CN202103575U - Auxiliary power supply of two-wire light modulator - Google Patents
Auxiliary power supply of two-wire light modulator Download PDFInfo
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- CN202103575U CN202103575U CN2011200466639U CN201120046663U CN202103575U CN 202103575 U CN202103575 U CN 202103575U CN 2011200466639 U CN2011200466639 U CN 2011200466639U CN 201120046663 U CN201120046663 U CN 201120046663U CN 202103575 U CN202103575 U CN 202103575U
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Abstract
The application discloses a first switch tube, a charging cutting-off unit, a voltage generating unit and a control circuit. Tube voltage drop during communicating the first switch tube is adopted for charging the voltage generating unit so as to obtain an auxiliary power supply; and no limit of a smallest chopping wave angle is provided so that electromagnetic interference caused by voltage and current mutation is not generated. Moreover, the control circuit can further be used for detecting the voltage on the voltage generating unit; when the voltage on the voltage generating unit is higher than a second preset voltage and the first switch tube is communicated, the control circuit is used for controlling the first switch tube to work in a saturation state and is not used for charging the voltage generating unit, so that the loss of the first switch tube is reduced; when the voltage of the voltage generating unit is lower than a first preset value and the first switch is communicated, the control circuit is used for controlling the first switch tube to work in a linear state, so that the voltage drop on the first switch tube is adopted for charging the voltage generating unit; and when the first switch tube is cut off, the charging cutting-off unit works in a high-resistance state and is cut off as an access for charging the voltage generating unit.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to the dimmer technical field, particularly relates to the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer.
Background technology
Two-wire dimmer is connected between electrical network and the load end usually, because of the wiring of itself and electrical network and load has only two, so be called two-wire dimmer.Two-wire dimmer inside can adopt semiconductor power devices such as MOSFET pipe, IGBT or controllable silicon as chopping switch usually; Break-make through the control chopping switch realizes the control to line voltage; And then realizing light modulation to load, the size of copped wave angle is represented the size of dim signal.
For adapting to the demand of color illumination system; Dimmer has multiple regulative modes such as color and/or brightness, and its inside has than multi-line usually, even need be with digital control approaches such as single-chip microcomputers; Therefore, need be produced as the accessory power supply of single-chip microcomputer or other line powering in dimmer inside.
The accessory power supply that a kind of dimmer is arranged in the prior art; When utilizing chopping switch to end; The voltage at chopping switch two ends obtains accessory power supply; And chopping switch by the time two ends voltage be almost line voltage, the accessory power supply of acquisition has very big voltge surge, can produce very big voltge surge and cause circuit or parts damages using the inner circuit of accessory power supply that uses of dimmer.When obtaining minimum auxiliary source voltage, need the copped wave angle of a minimum, even the copped wave angle of chopping switch is very little, because the electric current and voltage sudden change all can bring very big electromagnetic interference.
The utility model content
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the utility model embodiment provides a kind of accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer, obtains the less accessory power supply of voltage when being implemented in the chopping switch conducting, and technical scheme is following:
A kind of accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer comprises:
First switching tube, said first control end of switching tube input has first control signal, the second end earth terminal;
First end links to each other with first end of said first switching tube, and the control end input has the charging of second control signal to turn-off the unit;
Be connected, be used to produce the voltage generation unit of accessory power supply voltage with second end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging;
Input links to each other with said voltage generation unit, is used to detect the voltage of said voltage generation unit, the control circuit that output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube;
When the voltage that detects said voltage generation unit when said control circuit is lower than the first predeterminated voltage value; And when said first control signal makes the said first switching tube conducting; Said control circuit is controlled said first switching tube and is operated in linear condition; Said second control signal is controlled said charging shutoff unit and is operated in low impedance state, and the voltage drop on said first switching tube is used for said voltage generation unit and produces voltage;
When said control circuit detects said accessory power supply voltage and is higher than the second predeterminated voltage value, and when said first control signal desired to make the said first switching tube conducting, said control circuit was controlled said first switching tube and is operated in saturation condition;
When said first switching tube turn-offed, said second control signal was controlled said charging and is turn-offed cell operation at high impedance status.
Preferably, the accessory power supply of said two-wire dimmer also comprises: second switch pipe, first diode, second diode, wherein:
First end that first end of said first switching tube turn-offs the unit through first diode and said charging links to each other; The anode of said first diode links to each other with first end of said first switching tube, and the negative electrode of said first diode links to each other with first end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging;
First end of said second switch pipe links to each other with the anode of said second diode; The negative electrode of said second diode links to each other with first end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging; The second end earth terminal of said second switch pipe, the control end of said second switch pipe links to each other with said first control end of switching tube.
Preferably, said charging is turn-offed the unit and is comprised:
The 3rd switching tube, first end of said the 3rd switching tube, second end, control end are respectively first end, second end, the control end that the unit is turn-offed in charging.
Preferably, said control circuit comprises: detect control unit and driving control unit,
The input of said detection control unit is connected with said voltage generation unit, and output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit, is used to detect the voltage on the said voltage generation unit;
The input of said driving control unit links to each other with the voltage generation unit, and its output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube, is used for the operating state according to said first switching tube of output signal controlling of said detection control unit.
Preferably; Said detection control unit comprises: hysteresis loop comparator; The inverting input input of said hysteresis loop comparator has first reference voltage; In-phase input end links to each other with the common port of second resistance (R2) with the 3rd resistance (R3), and output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit as the output of said detection control unit, and is connected with first feedback resistance (R1) between this output and the said in-phase input end;
The other end of said second resistance (R2) links to each other the other end earth terminal of said the 3rd resistance (R3) as the input of said detection control unit with said voltage generation unit.
