CN200997609Y - Alignment apparatus for automatic vehicle satellite telecommunication antenna - Google Patents

Alignment apparatus for automatic vehicle satellite telecommunication antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
CN200997609Y
CN200997609Y CNU2006200741387U CN200620074138U CN200997609Y CN 200997609 Y CN200997609 Y CN 200997609Y CN U2006200741387 U CNU2006200741387 U CN U2006200741387U CN 200620074138 U CN200620074138 U CN 200620074138U CN 200997609 Y CN200997609 Y CN 200997609Y
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China
Prior art keywords
satellite
antenna
master control
signal
receiving card
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Expired - Lifetime
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CNU2006200741387U
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
宋小冬
乐武
邹学海
裘德龙
李玮
江春山
沈晓东
陆镭
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Nanjing China Spacenet Telecom Co Ltd
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Nanjing China Spacenet Telecom Co Ltd
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Abstract

A paraposition device of a full-automatic onboard satellite communication antenna comprises an antenna unit and an antenna control unit, which contains a satellite antenna driver (8), a satellite antenna controller (9), a global positioning system (13) and an electron compass (14). The paraposition device is characterized in that the satellite antenna controller (9) comprises a satellite signal reception card (10), a satellite signal AGC voltage reception card (11) and a master control board (12). The parallel port of each servo step motor in the antenna unit is connected with the parallel port of the master control board (12). The serial ports of the satellite global positioning system (13) and the electron compass (14) are respectively connected with the serial port of the master control board (12). The F-type socket of a frequency converter (4) in the antenna unit is connected with the F-type socket of the satellite signal reception card (10) through a cable. The double-core socket of the satellite signal reception card (10) is connected with the double-core socket of the satellite signal AGC voltage reception card (11), and the PCI interface of the satellite signal reception card (10) is connected with the PCI interface of the master control board (12). The parallel port of the satellite signal AGC voltage reception card (11) is connected with the parallel port of the master control board (12), which is connected with the parallel port of the satellite antenna driver (8). The drive interface of the satellite antenna driver (8) is connected with the drive interface of each servo step motor in the antenna unit.

Description

Full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of satellite communication antena automatic seeker, relates in particular to a kind of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device.
Background technology
At present, what adopt usually in the satellite communication method for searching star is the method that receives satellite beacon signals, and the angle of pitch, azimuth and the polarizing angle of adjusting antenna are realized the optimum reception location of antenna.Beacon signal narrow bandwidth in practical operation is not easy to catch, and is disturbed easily, and is high to the response requirement of system.In addition, often be used for the star equipment of seeking of satellite communication according to method for searching star, can adopt the beacon signal receiver, this beacon signal receiver is relatively more expensive, and cost is the several times of channel signal receiver.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this utility model is to solve the problems of the technologies described above, and a kind of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device of utilizing channel signal to carry out automatic star-seeking is provided.
A kind of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device, comprise antenna module and antenna control assembly, the antenna control assembly comprises the satellite antenna driver, the satellite antenna controller, global positioning system, electronic compass, above-mentioned satellite antenna controller comprises satellite-signal receiving card, satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card, master control borad, the parallel port of the parallel port of each servo step motor and master control borad is connected in the antenna module, the serial port of stellar-based global-positioning system and electronic compass is connected with the serial port of master control borad respectively, the F type connector assembly of frequency converter is connected by the F type connector assembly of cable and satellite-signal receiving card in the antenna module, two core sockets of satellite-signal receiving card are connected with two core sockets of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card, the pci interface of satellite-signal receiving card is connected with the pci interface of master control borad, the parallel port of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card and the parallel port of master control borad are connected, the parallel port of master control borad is connected with the parallel port of satellite antenna driver, and the driving interface of satellite antenna driver is connected with the driving interface of each servo step motor in the antenna module.
