CN201821085U - Self-power-supply protection device for power transmission and distribution circuit - Google Patents
Self-power-supply protection device for power transmission and distribution circuit Download PDFInfo
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- CN201821085U CN201821085U CN2010205709261U CN201020570926U CN201821085U CN 201821085 U CN201821085 U CN 201821085U CN 2010205709261 U CN2010205709261 U CN 2010205709261U CN 201020570926 U CN201020570926 U CN 201020570926U CN 201821085 U CN201821085 U CN 201821085U
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Abstract
The utility model relates to a self-power-supply protection device for a power transmission and distribution circuit, which comprises a computed tomography (CT) alternating current (AC) source, a clamping, a rectification, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) management module, a wide-range PWM mode switch power module, a voltage-conversion energy storage unit, an electrical pulse control unit, a central processing unit (CPU) module and a tripping device, wherein the CT AC source is sequentially connected with the clamp, the rectifier, the PWM management module, the wide-range PWM mode switch power module, the voltage-conversion energy storage unit, the electrical pulse control unit and the tripping device; the CPU module is respectively connected with a power detection unit and the electrical pulse control unit; and the CPU module is used for controlling the voltage-conversion energy storage unit to release the stored electric energy into the tripping device. The self-power-supply protection device for the power transmission and distribution circuit has the advantages that extraction and transformation of CT AC electric energy can be realized; when in protection action, a CPU controls the stored energy to be released into the tripping device in a pulse mode to realize tripping action; and fully-digital power supply protection which is low in cost and high in efficiency and provides the power transmission and distribution circuit is realized in the application occasion without a power cabinet.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to the transmission and distribution line line protection device, particularly a kind of self-powered protective device that is used for electric line.
Background technology
Traditional microcomputer protecting device is having under the occasion of power supply and could work usually, and for this reason, power distribution cabinet need dispose unit such as PT, power module, direct current cabinet and be used to provide voltage source, the cost height, and volume is big.Protective device does not externally have the application scenario of power cabinet, in the time of can't obtaining voltage source, then can't provide the power supply protection of supply line.Self-powered, low cost, high integration, intelligentized digital power supply protection device also do not have now to be seen.
The utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is to overcome above-mentioned defective, and a kind of self-powered protective device that is used for electric line is provided, and the low cost to electric line, the efficient digital protection of small size can be provided in the application scenario that does not have the power cabinet unit.
For achieving the above object; the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line that the utility model provides; comprise the CT ac current source and the trip gear that are installed in respectively on the electrical network circuit; also comprise first power module; second source module and CPU module; wherein: described first power module comprises clamper; rectification; the PWM administration module; described second source module comprises wide region PWM mode switch power module; the voltage transformation energy-storage units; electric pulse control unit and power supply detecting unit; described CPU module includes backup battery; described CT ac current source and described clamper; rectification; the PWM administration module; wide region PWM mode switch power module; the voltage transformation energy-storage units; the electric pulse control unit links to each other successively with trip gear; described CPU module links to each other respectively with the electric pulse control unit with described power supply detecting unit; described CT ac current source is transformed into little electric current according to a certain percentage with the big electric current in the electrical network circuit; this little electric current forms a floating voltage source after described first power module is handled; described second source module is given described voltage transformation energy-storage units with dc low-voltage voltage source and power supply that the floating DC electricity in this floating voltage source is transformed into stable output, and the described voltage transformation energy-storage units of described CPU module controls is discharged into trip gear with the electric energy that stores.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line; wherein said wide region PWM mode switch power module comprises filter, first order PWM Switching Power Supply, second level PWM isolating switch power and the pulse transformer that links to each other successively; the output of described clamper, rectification, PWM administration module is connected to described filter; first level output of described pulse transformer is connected to described voltage transformation energy-storage units; the second subprime output of described pulse transformer is connected to described power supply detecting unit, wherein:
Described first order PWM Switching Power Supply comprises first electronic switch, first optocoupler, first error amplifier and feedback sample unit, described feedback sample unit is obtained dividing potential drop and is connected to the input of described first error amplifier from the output of described first electronic switch by first resistance and second resistance, and the output of described first error amplifier is connected to the control end of described first electronic switch through described first optocoupler feedback;
Described second level PWM isolating switch power comprises second electronic switch, second optocoupler, second error amplifier and voltage comparator, the second subprime output of described pulse transformer is connected to the input of described voltage comparator, and the output of described voltage comparator is connected to the control end of described second electronic switch through described second optocoupler feedback.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line; wherein said voltage transformation energy-storage units is provided with a storage capacitor and a voltage-multiplying circuit that links to each other with described storage capacitor; described electric pulse control unit is a control relay circuit; the energy storage output of described voltage-multiplying circuit links to each other with described trip gear through the output contact of described control relay circuit, and the relay of described control relay circuit is by the control impuls control of CPU output.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line; wherein said first power module also comprises isolation, transformation, rectification module, and described isolation, transformation, rectification module are connected between outside 220V alternating-current voltage source and the described wide region PWM mode switch power module.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line; wherein said second source module also comprises power supply detecting unit and Power Management Unit; described power supply detecting unit and Power Management Unit are connected between described wide region PWM mode switch power module and the described CPU module, and described backup battery links to each other with described CPU through described Power Management Unit.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line, and it is 32 ARM microcontrollers with ultralow stand-by power consumption of STM32F103V8 that wherein said CPU module adopts model.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line, and wherein said trip gear has monostable coil or bistable state coil.
Advantage and good effect that the utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line are: owing to be provided with CT ac current source, first power module, second source module, CPU module and trip gear, can be realized the extraction and the conversion of CT AC energy by the CT power supply.When action protection, the energy storage of cpu control circuit is discharged into trip gear with pulse mode, makes its action of threading off, and has realized providing in the application scenario that does not have power cabinet low cost, digital protection efficiently to electric line.
In addition, further be provided with power supply detecting unit and Power Management Unit, manage by the low power dissipation design of circuit with to the detection of power supply and realized the low-power consumption mode operation.Further be provided with outside 220V alternating-current voltage source, satisfied the occasion that power supply is arranged and the needs of test, also convenient for users to use, browse or the like as operating parameter.
Be elaborated with reference to accompanying drawing below in conjunction with embodiment.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the block diagram that the utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line;
Fig. 2 is the block diagram of wide region PWM mode switch power module;
Fig. 3 is the circuit theory diagrams of clamper, rectification, PWM administration module;
Fig. 4 is the circuit theory diagrams of wide region PWM mode switch power module and Power Management Unit;
Fig. 5 is the circuit theory diagrams of voltage transformation energy-storage units and electric pulse control unit;
Fig. 6 is the circuit theory diagrams of CPU module.
Embodiment
With reference to Fig. 1, the self-powered protective device that the utility model is used for electric line is made of the CT ac current source, first power module 11, second source module 22, CPU module 3 and the trip gear 4 that are installed on the electrical network circuit.
Wide region PWM mode switch power module 21 comprises filter 210, first order PWM Switching Power Supply 211, second level PWM isolating switch power 212 and the pulse transformer TR1 that links to each other successively, the output of clamper, rectification, PWM administration module 11 is connected to filter 210, first level output VCC3 of pulse transformer TR1 is connected to voltage transformation energy-storage units 22, and the second subprime output VCC6 of pulse transformer TR1 is connected to power supply detecting unit 24.Wherein, first order PWM Switching Power Supply 211 comprises the first electronic switch M6, the first optocoupler OP3, the first error amplifier U7 and feedback sample unit 211, feedback sample unit 211 is obtained dividing potential drop and is connected to the input of the first error amplifier U7 from the output of the first electronic switch M6 by first resistance R 63 and second resistance R 75, and the output of the first error amplifier U7 is connected to the control end of the first electronic switch M6 through first optocoupler OP3 feedback.Second level PWM isolating switch power 212 comprises the second electronic switch M7, the second optocoupler OP6, the second error amplifier U6 and voltage comparator U4, the second subprime output VCC6 of pulse transformer TR1 is connected to the input of voltage comparator U4, and the output of voltage comparator U4 is connected to the control end of the second electronic switch M7 through second optocoupler OP6 feedback.