Preferably, said driving control unit comprises: the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube, the 3rd diode and the 4th diode, wherein:
Said the 4th control end of switching tube is connected with the common port of said the 4th resistance (R4) with the 5th resistance (R5) through the 8th resistance (R8); First end of said the 4th switching tube links to each other with said the 5th control end of switching tube through first current-limiting resistance (R6), and second end of the 4th switching tube links to each other with the other end of said the 4th resistance (R4);
First end of said the 5th switching tube links to each other with said first control end of switching tube with the series arm of said the 4th diode (D4) through second current-limiting resistance (R7), and second end links to each other with said voltage generation unit;
The anode of said the 3rd diode (D3) links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit, and negative electrode links to each other with said the 5th control end of switching tube;
The other end earth terminal of said the 4th resistance (R4), the other end of said the 5th resistance (R5) links to each other with said voltage generation unit.
Preferably, said driving control unit comprises: operational amplifier,
The in-phase input end of said operational amplifier links to each other with the common port of the 9th resistance (R9) with the tenth resistance (R10), and the inverting input input has second reference voltage; Output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube through the 6th diode (D6); The negative electrode of said the 6th diode links to each other with said first control end of switching tube, and the series arm of this output through the 19 resistance (R19) and the 3rd electric capacity links to each other with said inverting input;
Negative electrode links to each other with the negative electrode of said the 6th diode, the 5th diode (D5) that anode links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit;
The other end of said the 9th resistance (R9) links to each other with said voltage generation unit, the other end earth terminal of said the tenth resistance (R10).
Preferably, said detection control unit comprises: hysteresis loop comparator,
The in-phase input end input of said hysteresis loop comparator has first reference voltage; Inverting input links to each other with the common port of the 11 resistance (R11) and the 12 resistance (R12); Output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit as the output of said detection control unit, and this output links to each other with said inverting input through second feedback resistance (R18);
The other end of said the 11 resistance (R11) links to each other the other end earth terminal of said the 12 resistance (R12) as the input of said detection control unit with said voltage generation unit.
Preferably, said driving control unit comprises: the 6th switching tube and the 7th switching tube, wherein:
Said the 6th control end of switching tube is connected through the common port of the 15 resistance (R15) with said the 13 resistance (R13) and the 14 resistance (R14); First end links to each other with the control end of said the 7th switching tube through the 3rd current-limiting resistance (R16); And this first end links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit, and second end links to each other with the other end of said the 14 resistance (R14);
First end of said the 7th switching tube links to each other with said first control end of switching tube through the 4th current-limiting resistance (R17), and second end links to each other with said voltage generation unit;
The other end of said the 13 resistance (R13) links to each other with said voltage generation unit, the other end earth terminal of said the 14 resistance (R14).
Preferably, said voltage generation unit is first electric capacity, and the positive ends of said first electric capacity links to each other with second end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging, and this positive ends links to each other negative polarity end earth terminal with the input of said control circuit;
Preferably, said voltage generation unit comprises first electric capacity, second electric capacity and boosting inverter unit,
The first input end of said boosting inverter unit links to each other with the positive ends of said first electric capacity; Second input links to each other with the negative polarity end of said first electric capacity; First output links to each other with the positive ends of said second electric capacity; Second output links to each other with the negative polarity end of said second electric capacity, and control end links to each other with the output of said detection control unit;
The positive ends of said second electric capacity is connected with the input of said detection control unit, and said detection control unit detects the voltage on said second electric capacity.
Technical scheme by above the utility model embodiment provides is visible; The accessory power supply of said two-wire dimmer; For the charging of voltage generation unit, on said voltage generation unit, acquire accessory power supply through the tube voltage drop when the first switching tube conducting, because this kind obtains the mode of accessory power supply; Do not have the restriction at the minimum copped wave of first switching tube angle, can not produce because the electromagnetic interference that the electric current and voltage sudden change causes.And; Be provided with control circuit in the accessory power supply of said two-wire dimmer, concrete, when control circuit detects magnitude of voltage on the voltage generation unit and is lower than the first predeterminated voltage value; And when the first switching tube conducting; Said control circuit is controlled said first switching tube and is operated in linear condition, and said second control signal is controlled said charging shutoff unit and operated in low impedance state, and the voltage on the said switching tube is reduced to said voltage generation unit charging; When said first switching tube turn-offed, said second control signal was controlled said charging and is turn-offed cell operation at high impedance status, is cut to the path of voltage generation unit charging; When the voltage that detects the voltage generation unit when said control circuit is lower than the second predeterminated voltage value; And when the said first switching tube conducting; Said control circuit is controlled said first switching tube and is operated in saturation condition; The pressure drop deficiency at the first switching tube two ends is thought the charging of voltage generation unit, thereby has reduced the loss of first switching tube.
Description of drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the utility model embodiment or technical scheme of the prior art; To do to introduce simply to the accompanying drawing of required use in embodiment or the description of the Prior Art below; Obviously, the accompanying drawing in describing below only is some embodiment that put down in writing in the utility model, for those of ordinary skills; Under the prerequisite of not paying creative work, can also obtain other accompanying drawing according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of a kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 2 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 3 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 4 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 5 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 6 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment;
Fig. 7 is the electrical block diagram of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment.
Embodiment
In order to make those skilled in the art person understand the technical scheme in the utility model better; To combine the accompanying drawing among the utility model embodiment below; Technical scheme among the utility model embodiment is carried out clear, intactly description; Obviously, described embodiment only is the utility model part embodiment, rather than whole embodiment.Based on the embodiment in the utility model, those of ordinary skills are not making the every other embodiment that is obtained under the creative work prerequisite, all should belong to the scope of the utility model protection.