Operation principle of the present utility model is as follows:
Satellite communication antena automatic seeker of the present utility model, can under two kinds of patterns, seek star, these two kinds of patterns are automatic star-seeking patterns and manually seek the star pattern, system keeps in automatic star-seeking manually seeks the star function, because the residing place of satellite car may be because the interference of the factor of various electromagnetic environments, the correctness that influences the speed of automatic star-seeking or seek star, can artificially get rid of above-mentioned interference signal with the mode of manually seeking star this moment, guarantees to seek the accuracy of star to channel.
Antenna satellite antenna controller is the key control unit of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device, external global positioning system (hereinafter to be referred as GPS), electronic compass, satellite antenna driver.The satellite antenna controller comprises satellite-signal receiving card, satellite-signal automatic gain control (AutomaticGain Control, hereinafter to be referred as AGC) voltage receiving card, master control borad, contain the PS/2 interface on its master control borad, handle controller is connected on the satellite antenna controller by the PS/2 interface.Manually seeking under the star pattern, the satellite antenna controller can be accepted the instruction from handle, and the in house software program of antenna controller is resolved the order of handle controller via satellite, control satellite antenna driver, antenna module is implemented control, finish the action of manually seeking under the star pattern.
In full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device of the present utility model, above-mentioned software module part and hardware components are combined, be summarized as following control procedure:
Behind the program start, receiving world locational system (GPS) information at first, obtain the information of satellite car current location, mainly contain longitude, latitude and elevation information, then, receive the data of electronic compass, obtain the current attitude information of satellite car and antenna, mainly contain azimuth, the angle of pitch and roll attitude, finish the calculating that reception antenna points to the orientation set of data automatically.
Under the automatic star-seeking pattern, at first antenna runs to the direction of calculating, detect the numerical value of AGC voltage, differentiate the tracking mode of seeking the star signal, if less than predetermined value, star driven antenna direction is sought in the setting automatic adjustment of antenna driver via satellite according to program, do the search of Back Word type, the AGC voltage value that every step pitch interpretation is new, circulation is adjusted until the AGC voltage value and is surpassed predetermined threshold, and then with the scanning of right-angled intersection method, to obtain the AGC voltage point of maximum intensity of this channel signal, adjust polarizing angle at last, the AGC voltage value is retained in extreme value.Seek star azimuth, the angle of pitch, polarizing angle state the best, the signal quality maximum of Xian Shiing simultaneously this moment.
Manually seeking under the star pattern, indication according to the signal quality on the handle controller handle (generally requiring about 65%), with crawl (0.1 degree/step pitch) or continuous type of drive, the pointing direction of control antenna, in the hope of index signal intensity on the handle controller display is maximum, as the basis for estimation of seeking the star optimum state.At this moment, seeking star finishes.
By surveying four limit switch information from the bearing servo motor in the antenna module, pitching servomotor, polarization servomotor, be the information of left limit switch of lower position switch, the polarization of left and right sides limit switch, the pitching in orientation, antenna movement is guaranteed to carry out in only scope.
Compared with prior art, the utlity model has following advantage:
Above-mentioned satellite-signal receiving card adopts general satellite data receiving card, and promptly the channel signal receiver receives the channel signal from the L-band of antenna module frequency converter output, take out the strong and weak relevant AGC voltage value of channel signal therewith, be sent to satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card, judge that the sign of seeking star is not a beacon signal, but channel signal, the channel signal bandwidth is wide, catches easily, and speed is fast, system requirements is low, be not subject to disturb, seek star reliability height, can realize seeking apace star.
In addition, the cost of channel signal receiver is lower than beacon signal receiver cost, the low price several times.While the utility model keeps in automatic star-seeking manually seeks the star function, has the automatic star-seeking pattern and manually seeks two kinds of working methods of star pattern, can guarantee to seek the accuracy of star to channel more.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the circuit block diagram of satellite communication antena automatic seeker.
Fig. 2 is frequency converter connection description figure.
Fig. 3 is polarization servomotor connection description figure.
Fig. 4 is pitching servomotor connection description figure.
Fig. 5 is bearing servo motor connection description figure.
Fig. 6 is satellite antenna driver connection description figure.
Fig. 7 is satellite-signal receiving card connection description figure.
