the puff prot place of said arcing chamber (9) is provided with built-in metal arcing ring (8).
4. suppress power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device according to the arbitrary described even pressure type degree of depth of claim 1-3, it is characterized in that: said gas generating unit (6) comprises the gentle ball insulator foot of arc extinguishing gas ball (19) (20); On gas ball insulator foot (20), be provided with trigger electrode (18), on arc extinguishing gas ball (19), be provided with short-circuited conducting sleeve (21); Trigger electrode (18) is connected with signal pickup assembly (11).
5. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 4 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, it is characterized in that: the stack vertically in insulated enclosure housing (5) of the gas generating unit (6) of said ground connection side arc-control device is arranged and embedded iron plate (15) is equipped with in inside; The insulated enclosure housing (5) of said ground connection side arc-control device is provided with kicker magnet (16) and switches sheet metal (17); When transmission line takes place once to be struck by lightning; Gas generating unit (6-1) starts and carries out arc extinguishing; Break away from ground connection side arc-control device then, the position of gas generating unit (6-1) before gas generating unit (6-2) falls to, the position of gas generating unit (6-2) before gas generating unit (6-3) falls to; The embedded iron plate (15) of gas generating unit (6-2) and kicker magnet (16) adhesive; The trigger electrode (18) of gas generating unit (6-2) forms with signal pickup assembly (11) and reliably is connected, and accomplishes the arc extinguishing that once is struck by lightning, and also is that arc extinguishing is got ready for the second time simultaneously.
6. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 5 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, and it is characterized in that: described gas generating unit (6) front end has digital marking.
7. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 1 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, it is characterized in that: arcing chamber (9) outside of said ground connection side arc-control device is provided with outer ripple (7).
8. the even pressure type degree of depth according to claim 2 suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device, it is characterized in that: the described nonmetallic materials earth electrode (12) and the nonmetallic materials lead utmost point (13) are formed the protection gap.
CN 201220267351 2012-06-08 2012-06-08 Voltage-sharing type lightning-protection interval device capable of deeply restraining power frequency and follow current and voltaic arcs Expired - Lifetime CN202584958U (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103474183A (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-25 王巨丰 Voltage-sharing type lightning-protection clearance device capable of deeply restraining power frequency, follow current and electric arcs

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103474183A (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-25 王巨丰 Voltage-sharing type lightning-protection clearance device capable of deeply restraining power frequency, follow current and electric arcs
CN103474183B (en) * 2012-06-08 2016-04-06 王巨丰 The even pressure type degree of depth suppresses power frequency continued flow electric arc lightning protection inter space device

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