See also Fig. 1; The circuit theory sketch map of the accessory power supply of a kind of two-wire dimmer that provides for the utility model embodiment shown in Figure 1; The accessory power supply of said two-wire dimmer comprises at least: the first switching tube Q1; Unit 100, control circuit 200, voltage generation unit 300 are turn-offed in charging, wherein:
First end of the first switching tube Q1 links to each other with first end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging through the 5th diode D5, and the anode of the 5th diode D5 links to each other with first end of the first switching tube Q1, and negative electrode links to each other with first end of the shutoff unit 100 that charges; The second end earth terminal of the first switching tube Q1, the control end input has the first control signal Vg1, and simultaneously, this control end links to each other with the output of control circuit 200.
Second end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging links to each other with voltage generation unit 300, and the control end input that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging has the second control signal Vg2.
The voltage of voltage generation unit 300 outputs is the voltage of the accessory power supply Vcc of said two-wire dimmer, and this concrete voltage generation unit can be realized through charging capacitor.
Need to prove that said " hold " is the reference potential of said accessory power supply Vcc here, and " hold " in the utility model, mentioned is the reference potential of accessory power supply Vcc.
As shown in Figure 1; The first switching tube Q1 is the chopping switch of said two-wire dimmer, and its first end is connected with the end of input power supply Vin simultaneously, and second end is connected with load Load simultaneously; The other end of load Load is connected with the other end of input power supply Vin, constitutes two-wire dimmer.
The course of work of the circuit of the accessory power supply of said two-wire dimmer is following:
The voltage that detects voltage generation unit 300 output when control circuit 200 is lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1, and the first control signal Vg1 is when making the first switching tube Q1 conducting, and the voltage signal of control circuit 200 outputs drives the first switching tube Q1 and is operated in linear condition.Simultaneously, second control signal Vg2 control charging is turn-offed unit 100 and is operated in low impedance state, thereby voltage generation unit 300 utilizes the pressure drop energy storage at the first switching tube Q1 two ends that are operated in linear condition to boost, and obtains accessory power supply Vcc.
The voltage that detects 300 outputs of voltage generation unit when control circuit 200 is higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; And when the first control signal Vg1 makes the first switching tube Q1 conducting; The voltage signal of control circuit 200 outputs drives the first switching tube Q1 and is operated in saturation condition; At this moment, the pressure drop deficiency at the first switching tube Q1 two ends is thought 1 charging of first capacitor C, and voltage generation unit 300 releases energy to the load (not shown) of accessory power supply Vcc.
When the first switching tube Q1 ended, second control signal Vg2 control charging was turn-offed unit 100 and is operated in high impedance status, cuts off the tank circuit of voltage generation unit 300.
Need to prove that the said first control signal Vg1 and the second control signal Vg2 can be produced by digital circuit, specifically can produce, also can produce by analog circuit through single-chip microcomputer.
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the first switching tube Q1 can realize through field-effect transistor, and first end of the first switching tube Q1, second end, control end are respectively drain electrode, source electrode and the grid of FET; The first switching tube Q1 can also pass through IGBT (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor, igbt), and at this moment, first end of the first switching tube Q1, second end, control end are respectively collector electrode, emitter and the grid of IGBT; The first switching tube Q1 can also realize that at this moment, first end of the first switching tube Q1, second end, control end are respectively collector electrode, emitter and base stage through triode.
The accessory power supply of the two-wire dimmer that present embodiment provides; Tube voltage drop when utilizing first switching tube to be operated in linear condition is boosted the energy storage of voltage generation unit; Thereby on the voltage generation unit, acquire accessory power supply; Wherein first switching tube does not need minimum copped wave angle, can not produce because obtaining auxiliary source because the electromagnetic interference that the electric current and voltage sudden change causes.And the accessory power supply inside of this two-wire dimmer also is provided with the detection control unit; When detecting the voltage that control unit can detect accessory power supply; When the voltage of accessory power supply was higher than second preset value, the signal of telecommunication that detects control unit output drove first switching tube and is operated in saturation condition, at this moment; The pressure drop deficiency at the first switching tube two ends so that the energy storage of voltage generation unit boost, thereby reduced the loss of first switching tube.
When the chopping switch in the two-wire dimmer constitutes two-way chopping switch by rectifier bridge and switching tube; The structural representation of the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer is as shown in Figure 2, and the chopping switch in the accessory power supply of this two-wire dimmer comprises first switching tube Q1 and the rectifier bridge.
Said rectifier bridge is made up of four diodes, and two ac input ends connect the end of input power supply Vin and load Load respectively, and the other end of load Load links to each other with the other end of input power supply Vin, constitutes the loop.First dc output end of rectifier bridge links to each other with first end of the first switching tube Q1, and second dc output end links to each other with second end of the first switching tube Q1, and the rectifier bridge and the first switching tube Q1 constitute a two-way chopping switch.
In the present embodiment, the ground end of accessory power supply is the negative output terminal of rectifier bridge.
The course of work of other parts is identical with the accessory power supply course of work of two-wire dimmer shown in Figure 1 in the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer, repeats no more here.
When the chopping switch in the two-wire dimmer constituted two-way chopping switch by two switching tubes, the structural representation of the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer was as shown in Figure 3, and the accessory power supply of this two-wire dimmer comprises:
First end of the first switching tube Q1 links to each other with first end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging through the first diode D1; Concrete; The anode of the first diode D1 links to each other with first end of the first switching tube Q1; Negative electrode links to each other with first end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging, the second end earth terminal of the first switching tube Q1, and the control end input has the first control signal Vg1.
Second end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging links to each other with an end of voltage generation unit 300, and the control end input that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging has the second control signal Vg2, the other end earth terminal of voltage generation unit 300.