Fig. 8 is the connection description figure of satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card.
Fig. 9 is master control borad connection description figure.
Figure 10 is the connection description figure of global position system GPS.
Figure 11 is the connection description figure of electronic compass.
Figure 12 is the electric theory diagram of satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card.
Figure 13 is the circuit diagram of satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card.
Figure 14 is the automatic star-seeking process flow diagram.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device, comprise antenna module and antenna control assembly, the antenna control assembly comprises satellite antenna driver 8, satellite antenna controller 9, global positioning system 13, electronic compass 14, above-mentioned satellite antenna controller 9 comprises satellite-signal receiving card 10, satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card 11, master control borad 12, the parallel port of each servo step motor is connected with the parallel port of master control borad 12 in the antenna module, the serial port of stellar-based global-positioning system 13 and electronic compass 14 is connected with the serial port of master control borad 12 respectively, the F type connector assembly of frequency converter 4 is connected by the F type connector assembly of cable and satellite-signal receiving card 10 in the antenna module, two core sockets of satellite-signal receiving card 10 are connected with two core sockets of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card 11, the pci interface of satellite-signal receiving card 10 is connected with the pci interface of master control borad 12, the parallel port of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card 11 is connected with the parallel port of master control borad 12, the parallel port of master control borad 12 is connected with the parallel port of satellite antenna driver 8, and the driving interface of satellite antenna driver 8 is connected with the driving interface of each servo step motor in the antenna module.
As shown in figure 12, satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card 11, comprise integrated amplifier 111, gain level adapter 112, microprocessor 113, wherein microprocessor 113 contains the A/D converting unit, the in-phase input end of the output termination integrated amplifier 111 of above-mentioned satellite-signal receiving card 10, the output of integrated amplifier 111 feeds back to the inverting input of integrated amplifier 111 by gain level adapter 112, connect the input of microprocessor 113 simultaneously, from the digital signal of output I/O end output after the conversion of A/D converting unit of microprocessor 113.
As shown in Figure 1, also can comprise handle controller 15 in the above-mentioned antenna control assembly, on the master control borad 12 of above-mentioned satellite antenna controller 9 the PS/2 interface be arranged, master control borad 12 is connected by the PS/2 interface with handle controller 15.
In the utility model, antenna module comprises antenna mechanism (antenna 1, antenna holder 2, support 3) and antenna servo structure, comprises bearing servo motor 7, pitching servomotor 6, polarization servomotor 5 in the antenna servo mechanism, also comprises frequency converter 4 in addition.This device will provide control signal and power supply to 3 stepping motors in the servomechanism, and wherein control signal comprises driving pulse, rotation direction signal and off line signal, and native system does not use the off line signal, and motor is in controlled state all the time.
There are four limit switch information in above-mentioned antenna servo mechanism, i.e. the vertical spacing spacing right information of spacing left information in orientation and orientation of information, bearing servo motor down of the spacing left information of the polarization of frequency converter 4, pitching servomotor.The effect of limit switch is to prevent that mechanism kinematic is offside.
The satellite antenna signals of frequency converter 4 (with reference to Fig. 2) reception antenna mechanism, its output 41 connects satellite-signal receiving card 10 by F type connector assembly.
Polarization servomotor 5 (with reference to Fig. 3), by parallel control mouth 51 input drive signals polarization motor drive direction, parallel control mouth 52 input drive signals polarization motor pulses, the parallel control mouth 53 output limit switch signal collections spacing left side of polarizing.
Pitching servomotor 6 (with reference to Fig. 4), parallel control mouth 61 input drive signal pitching motor directions, the 62 input drive signal pitching motor pulses of parallel control mouth, the 63 output limit switch signal collections of parallel control mouth are vertically spacing down.
Bearing servo motor (with reference to Fig. 5), by parallel control mouth 71 input drive signal azimuth-drive motor directions, the 72 input drive signal azimuth-drive motor pulses of parallel control mouth, parallel control mouth 73 output limit switch signal are gathered the spacing left side of level, and parallel control mouth 74 output limit switch signal are gathered the spacing right side of level.