Voltage transformation energy-storage units 22 is provided with a storage capacitor C54 and a voltage-multiplying circuit that links to each other with storage capacitor C54, electric pulse control unit 23 is a control relay circuit, the energy storage output of voltage-multiplying circuit links to each other with trip gear 4 through the output contact of control relay circuit, and the relay of control relay circuit is by the control impuls control of CPU output.
For satisfying the occasion of power supply and the needs of test are arranged; the self-powered protective device that the utility model is used for electric line is provided with outside 220V alternating-current voltage source simultaneously; support external power power supply and two kinds of powering modes of backup battery power supply; can adopt the external power powering mode; and under no external power electric power thus supplied, adopt backup battery to power; make things convenient for the user to realize the parameter set-up function of browsing, adjust, and keep the operation of real-time clock.
With reference to Fig. 1, isolation, transformation, rectification module 12 are connected between outside 220V alternating-current voltage source and the wide region PWM mode switch power module 21.
Because the CT power taking is a kind of energy mode of getting of wide region dynamic change; for guaranteeing the job stability in the wide dynamic range; requirement is powered circuit and possesses low power consumption; in addition; for satisfying the long-life power demands of backup battery; more need the comprehensive low power dissipation design of entire circuit, therefore, the utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line and takes the low power dissipation design of Circuits System and power supply to detect management.Be 10 years standby abilities of assurance device, need automatically shut down the power supply of peripheral circuit during backup battery 31 power supplies, CPU enters standby mode and realizes extremely low power dissipation simultaneously.When external power is powered, then wake and drop into the each several part peripheral circuit automatically up.Therefore, discern automatically, carry out the power management under the different mode by powering mode.With reference to Fig. 1, power supply detecting unit 24 and Power Management Unit 25 are connected between wide region PWM mode switch power module 21 and the CPU module 3, and backup battery 31 links to each other with CPU through Power Management Unit 25.
Describe the operation principle that the utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
The CT ac current source is transformed into little electric current according to a certain percentage with the big electric current in the electrical network circuit, this little electric current clamper, rectification, PWM administration module 11 in first power module 1 form a floating voltage source after handling, and finish the first step conversion of ac current source to direct voltage source.This voltage source has more unsteady with the variation of CT secondary current, therefore need further conversion just can change into the required stabilizing low voltage voltage source of CPU measuring system.Wide region PWM mode switch power supply 21 is given voltage transformation energy-storage units 22 with dc low-voltage voltage source and power supply that the floating DC electricity in this floating voltage source is transformed into stable output in the second source module 22.
1. clamper, rectification, PWM administration module 11
Referring to Fig. 3, the J1 terminal is the input terminal of CT ac current source, and after the input of its three-phase alternating current, the rectifier bridge that is connected to separately carries out rectification, and the rectification three-phase is independent, after the rectification and be unified into unified direct current output, forms the Rectified alternating current potential source that floats and change.This voltage source can change the variation that produces greatly with the electric current of power supply CT, and is reliable for guaranteeing the subsequent conditioning circuit working stability, this voltage source carried out PWM handle, and the voltage after guaranteeing to handle is limited in the safe scope.Wherein, the switching device of PWM modulation is Q1, when voltage is lower than 120V, optocoupler IC1 light-emitting diode does not excite, primary side is ended, Q1 conducting under the clamp voltage of Z3 drives, the pulsating voltage source that forms after the above-mentioned like this rectification just is loaded on 1 pin and 2 pin of J3, promptly passes to follow-up wide region PWM mode switch power supply 21.When voltage was higher than 120V, optocoupler IC1 light-emitting diode excited, the primary side conducting, and Q1 drives to drag down and ends, and the pulsating voltage source just is loaded into 2 pin and 3 pin of Q1, has avoided to the subsequent conditioning circuit transmission.The ON time of Q1 and deadline form the PWM pattern along with the unsteady big or small automatic dynamic adjustment of pulsating dc voltage, guarantee follow-up output voltage amplitude.For taking precautions against the greater impact of short circuit current, increased piezo-resistance VR1, VR2, VR3 and R7 impact overvoltage and to carry out that energy is released and voltage clamp, guarantee circuit safety.