First end of second switch pipe Q2 links to each other with first end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging through the second diode D2; Concrete; The anode of the second diode D2 links to each other with first end of second switch pipe Q2, and negative electrode links to each other with first end that unit 100 is turn-offed in charging, and second end of second switch pipe Q2 links to each other with second end of the first switching tube Q1; And ground connection, the control end of second switch pipe Q2 links to each other with the control end of the first switching tube Q1.
In the present embodiment, the ground end of accessory power supply is second end of the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2.
First switching tube Q1 in the present embodiment and second switch pipe Q2; All can realize through FET and IGBT; When specifically being realized by FET, first end, second end and the control end of the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 are respectively drain electrode, source electrode and grid; When being realized by IGBT, first end, second end and the control end of the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 are respectively collector electrode, emitter and the grid of IGBT.
The input of control circuit 200 links to each other with voltage generation unit 300, is used to detect the voltage of accessory power supply, and the output of control circuit 200 links to each other with the control end of the first switching tube Q1, and the control signal of output is used to control the operating state of first switching tube.
Simultaneously; First end of the first switching tube Q1 links to each other with the end of input power supply Vin; First end of second switch pipe Q2 links to each other with the end of load Load; The other end of load Load links to each other with the other end of input power supply Vin, comes the voltage at control load Load two ends constantly through conducting and the shutoff of controlling the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2.The first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 have constituted two-way chopping switch, when input power supply Vin is in positive half cycle, and first switching tube Q1 conducting under the control action of the first control signal Vg1, second switch pipe Q2 conducting; When input power supply Vin is in negative half period; Second switch pipe Q2 conducting under the control action of the first control signal Vg1; The first switching tube Q1 conducting, like this, the chopping switch that the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 constitute; Under the effect of the first control signal Vg1 and control circuit 200, can all conductings in the positive negative cycle of input power supply Vin.
The concrete course of work of the accessory power supply of this two-wire dimmer is following:
When 1) input power supply Vin is in positive half cycle; The first control signal Vg1 controls the chopping switch conducting of the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 formation; At this moment, when control circuit 200 detected voltage on the voltage generation unit 300 and is lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1, the voltage signal of control circuit 200 outputs drove the first switching tube Q1 and is operated in linear condition; At this moment; The second control signal Vg2 controls charging shutoff unit 100 and is operated in low impedance state, utilizes the pressure drop on the first switching tube Q1 with charging shutoff unit 100 300 energy storage of voltage generation unit to be boosted through the first diode D1, thereby on voltage generation unit 300, acquires accessory power supply Vcc.
When the voltage that detects accessory power supply Vcc when control circuit 200 is higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; The signal of telecommunication of control circuit 200 outputs drives the first switching tube Q1 and is operated in saturation condition; At this moment; Pressure drop deficiency on the first switching tube Q1 has stopped obtaining of accessory power supply so that 300 energy storage of voltage generation unit are boosted, and reduces by the loss of the first switching tube Q1.
When first control signal Vg1 control chopping switch turn-offed, the second control signal Vg2 drove charging and turn-offs unit 100 and be operated in high impedance status, the energy storage of cutting off voltage generation unit 300 loop of boosting.
2) when input power supply Vin is in negative half period; The chopping switch conducting that the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 constitute; When control circuit 200 detects voltage on the voltage generation unit 300 and is lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1; The voltage signal of control circuit 200 outputs drives second switch pipe Q2 and is operated in linear condition, and simultaneously, second control signal Vg2 control charging is turn-offed unit 100 and is operated in low impedance state; Utilize the pressure drop on the second switch pipe Q2 to turn-off the energy that unit 100 provides energy storage to boost for voltage generation unit 300 with charging, thereby on voltage generation unit 300, acquire accessory power supply Vcc through the second diode D2.
When control circuit 200 detects voltage on the voltage generation unit 300 and is higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; The voltage signal of control circuit 200 outputs drives second switch pipe Q2 and is operated in saturation condition; At this moment; Pressure drop deficiency on the second switch pipe Q2 has stopped obtaining of accessory power supply so that 300 energy storage of voltage generation unit are boosted, and reduces the loss of second switch pipe Q2.
When the first control signal Vg1 controlled the chopping switch shutoff that is made up of the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2, the second control signal Vg2 drove charging shutoff unit 100 and is operated in high impedance status, the tank circuit of cut-out voltage generation unit 300.
Referring to Fig. 4; Fig. 4 is the circuit theory sketch map of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment; On above-mentioned all embodiment bases, specifically illustrated the particular circuit configurations that unit 100, voltage generation unit 300 and said control circuit 200 are turn-offed in said charging.
Charging is turn-offed unit 100 and specifically can be realized through the 3rd switching tube Q3; The 3rd switching tube Q3 can pass through transistor, FET; When the 3rd switching tube Q3 was transistor, first end, second end, the control end of charging shutoff unit 100 were respectively collector electrode, emitter, the base stage of transistor.
Detect control unit 201 and specifically can realize, can realize by comparator IC1, the first feedback resistance R1, second resistance R 2, the 3rd resistance R 3 through hysteresis loop comparator.
Particularly; The in-phase input end of comparator IC1 is connected the common port of second resistance R 2 and the 3rd resistance R 3; The other end of said second resistance R 2 links to each other with the positive ends of said first capacitor C 1; The other end of said the 3rd resistance R 3 is connected with the negative polarity end of said first capacitor C 1, i.e. earth terminal.
The inverting input input of comparator IC 1 has the first reference voltage Vr1; Output links to each other with the control end of second switch pipe Q2 with the first switching tube Q1 through diode D3; Simultaneously, this output links to each other with said in-phase input end through the first feedback resistance R1, constitutes feedback loop.