Satellite antenna driver 8 (with reference to Fig. 6), the input 51 of above-mentioned polarization servomotor 5 and the drive signal of satellite antenna driver 8 polarization motor drive direction output 88 are connected by the parallel port, the control of the servomotor direction that realizes determining polarizing; The drive signal polarization motor pulses output 89 of input 52 and the satellite antenna driver 8 of polarization servomotor 5 is connected the transmission of realization stepper drive pulse by the parallel port; The drive signal pitching motor direction output 810 of the input 61 of pitching servomotor and satellite antenna driver 8 is connected by the parallel port, realizes determining the control of pitching servomotor direction; The drive signal pitching motor pulse output end 811 of the input 62 of pitching servomotor and satellite antenna driver 8 is connected by the parallel port, realizes the transmission of stepper drive pulse; The drive signal azimuth-drive motor direction output 812 of the input 71 of bearing servo motor and satellite antenna driver 8 is connected by the parallel port, realize determining the control of bearing servo motor drive direction, the drive signal azimuth-drive motor pulse output end 813 of the input 72 of bearing servo motor and satellite antenna driver 8 is connected by the parallel port, realizes the transmission of stepper drive pulse.
Satellite-signal receiving card 10 (with reference to Fig. 7), the input 107 of satellite-signal receiving card 10 is connected by F type connector assembly with the output 41 of frequency converter 4, reception is from the channel signal of satellite channel (Ku wave band) through the L-band of frequency converter in the antenna module, and output 106 is exported the AGC voltage of above-mentioned channel signal.Contain the PCI standard interface on the satellite-signal receiving card 10, this PCI standard interface is connected with pci interface on the master control borad 12.Satellite-signal receiving card 10 adopts the Utility Satellite data receiver cards in the utility model, as Shenzhen through the sky 320 cards, go up wide card in Hainan or the like.
Satellite-signal AGC voltage is accepted to block for 11 (as shown in Figure 8), the output 106 of its input 107 and satellite-signal receiving card 10 joins, its output L111, L112, L113, L114, L115, L116 are 6 core data wires, are connected with master control borad 12 by the parallel port; Its output 1109,1110,1111,1112 connects signal quality indication LED lamp, and its output 1113,1114 connects the program state indicator light and seeks starlike attitude indicator light.Satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card 11 physical circuit figure as shown in figure 13, its gain level adapter 112 is by two fixed resistance R5, R4 and variable resistor R11 composition that is connected in series, the end of the activity termination R1 of variable resistor R11, the in-phase input end of another termination integrated amplifier 111 of R1, the end of variable-resistance activity termination R2 of while, the inverting input of another termination integrated amplifier 111 of R2, the output of integrated amplifier 111 connects the integrated amplifier inverting input by resistance R 3, and the output of integrated amplifier also connects the A/D input of microprocessor 113 simultaneously.
Master control borad (with reference to Fig. 9), the limit switch signal collection of polarization servomotor 5 polarize spacing left to the input 1227 of output 53 and master control borad 12 be connected by the parallel port, realized protective effect to the servomechanism that polarizes; The vertical spacing orientation output 63 down of the limit switch signal collection of pitching servomotor 6 is connected by the parallel port with the input 1228 of master control borad 12, has realized the protective effect to antenna servo mechanism; The limit switch signal of bearing servo motor 7 is gathered the spacing left in orientation and is connected by the parallel port to the input 1229 of output 73 and master control borad 12, the input 1230 that the limit switch signal of bearing servo motor 7 is gathered the spacing right output 74 in orientation and master control borad 12 is connected by the parallel port, has realized the protection to antenna servo mechanism; The parallel port output 81 of satellite antenna driver 8 is connected with master control borad input 127 and ground connection, the input 82 of satellite antenna driver 8,83,84,85,86,87 by the parallel port respectively with the pitching motor pulse signal output end 126 of master control borad 12, pitching motor direction signal output 125, horizontal motor pulses signal output part 124, horizontal motor drive direction signal output part 123, polarization motor pulses signal output part 122, polarization motor drive direction signal output part 121 connects by the parallel port, has realized pitching in the antenna servo mechanism, polarization, the drive controlling transmission of direction.Satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card 11 output L111, L112, L113, L114, L115, L116 are connected with the input 1221,1220,1219,1218,1217,1216 of master control borad 12 by the parallel port, and the pci interface of satellite-signal receiving card 10 is connected with the pci interface of master control borad 12.The input the 1231, the 1232nd of master control borad, serial port, the 1233rd, RS/2 interface.Master control borad requires to adopt real-time control system, and the precision of control requires to reach 50 microseconds in one pulse tine to the time, and it is 1 microsecond that the mean accuracy of per 100 pulses requires.