2. wide region PWM mode switch power supply 21
Referring to Fig. 4,1 pin of J3 links to each other with 2 pin in 1 pin of J9,2 pin and Fig. 3, and this voltage is limited in the 120V.Wide region PWM mode switch power supply 21 can be accepted the voltage input of 24V to 120V.Circuit theory is described below: C1, and RT3, LF1, C55 and C46 constitute filter 210, and input voltage passes to PWM pattern step-down switching power supply 211 after filtering.M6 is switching device MOSFET, PWM modulation control is realized by error amplifier U7, the U7 tripod is a reference input, 2 pin are feedback input end, first resistance R 63 of feedback sample unit 211 and 75 pairs of VCC1 dividing potential drops of second resistance R obtain the feedback input, through comparing, by 1 pin output pwm control signal with the reference input.This signal to the input voltage chopping depressuring, forms power supply VCC1, GND1 output through the drive controlling of optocoupler OP3 realization to M3, and this voltage is about 17V.
The input power supply of second level PWM isolating switch power 212 is VCC1, switching device is M7, PWM control is realized by U6, TR1 is a pulse transformer, and pulse transformer is secondary three groups of outputs, and wherein second subprime output VCC6 is a main winding, the closed-loop control feedback quantity is taken from VCC6, output after being with reference voltage comparator U4 relatively drives optocoupler OP6, feeds back to the feedback end of U6 again, realizes the closed-loop control of Switching Power Supply.Electricity is isolated between the TR1 input and output, and feedback signal is isolated through OP6, thereby realizes low tension source and complete electric isolation of supply side.First time level output VCC3 is connected to voltage transformation energy-storage units 22, and second subprime output VCC6 is connected to power supply detecting unit 24, and the VCC2 of level output is for the third time opened into the amount circuit supply, and the 4th time level output VCC5 is the CPU module for power supply, is stable low-pressure side power supply.
3. trip gear 4
The self-powered protective device that the utility model is used for electric line adopts capacitance energy storage, by energy storage formula 1/2CU
2As can be known, capacitor's capacity and voltage are determining the energy storage size.Referring to Fig. 5, this circuit is to be made of diode and storage capacitor, realizes the multiplication of voltage function, and its electric energy comes from the low-pressure side winding of pulse transformer TR1, this winding output high-frequency ac, but the power supply amplitude is lower, therefore by producing tank voltage after the voltage-multiplying circuit multiplication of voltage.Form the dc energy storage voltage of 60V through D70, D71, D72, C60, three grades of rectification and voltage multipliers of C71, C72 from the alternating-current pulse electric energy of pulse transformer TR1, this direct voltage charges to storage capacitor C54 through diode D30, in storage capacitor C54, the energy storage size realizes by the appearance value of adjusting energy storage C54 with power storage.When protection was not moved, C54 remained full of state, and no longer drew electric energy from TR1, even power down, C54 also can keep electric energy under diode D30 effect, and the C54 that is full of electricity is in and treats the writ attitude.Electric pulse control unit 23 is a control relay circuit, and the energy storage output of voltage-multiplying circuit links to each other with trip gear 4 through the output contact REL1C of control relay circuit, and the relay R EL1A of control relay circuit is by the control impuls control of CPU output.
The relay coil power supply is from capacitor C 41 energy storage, and the C41 electric energy comes from J3-2 among Fig. 1, J3-3.Because J3-2, J3-3 voltage are higher and wave excessively for relay 24V coil, therefore, after the processing of circuit that resistance R 1, TVS pipe Z2 constitute, obtain stable 30V voltage on C41.When the protection action, the pulse control signal of CPU exports light MOS relay U1 (AQW210) to, isolates rear drive relay R EL1A through photoelectricity; make its sequential action according to CPU; the C54 energy storage is outputed to trip gear with the electric pulse form, make the trip gear action, realize defencive function.It is for Redundancy Design that the U1 input and output all adopt two-way parallel, guarantees the reliability of key signal.