Two threshold voltages of this hysteresis loop comparator are respectively: the first predeterminated voltage V1 and the second predeterminated voltage V2, wherein:
First predeterminated voltage
Second predeterminated voltage
In the formula: V
oBe the amplitude of the high level of the output of comparator IC1, V
R1It is the magnitude of voltage of first reference voltage.
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, select R1, R2, the R3 of different resistances for use, and different reference Vr, the required voltage threshold value can be obtained.
Driving control unit 202 comprises: the 4th switching tube Q4, the 5th switching tube Q5, the 4th resistance R 4, the 5th resistance R 5, the first current-limiting resistance R6, the second current-limiting resistance R7, the 8th resistance R 8, wherein:
First end of the 4th switching tube Q4 links to each other with the control end of the 5th switching tube Q5 through the first current-limiting resistance R6; Control end is connected with the common port of the 4th resistance R 4 and the 5th resistance R 5 through the 8th resistance R 8; The other end earth terminal of the 4th resistance R 4; Hold the i.e. negative polarity end of first capacitor C 1, the other end of the 5th resistance R 5 links to each other with the positive ends of said first electric capacity as the input of Drive and Control Circuit saidly; Second end of the 4th switching tube Q4 links to each other with the other end of the 4th resistance R 4, i.e. earth terminal.
The 4th switching tube Q4 and the 5th switching tube Q5 can pass through triode, FET is realized.
First end of the 5th switching tube Q5 links to each other with the control end of the first switching tube Q1 with the series arm that the 4th diode D4 constitutes through the second current-limiting resistance R7; Second end of the 5th switching tube Q5 links to each other with the positive ends of said first electric capacity, and promptly the common port that links to each other with the 5th resistance R 5 of second end of the 5th switching tube Q5 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1 as the input of driving control unit 202.
Charging is turn-offed unit 100 and is detected control unit 201, and the concrete course of work of driving control unit 202 is following:
When the voltage of the accessory power supply Vcc that detects control unit 201 inputs, i.e. the voltage of first capacitor C 1 is when being lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1; And when the first control signal Vg1 made the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting, the in-phase input end that detects comparator IC1 in the control unit 201 was lower than the reference voltage Vr of reverse input end, then the output of comparator IC1 output zero level; The 3rd diode D3 ends, and the 4th diode D4 conducting is after the voltage process divider resistance R5 in the driving control unit 202 on the accessory power supply Vcc, the R6 dividing potential drop; Make the 4th switching tube Q4 be operated in linear zone; Cause the 5th switching tube Q5 also to be operated in linear zone, and then the collector and emitter pressure drop of the 5th switching tube Q5 is raise, the voltage of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 control end is reduced; Control the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 is operated in linear condition; Simultaneously, the second control signal Vg2 makes the 3rd switching tube Q3 conducting, thereby; The tube voltage drop that the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 are operated in linear condition is 1 charging of first capacitor C through charging shutoff unit 100, acquires accessory power supply Vcc.
Voltage on the accessory power supply Vcc that detects control unit 201 inputs; The i.e. voltage of first capacitor C 1) when being higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; And when the first control signal Vg1 desired to make the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting, the in-phase input end that detects comparator IC1 in the control unit 201 was higher than the reference voltage Vr of reverse input end, then the output of comparator IC1 output high level; The 3rd diode D3 conducting; The 4th diode D4 ends, and the high level of comparator IC1 output directly drives the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 and is operated in saturation condition, at this moment; Undertension on the first switching tube Q1 or the second switch pipe Q2 is thought 1 charging of first capacitor C, thereby has reduced by the loss of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2.
When first control signal is controlled the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 shutoff; The second control signal Vg2 controls the 3rd switching tube Q3 and turn-offs; Even the 3rd switching tube Q3 is operated in high impedance status, be cut to the path of first capacitor C, 1 charging, accessory power supply Vcc does not charge.
Referring to Fig. 5, the circuit theory sketch map of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer that the utility model embodiment provides, different with the corresponding embodiment of Fig. 4 is: the execution mode of driving control unit 202 is different.
Said driving control unit 202 comprises:
The in-phase input end of operational amplifier IC2 connects the common port of the 9th resistance R 9 and the tenth resistance R 10; Its inverting input input has the second reference voltage Vr2; Output links to each other with the control end of the said first switching tube Q1 through the 6th diode D6, and the negative electrode of the 6th diode D6 links to each other with the control end of the first switching tube Q1; Simultaneously, this output links to each other with inverting input through constituting compensating network by the 3rd capacitor C 3 with the 19 resistance R 19 series arms.Said compensating network can also be made up of other components and parts, and the utility model does not limit this.
The 5th diode D5 negative electrode is connected with the negative electrode of the 6th diode D6, and the anode of the 5th diode links to each other with the output that detects control unit 201 as the control end of driving control unit 202.
The other end of said the 9th resistance R 9 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1 as the input of driving control unit 202, the other end earth terminal of said the tenth resistance R 10, and this ground end is the negative polarity end of first capacitor C 1.
Wherein, The second reference voltage Vr2 of the inverting input of operational amplifier IC2, the voltage after partial voltage signal of the accessory power supply Vcc of in-phase input end, and be connected compensating network between inverting input and the output; Constitute closed-loop control, its operation principle is following:
Detect the voltage on the accessory power supply Vcc when detecting control unit 201; I.e. voltage on first capacitor C 1; When being lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1, and when the first control signal Vg1 desires to make the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting, detect comparator IC1 output low level in the control unit 201; The 5th diode D5 ends; The 6th diode D6 conducting behind the divider resistance R9 in the voltage process driving control unit 202 on the accessory power supply Vcc, the R10, is input to the in-phase input end of operational amplifier IC2; Compare with the second reference voltage Vr2 of inverting input, operational amplifier IC2 can make the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 be operated in the drive signal of linear condition through the 6th diode D6 output.Simultaneously, the second control signal Vg2 makes the 3rd switching tube Q3 conducting, thereby it is 1 charging of first capacitor C that the tube voltage drop when the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 are operated in linear condition is turn-offed unit 100 through charging, acquires accessory power supply Vcc.