In order to reach the requirement of accurate control, master control borad 12 adopts the general-purpose computer mainboard, as Intel mainboard, Asus's mainboard etc.
Global positioning system (GPS) 13 (as Figure 10) is transferred to satellite car current location (comprise longitude, latitude, highly) by RS232 serial port 131 the RS232 input 1231 of master control borad 12.Above-mentioned gps system is as adopting ITrax02.
Electronic compass 14 (as Figure 11) is transferred to (comprising azimuth, the angle of pitch, roll angle) the RS232 input 1232 of main control computer master control borad 12 by RS232 serial line interface 141 with antenna condition information, and electronic compass is as adopting three-dimensional electronic compass LP3300.
Below, with reference to Figure 14, set forth the star process of seeking under the automatic star-seeking pattern of the present utility model:
1, after car arrival target location stopped, master control borad 12 carried out initialization, promptly stops the action of all servo step motors.
2, master control borad 12 obtains the positional information of satellite car by global positioning system (GPS) 13, comprises longitude, latitude and elevation information.
3, master control borad 12 obtains the azimuth information of satellite car and antenna by electronic compass 14, comprises orientation, pitching and roll attitude data.
4, the host computer module of master control borad 12 is according to following computing formula:
E = tg - 1 [ cos α cos β r R 1 - ( cos α cos β ) 2 ]
A = tg - 1 tgα sin β
P=tg-1(sinα/tgβ)
Calculate the theoretical position value of antenna elevation angle, azimuth, polarizing angle, wherein α=(car location longitude Φ 2 one satellite place longitude Φ 1); β is a car place latitude; R is an earth radius; R is the geo-stationary orbit radius; A is the azimuth; E is the angle of pitch; P is a polarizing angle.
5, master control borad 12 calculates the pitching umber of pulse according to the theoretical position value of antenna elevation angle, drives the theoretical position that satellite antenna driver 8 makes the antenna direction angle of pitch.
This step is because record by experiment repeatedly, the interference minimum on the pitch orientation, and level is relatively stable, and error is no more than ± and 1 °.
6, master control borad 12 is according to the theoretical position value of antenna azimuth, and the computer azimuth umber of pulse drives the theoretical position that satellite antenna driver 8 makes the antenna direction orientation.Here adopt the theoretical position that makes the antenna direction angle of pitch earlier, make the reason of the azimuthal theoretical position of antenna direction be that azimuth direction is subject to disturb most again, be subjected to the earth magnetism environmental impact bigger, uncertain factor is more, and the pitch orientation interference is less, relatively stable.
7, after antenna arrives predetermined theoretical position, detect the intensity of AGC voltage, do the search of Back Word type earlier, remake cross scanning, try to achieve the maximum value position point of satellite-signal AGC voltage.