The utility model is used for the self-powered protective device of electric line, and the low-power consumption of system controls according to the administration of energy conservation of parts selection design that be to rely on hardware aspect and power supply power supply aspect that two aspects realize.
Referring to Fig. 6; the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line at the utility model; it is 32 ARM microcontrollers with ultralow stand-by power consumption of STM32F103V8 that CPU module 3 adopts model; its minimum standby current reaches 5 μ A, can realize the ultra-long time standby ability under backup battery 31 electric power thus supplied fully.Reference voltage chip Z1 selects for use micro-power device ZXRE1004 to realize operating current 4 μ A.A/D sampling reference voltage chip T2 selects MAX6003 for use, its static working current 274 μ A.Real-time timepiece chip IC3 selects DS1302 for use, time holding current 0.3 μ A.
Power management is another importance.Under the external power powering mode, CPU module each several part circuit is all powered, and is in operating state, is a kind of big power consumption state relatively.Referring to Fig. 4, the detection signal T3-3 of power supply detecting unit 24 is connected to CPU module 3, when 3 controls of CPU module transfer backup battery 31 power supplies to, in Power Management Unit 25, turn-offs Q1, VCC dead electricity earlier by CPU.All be de-energized by the amplifier circuit of VCC power supply, reference voltage circuit, liquid crystal or the like, only keep the power supply of CPU and real-time clock, behind the time-delay 30S, CPU also enters standby mode, realizes system's extremely low power dissipation.CPU judges the powered battery state by power supply test side signal, enters standby mode after waiting for 30S, realizes the extremely low power dissipation state of CPU self.
Referring to Fig. 6, under standby mode, CPU has dual mode to wake up, and the one, external power powers on, and the back J1-3 signal saltus step that powers on wakes CPU up; Another kind of mode is to wake button SW8 up to press and wake CPU up.Preceding a kind of mode is waken back CPU up and is entered complete operating state, and a kind of mode in back makes things convenient for parameter to browse set-up function for user's operation wakes up.
Embodiment recited above is described preferred implementation of the present utility model; be not that design of the present utility model and scope are limited; do not breaking away under the utility model design prerequisite; common engineers and technicians make the technical solution of the utility model in this area various modification and improvement; all should fall into protection range of the present utility model; the technology contents that the utility model is asked for protection all is documented in claims.
Claims (7)
1. self-powered protective device that is used for electric line; comprise the CT ac current source and the trip gear (4) that are installed in respectively on the electrical network circuit; it is characterized in that: also comprise first power module (1); second source module (2) and CPU module (3); wherein: described first power module (1) comprises clamper; rectification; PWM administration module (11); described second source module (2) comprises wide region PWM mode switch power module (21); voltage transformation energy-storage units (22); electric pulse control unit (23) and power supply detecting unit (24); described CPU module (3) includes backup battery (31); described CT ac current source and described clamper; rectification; PWM administration module (11); wide region PWM mode switch power module (21); voltage transformation energy-storage units (22); electric pulse control unit (23) links to each other successively with trip gear (4); described CPU module (3) links to each other respectively with electric pulse control unit (23) with described power supply detecting unit (24); described CT ac current source is transformed into little electric current according to a certain percentage with the big electric current in the electrical network circuit; this little electric current forms a floating voltage source after described first power module (1) is handled; described second source module (2) is given described voltage transformation energy-storage units (22) with dc low-voltage voltage source and power supply that the floating DC electricity in this floating voltage source is transformed into stable output, and described CPU module (3) the described voltage transformation energy-storage units of control (22) is discharged into trip gear (4) with the electric energy that stores.
2. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 1; it is characterized in that: wherein said wide region PWM mode switch power module (21) comprises the filter (210) that links to each other successively; first order PWM Switching Power Supply (211); second level PWM isolating switch power (212) and pulse transformer (TR1); described clamper; rectification; the output of PWM administration module (11) is connected to described filter (210); first the level output (VCC3) of described pulse transformer (TR1) is connected to described voltage transformation energy-storage units (22); the second subprime output (VCC6) of described pulse transformer (TR1) is connected to described power supply detecting unit (24), wherein:
Described first order PWM Switching Power Supply (211) comprises first electronic switch (M6), first optocoupler (OP3), first error amplifier (U7) and feedback sample unit (211), described feedback sample unit (211) is obtained dividing potential drop and is connected to the input of described first error amplifier (U7) from the output of described first electronic switch (M6) by first resistance (R63) and second resistance (R75), and the output of described first error amplifier (U7) is connected to the control end of described first electronic switch (M6) through described first optocoupler (OP3) feedback;
Described second level PWM isolating switch power (212) comprises second electronic switch (M7), second optocoupler (OP6), second error amplifier (U6) and voltage comparator (U4), the second subprime output (VCC6) of described pulse transformer (TR1) is connected to the input of described voltage comparator (U4), and the output of described voltage comparator (U4) is connected to the control end of described second electronic switch (M7) through described second optocoupler (OP6) feedback.
3. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 1 and 2; it is characterized in that: wherein said voltage transformation energy-storage units (22) is provided with a storage capacitor (C54) and a voltage-multiplying circuit that links to each other with described storage capacitor (C54); described electric pulse control unit (23) is a control relay circuit; the energy storage output of described voltage-multiplying circuit links to each other with described trip gear (4) through the output contact of described control relay circuit, and the relay of described control relay circuit is by the control impuls control of CPU output.
4. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 3; it is characterized in that: wherein said first power module (1) also comprises isolation, transformation, rectification module (12), and described isolation, transformation, rectification module (12) are connected between outside 220V alternating-current voltage source and the described wide region PWM mode switch power module (21).
5. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 4; it is characterized in that: wherein said second source module (2) also comprises power supply detecting unit (24) and Power Management Unit (25); described power supply detecting unit (24) and Power Management Unit (25) are connected between described wide region PWM mode switch power module (21) and the described CPU module (3), and described backup battery (31) links to each other with described CPU through described Power Management Unit (25).
6. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 5 is characterized in that: it is 32 ARM microcontrollers with ultralow stand-by power consumption of STM32F103V8 that wherein said CPU module (3) adopts model.
7. the self-powered protective device that is used for electric line according to claim 6 is characterized in that: wherein said trip gear (4) has monostable coil or bistable state coil.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010205709261U CN201821085U (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2010-10-21 | Self-power-supply protection device for power transmission and distribution circuit |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2010205709261U CN201821085U (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2010-10-21 | Self-power-supply protection device for power transmission and distribution circuit |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN201821085U true CN201821085U (en) | 2011-05-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN2010205709261U Expired - Lifetime CN201821085U (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2010-10-21 | Self-power-supply protection device for power transmission and distribution circuit |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101976884A (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2011-02-16 | 北京清畅电力技术股份有限公司 | Self-powdered protection device for power transmission and distribution lines |
| CN105262052A (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2016-01-20 | 商晓 | Intelligent motor protector without external power source |
| CN110531219A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-12-03 | 上海芯荃微电子科技有限公司 | A kind of exchange detection method and circuit using switch drain |
-
2010
- 2010-10-21 CN CN2010205709261U patent/CN201821085U/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101976884A (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2011-02-16 | 北京清畅电力技术股份有限公司 | Self-powdered protection device for power transmission and distribution lines |
| CN105262052A (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2016-01-20 | 商晓 | Intelligent motor protector without external power source |
| CN110531219A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-12-03 | 上海芯荃微电子科技有限公司 | A kind of exchange detection method and circuit using switch drain |
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Granted publication date: 20110504 Effective date of abandoning: 20120829 |