When detecting the voltage that control unit 201 detects accessory power supply Vcc, i.e. voltage on first capacitor C 1 is when being higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; And when the first control signal Vg1 makes the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting; Detect comparator IC1 output high level in the control unit 201, the 5th diode D5 conducting, the 6th diode D6 ends; The high level of comparator IC1 output directly drives the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 and is operated in saturation condition; At this moment, the undertension on the first switching tube Q1 or the second switch pipe Q2 is thought 1 charging of first capacitor C, thereby has reduced by the loss of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2.
When first control signal is controlled the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 shutoff; The second control signal Vg2 controls the 3rd switching tube Q3 and turn-offs; Promptly make the 3rd switching tube Q3 be operated in high impedance status, be cut to the path of first capacitor C, 1 charging, accessory power supply Vcc does not charge.
Referring to Fig. 6, the circuit theory sketch map of the accessory power supply of the another kind of two-wire dimmer that the utility model embodiment provides, different with Fig. 4 embodiment is:
Detecting control unit 201 comprises: hysteresis loop comparator IC3;
The in-phase input end input of said hysteresis loop comparator IC3 has the first reference voltage Vr1; Inverting input links to each other with the common port of the 11 resistance R 11 and the 12 resistance R 12; Output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit 202 as the output of said detection control unit 201, and is connected the second feedback resistance R18 between this output and the said inverting input.
The other end of said the 11 resistance R 11 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1, the other end earth terminal of said the 12 resistance R 12, and this ground end i.e. the negative polarity end 300 of first capacitor C 1.
Driving control unit 202 comprises: the 6th switching tube Q6 and the 7th switching tube Q7, wherein:
The control end of said the 6th switching tube Q6 is connected with the common port of the 13 resistance R 13 and the 14 resistance R 14 through the 15 resistance R 15; First end of the 6th switching tube Q6 links to each other with the control end of said the 7th switching tube Q7 through the 3rd current-limiting resistance R16, and this first end links to each other with the output that detects control unit 201 as the control end of driving control unit 202 simultaneously.The second end earth terminal of the 6th switching tube Q6, this ground end i.e. the negative polarity end of first electric capacity.
First end of said the 7th switching tube Q7 links to each other with the control end of the first switching tube Q1 through the 4th current-limiting resistance R17, and second end of the 7th switching tube Q7 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1.
The other end of said the 13 resistance R 13 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1; Promptly the common port that links to each other with the 7th switching tube Q7 of the 13 resistance R 13 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1 as the input of driving control unit 202; The other end earth terminal of the 14 resistance R 14, promptly the negative polarity end with first capacitor C 1 links to each other.
When the voltage on the accessory power supply Vcc that detects control unit 201 inputs is lower than the first predeterminated voltage V1; And when the first control signal Vg1 controlled the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting, the inverting input that detects hysteresis loop comparator IC3 in the control unit 201 was lower than the first reference voltage Vr1 of in-phase input end, then the output of hysteresis loop comparator IC3 output high level; The 6th switching tube Q6 current collection high level very in the driving control unit 202; Cause the 7th switching tube Q7 to be operated in linear zone, and then the collector and emitter pressure drop of the 7th switching tube is raise, the voltage of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 control end is reduced; Control the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 is operated in linear condition; Simultaneously, the second control signal Vg2 makes the 3rd switching tube Q3 conducting, thereby; The tube voltage drop that the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 are operated in linear condition is 1 charging of first capacitor C through charging shutoff unit 100, acquires accessory power supply Vcc.
When the voltage on the accessory power supply Vcc that detects control unit 201 inputs is higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; And when the first control signal Vg1 controls the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 conducting; The inverting input that detects hysteresis loop comparator IC3 in the control unit 201 is higher than the first reference voltage Vr1 of in-phase input end; The output of hysteresis loop comparator IC3 output zero level then, the 6th switching tube Q6 current collection zero level very causes the 7th switching tube Q7 to be operated in the saturation region in the driving control unit 202; Its collector and emitter pressure drop reduces; The voltage of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 control end is raise, and the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 are operated in saturation condition, at this moment; Undertension on the first switching tube Q1 or the second switch pipe Q2 is thought 1 charging of first capacitor C, thereby has reduced by the loss of the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2.
When first control signal is controlled the first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2 shutoff; The second control signal Vg2 controls the 3rd switching tube Q3 and turn-offs; Even the 3rd switching tube Q3 is operated in high impedance status, be cut to the path of first capacitor C, 1 charging, accessory power supply Vcc does not charge.
Referring to Fig. 7, Fig. 7 shows the circuit theory sketch map of the accessory power supply of a kind of two-wire dimmer of the utility model embodiment, and the accessory power supply of this two-wire dimmer has been set up the boosting inverter unit 400 and second capacitor C 2.
Need in the higher application scenario at some voltages; Such as for single-chip microcomputer power supply or when driving chopping switch, need the voltage of accessory power supply Vcc be raise, iff relies on the first switching tube Q1 or second switch pipe Q2 to be operated in the on-state voltage drop under the linear condition; Obtain higher accessory power supply; With the loss that increases switching tube, can utilize this moment boosting inverter unit 400 that the output voltage V dd on first capacitor C 1 is increased to the value that needs, as accessory power supply Vcc.