Gather AGC voltage in real time by satellite-signal AGC voltage receiving card, to master control borad 12 transmission, the master control borad control antenna is done the scanning of Back Word type, and promptly first control antenna carries out the scanning of horizontal direction, if AGC voltage surpasses the predetermined threshold of voltage, then note the threshold position of AGC voltage, if do not surpass the predetermined threshold of AGC voltage, then control antenna moves a step pitch on pitch orientation, proceeds horizontal sweep again, so circulation is gone down, and arrives threshold value until AGC voltage.Find above behind the position of threshold value, carry out cross scanning in this place again, promptly carry out the horizontal sweep of antenna earlier, note this AGC voltage max position, antenna moves to the point of maximum intensity position of the satellite channel signal of horizontal direction, carry out vertical scanning again, note AGC voltage max position, antenna moves to the point of maximum intensity position of the satellite channel signal of pitch orientation.When the antenna angle of pitch and azimuthal finish best the adjustment after, carry out the adjustment of polarizing angle again, this is because the direction of polarizing angle is least responsive.Seek star azimuth, the angle of pitch, polarizing angle state the best, the signal quality maximum of Xian Shiing simultaneously this moment.The automatic star-seeking process finishes.
Manually seek star process and above-mentioned automatic star-seeking similar process, by handle controller manually control antenna find the point of maximum intensity position of satellite channel signal.

Claims (3)

1, a kind of full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device, comprise antenna module and antenna control assembly, the antenna control assembly comprises satellite antenna driver (8), satellite antenna controller (9), global positioning system (13), electronic compass (14), it is characterized in that
Above-mentioned satellite antenna controller (9) comprises satellite-signal receiving card (10), satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card (11), master control borad (12), the parallel port of each servo step motor is connected with the parallel port of master control borad (12) in the antenna module, the serial port of stellar-based global-positioning system (13) and electronic compass (14) is connected with the serial port of master control borad (12) respectively, the F type connector assembly of frequency converter in the antenna module (4) is connected by the F type connector assembly of cable and satellite-signal receiving card (10), two core sockets of satellite-signal receiving card (10) are connected with two core sockets of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card (11), the pci interface of satellite-signal receiving card (10) is connected with the pci interface of master control borad (12), the parallel port of satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card (11) is connected with the parallel port of master control borad (12), the parallel port of master control borad (12) is connected with the parallel port of satellite antenna driver (8), and the driving interface of satellite antenna driver (8) is connected with the driving interface of each servo step motor in the antenna module.
2, full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
Satellite-signal AGC (automatic gain control) voltage receiving card (11), comprise integrated amplifier (111), gain level adapter (112), microprocessor (113), wherein microprocessor (113) contains the A/D converting unit, the in-phase input end of the output termination integrated amplifier (111) of above-mentioned satellite-signal receiving card (10), the output of integrated amplifier (111) feeds back to the inverting input of integrated amplifier (111) by gain level adapter (112), connect the input of microprocessor (113) simultaneously, from the digital signal of output I/O end output after the conversion of A/D converting unit of microprocessor (113).
3, full-automatic vehicle-mounted satellite communication antena alignment device according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
Also can comprise handle controller (15) in the above-mentioned antenna control assembly, on the master control borad (12) of above-mentioned satellite antenna controller (9) the PS/2 interface be arranged, master control borad (12) is connected by the PS/2 interface with handle controller (15).
CNU2006200741387U 2006-06-19 2006-06-19 Alignment apparatus for automatic vehicle satellite telecommunication antenna Expired - Lifetime CN200997609Y (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
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CN200997609Y true CN200997609Y (en) 2007-12-26

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104618008A (en) * 2015-01-04 2015-05-13 成都盟升科技有限公司 AGC (Automatic Gain Control) level satellite searching based rapid locking method
CN109542128A (en) * 2018-11-02 2019-03-29 北京爱科迪通信技术股份有限公司 A kind of manual automatic star-seeking error control method and system

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104618008A (en) * 2015-01-04 2015-05-13 成都盟升科技有限公司 AGC (Automatic Gain Control) level satellite searching based rapid locking method
CN104618008B (en) * 2015-01-04 2017-09-19 成都盟升科技有限公司 A kind of fast locking method that star is sought based on AGC level
CN109542128A (en) * 2018-11-02 2019-03-29 北京爱科迪通信技术股份有限公司 A kind of manual automatic star-seeking error control method and system

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Effective date of abandoning: 20090819

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