Specifically as shown in Figure 7, wherein detect identical among control unit 201 and driving control unit 202 and the corresponding embodiment of Fig. 6, repeat no more here.
The first input end of boosting inverter unit 400 links to each other with the positive ends of first capacitor C 1; Second input links to each other with the negative polarity end of first electric capacity; First output of boosting inverter unit 400 links to each other with the positive ends of second capacitor C 2; Second output links to each other with the negative polarity end of second capacitor C 2, simultaneously earth terminal.Voltage on second capacitor C 2 is the voltage on the accessory power supply Vcc.
The input that detects control unit 201 links to each other with the positive ends of second capacitor C 2; Be used for detecting the voltage on second capacitor C 2; The input of driving control unit 202 links to each other with the positive ends of second capacitor C 2, and promptly the common port that is connected with second end of the 7th switching tube of the 13 resistance R 13 links to each other with the positive ends of second capacitor C 2 as the input of driving control unit 202.
When the voltage Vdd on first capacitor C 1 can not satisfy the required voltage of accessory power supply Vcc; Boosting inverter unit 400 can be elevated to the voltage on first capacitor C 1 desired value of accessory power supply Vcc; Concrete; Boosting inverter unit 400 can realize that those skilled in the art can understand the operation principle of Boost converter, repeat no more here by the Boost converter.
When the voltage that detects control unit 201 inputs is higher than the second predeterminated voltage V2; When detection control unit 201 is operated in the saturation conduction state through driving control unit 202 driving first switching tube Q1 and second switch pipe Q2; Send and control signal to boosting inverter unit 400; It is quit work, reducing the speed of falling of voltage Vdd on first capacitor C 1, thereby further reduce loss said chopping switch and the boosting inverter unit.
Need explanatorily be, detect the input of control unit 201 and the input of driving control unit 202, also can be connected on the two ends of first capacitor C 1, promptly detect the value of voltage Vdd, control it in the preset threshold value scope.
The accessory power supply of the two-wire dimmer in the present embodiment has been set up the boosting inverter unit; Can the voltage on first electric capacity be increased to the required voltage of accessory power supply; With obtain higher accessory power supply through the conduction voltage drop that improves first switching tube or second switch pipe and compare, reduced loss.
Each embodiment in this specification all adopts the mode of going forward one by one to describe, and identical similar part is mutually referring to getting final product between each embodiment, and each embodiment stresses all is the difference with other embodiment.Can realize the purpose of present embodiment scheme according to the needs selection some or all of module wherein of reality.Those of ordinary skills promptly can understand and implement under the situation of not paying creative work.
The above only is the embodiment of the utility model; Should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from the utility model principle; Can also make some improvement and retouching, these improvement and retouching also should be regarded as the protection range of the utility model.
Claims (11)
1. the accessory power supply of a two-wire dimmer is characterized in that, comprising:
First switching tube, said first control end of switching tube input has first control signal, the second end earth terminal;
First end links to each other with first end of said first switching tube, and the control end input has the charging of second control signal to turn-off the unit;
Be connected, be used to produce the voltage generation unit of accessory power supply voltage with second end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging;
Input links to each other with said voltage generation unit, is used to detect the voltage of said voltage generation unit, the control circuit that output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube;
When the voltage that detects said voltage generation unit when said control circuit is lower than the first predeterminated voltage value; And when said first control signal makes the said first switching tube conducting; Said control circuit is controlled said first switching tube and is operated in linear condition; Said second control signal is controlled said charging shutoff unit and is operated in low impedance state, and the voltage drop on said first switching tube is used for said voltage generation unit and produces voltage;
When said control circuit detects said accessory power supply voltage and is higher than the second predeterminated voltage value, and when said first control signal desired to make the said first switching tube conducting, said control circuit was controlled said first switching tube and is operated in saturation condition;
When said first switching tube turn-offed, said second control signal was controlled said charging and is turn-offed cell operation at high impedance status.
2. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises: second switch pipe, first diode, second diode, wherein:
First end that first end of said first switching tube turn-offs the unit through first diode and said charging links to each other; The anode of said first diode links to each other with first end of said first switching tube, and the negative electrode of said first diode links to each other with first end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging;
First end of said second switch pipe links to each other with the anode of said second diode; The negative electrode of said second diode links to each other with first end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging; The second end earth terminal of said second switch pipe, the control end of said second switch pipe links to each other with said first control end of switching tube.
3. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 2 is characterized in that, said charging is turn-offed the unit and comprised:
The 3rd switching tube, first end of said the 3rd switching tube, second end, control end are respectively first end, second end, the control end that the unit is turn-offed in charging.
4. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 3 is characterized in that, said control circuit comprises: detect control unit and driving control unit,
The input of said detection control unit is connected with said voltage generation unit, and output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit, is used to detect the voltage on the said voltage generation unit;
The input of said driving control unit links to each other with the voltage generation unit, and its output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube, is used for the operating state according to said first switching tube of output signal controlling of said detection control unit.
5. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 4 is characterized in that,
Said detection control unit comprises: hysteresis loop comparator; The inverting input input of said hysteresis loop comparator has first reference voltage; In-phase input end links to each other with the common port of second resistance (R2) with the 3rd resistance (R3); Output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit as the output of said detection control unit, and is connected with first feedback resistance (R1) between this output and the said in-phase input end;
The other end of said second resistance (R2) links to each other the other end earth terminal of said the 3rd resistance (R3) as the input of said detection control unit with said voltage generation unit.
6. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 5 is characterized in that, said driving control unit comprises: the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube, the 3rd diode and the 4th diode, wherein:
Said the 4th control end of switching tube is connected with the common port of said the 4th resistance (R4) with the 5th resistance (R5) through the 8th resistance (R8); First end of said the 4th switching tube links to each other with said the 5th control end of switching tube through first current-limiting resistance (R6), and second end of the 4th switching tube links to each other with the other end of said the 4th resistance (R4);
First end of said the 5th switching tube links to each other with said first control end of switching tube with the series arm of said the 4th diode (D4) through second current-limiting resistance (R7), and second end links to each other with said voltage generation unit;
The anode of said the 3rd diode (D3) links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit, and negative electrode links to each other with said the 5th control end of switching tube;
The other end earth terminal of said the 4th resistance (R4), the other end of said the 5th resistance (R5) links to each other with said voltage generation unit.
7. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 5 is characterized in that, said driving control unit comprises: operational amplifier,
The in-phase input end of said operational amplifier links to each other with the common port of the 9th resistance (R9) with the tenth resistance (R10), and the inverting input input has second reference voltage; Output links to each other with said first control end of switching tube through the 6th diode (D6); The negative electrode of said the 6th diode links to each other with said first control end of switching tube, and the series arm of this output through the 19 resistance (R19) and the 3rd electric capacity links to each other with said inverting input;
Negative electrode links to each other with the negative electrode of said the 6th diode, the 5th diode (D5) that anode links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit;
The other end of said the 9th resistance (R9) links to each other with said voltage generation unit, the other end earth terminal of said the tenth resistance (R10).
8. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 4 is characterized in that,
Said detection control unit comprises: hysteresis loop comparator,
The in-phase input end input of said hysteresis loop comparator has first reference voltage; Inverting input links to each other with the common port of the 11 resistance (R11) and the 12 resistance (R12); Output links to each other with the control end of said driving control unit as the output of said detection control unit, and this output links to each other with said inverting input through second feedback resistance (R18);
The other end of said the 11 resistance (R11) links to each other the other end earth terminal of said the 12 resistance (R12) as the input of said detection control unit with said voltage generation unit.
9. the accessory power supply of two-wire dimmer according to claim 8 is characterized in that, said driving control unit comprises: the 6th switching tube and the 7th switching tube, wherein:
Said the 6th control end of switching tube is connected through the common port of the 15 resistance (R15) with said the 13 resistance (R13) and the 14 resistance (R14); First end links to each other with the control end of said the 7th switching tube through the 3rd current-limiting resistance (R16); And this first end links to each other with the output of said detection control unit as the control end of said driving control unit, and second end links to each other with the other end of said the 14 resistance (R14);
First end of said the 7th switching tube links to each other with said first control end of switching tube through the 4th current-limiting resistance (R17), and second end links to each other with said voltage generation unit;
The other end of said the 13 resistance (R13) links to each other with said voltage generation unit, the other end earth terminal of said the 14 resistance (R14).
10. according to the accessory power supply of each described two-wire dimmer of claim 1-9, it is characterized in that:
Said voltage generation unit is first electric capacity, and the positive ends of said first electric capacity links to each other with second end that the unit is turn-offed in said charging, and this positive ends links to each other negative polarity end earth terminal with the input of said control circuit.
11. the accessory power supply according to each described two-wire dimmer of claim 1-9 is characterized in that:
Said voltage generation unit comprises first electric capacity, second electric capacity and boosting inverter unit,
The first input end of said boosting inverter unit links to each other with the positive ends of said first electric capacity; Second input links to each other with the negative polarity end of said first electric capacity; First output links to each other with the positive ends of said second electric capacity; Second output links to each other with the negative polarity end of said second electric capacity, and control end links to each other with the output of said detection control unit;
The positive ends of said second electric capacity is connected with the input of said detection control unit, and said detection control unit detects the voltage on said second electric capacity.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200466639U CN202103575U (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | Auxiliary power supply of two-wire light modulator |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200466639U CN202103575U (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | Auxiliary power supply of two-wire light modulator |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN202103575U true CN202103575U (en) | 2012-01-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011200466639U Expired - Fee Related CN202103575U (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2011-02-23 | Auxiliary power supply of two-wire light modulator |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102651925A (en) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-08-29 | 英飞特电子（杭州）有限公司 | Auxiliary power supply of two-line dimmer |
| CN102751881A (en) * | 2011-04-02 | 2012-10-24 | 英飞特电子（杭州）股份有限公司 | Auxiliary power circuit of two-line light modulator |
-
2011
- 2011-02-23 CN CN2011200466639U patent/CN202103575U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102651925A (en) * | 2011-02-23 | 2012-08-29 | 英飞特电子（杭州）有限公司 | Auxiliary power supply of two-line dimmer |
| CN102651925B (en) * | 2011-02-23 | 2014-10-22 | 英飞特电子（杭州）股份有限公司 | Auxiliary power supply of two-line dimmer |
| CN102751881A (en) * | 2011-04-02 | 2012-10-24 | 英飞特电子（杭州）股份有限公司 | Auxiliary power circuit of two-line light modulator |
| CN102751881B (en) * | 2011-04-02 | 2014-12-10 | 英飞特电子（杭州）股份有限公司 | Auxiliary power circuit of two-line light modulator |
| US9380678B2 (en) | 2011-04-02 | 2016-06-28 | Inventronics (Hangzhou), Inc. | Auxiliary power supply circuit of two wire dimmer |
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Address after: Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province 310053 Binjiang District Dongxin Road No. 66 East communication B block 309 Patentee after: LED One (Hangzhou) Co.,Ltd. Address before: Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province 310053 Binjiang District Dongxin Road No. 66 East communication B block 309 Patentee before: Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. |
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