CN1997552A - Pulse systems and methods for detaching ice - Google Patents

Abstract

A pulse system for detaching ice includes a power supply for applying a high-power heating pulse to the interface between ice and an object such as a cold plate of an ice making system, an ice-container, a heat-exchanger, a refrigerator surface or an airplane wing. Pulse heating may be generated within a metal foil or resistive film disposed upon an object to be deiced, or a capillary tube proximate the object to be deiced. An interfacial layer of ice is melted and the ice is released from the object. A force, for example gravity, pressure of vaporization or mechanical scraping, removes the ice from the object.

Description

Pulse system and the method that is used for separate ice

The cross reference of related application

The application requires to have co-proprietor's the pending trial U.S. Provisional Patent Application of submitting on June 22nd, 2,004 60/581,912, the pending trial U.S. Provisional Patent Application of submitting on January 24th, 2,005 60/646,394 and the preceence of the pending trial U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/646,932 submitted on January 25th, 2005.Aforementioned all applications and patent all comprise in this application by the mode of reference.

Background technology

Such as to fixed equipment or the equipment (for example aerocraft, electric wireline, highway, roof) that uses out of doors carries out deicing, in can equipment (for example H Exch, the refrigerator) occasion of accumulated ice in operating process and in ice plant, be important from deicing.

In traditional civilian and commercial ice maker, ice is by slowly being generated by the water of cold drawing or barrier cooling.Ice generate finish after, put thereby cold drawing/barrier slowly can be heated on the fusing point of ice this is disappeared without a trace; This heating period is consumes energy but also consuming time not only, has therefore reduced the efficient and the capacity rating of ice maker.And, the hardware of ice maker and the ice that is generated need be spent a large amount of heats from the fusing point that ice generation temperature is heated to described ice.Subsequently before new ice begins to generate again longer time of cost and more energy to cool off described ice maker again hard.

Summary of the invention

In one embodiment, a kind of ice-making system comprises: cold drawing; Dielectric film; Thin metal foil is cooled off by described dielectric film by described cold drawing, thereby makes the water of close described metallic paper ice with regard to forming thereon; Power supply; And conv, be used for described power supply is connected to described thin metal foil.The water that closes on described metallic paper forms ice, and this ice is released from described metallic paper when conv is operated, and the feasible electric current from described power supply of the operation of described conv flows through described thin metal foil, thereby produces the contact bed that heat pulse is melted described ice.

In one embodiment, a kind of ice-making system comprises: cold drawing; Metallic paper by described cold drawing cooling; Power supply; And conv, be used for described power supply is connected to described metallic paper.The water that closes on described metallic paper forms ice, and this ice is released from described metallic paper when conv is operated, thereby the operation of described conv produces the contact bed that heat pulse is melted in the described ice at described metallic paper place.

In one embodiment, a kind of ice-making system comprises: the ice container; Be positioned at the capillary tub of the base portion of described ice container; And power supply.Described ice container is converted into ice with water when being cooled.Described power supply is used for applying the PULSE HEATING energy to described ice container and described capillary tub.Described PULSE HEATING makes the contact bed iced in described ice container melt, and make in the described capillary tub the ice evaporation and will ice from described ice container and discharge.

In one embodiment, a kind of evaporation ice removal system comprises: be arranged in the resistive film on the object for the treatment of deicing; Capillary array, each capillary tub all have the surperficial concordant open end with described object; And power supply, be used for to described resistive film energize so that produce the PULSE HEATING energy at described resistive film, and to described capillary tub energize in case make in the described capillary tub the ice evaporation and from described object, ice raft is gone out.

In one embodiment, a kind of ice removal system of evaporating has and is arranged in lip-deep resistive film, multicellular metal foil band and the power supply for the treatment of the deicing object.Described power supply is used for to described resistive film and described porous metal strap feeding energy.The PULSE HEATING energy generates in described resistive film, and the contact bed of the ice of feasible close described resistive film melts.Ice evaporates in described porous metal band, and ice is discharged from from described object.

In one embodiment, a kind of described power supply is changed to described H Exch by TURP for the system of refrigerator deicing comprises the H Exch with collapsible surface, wall pipe and the power supply that has refrigerant, so that remove ice from described H Exch.

In one embodiment, a kind of being used for comprises parent tube, is installed in a plurality of fins, power supply on the described parent tube and the conv that described power supply is connected to described parent tube the system of H Exch deicing.Described conv operation is applied to described parent tube with current impulse.The joule heating makes the temperature of described parent tube and described fin rise, thereby melts ice attached thereto.

Description of drawings

Shown in Figure 1 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing (PETD).

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 2 is among Fig. 1 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Shown in Figure 3 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing.

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 4 is among Fig. 3 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Shown in Figure 5 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing.

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 6 is among Fig. 5 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Shown in Figure 7 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing.

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 8 is among Fig. 7 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Shown in Figure 9 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing.

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 10 is among Fig. 9 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Shown in Figure 11 is an exemplary embodiment that adopts the ice-making system of pulse electrothermal deicing.

The ice-making system that shown in Figure 12 is among Figure 11 has been expressed the employing pulse electrothermal deicing and has been come separate ice.

Figure 13 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 1, the thermal diffusion length (L of epoxy resin _d) and ice thermal diffusion length (L _i) and pulse duration between correlativity.

Figure 14 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 1, the correlativity between gross energy and the power.

Figure 15 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 1, the correlativity between removing speed and the power density.

Figure 16 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 1, the correlativity between reset time and the power density.

Figure 17 has expressed for the ice-making system with 0.2mm dielectric thickness among Fig. 1, the correlativity between freeze-off time and the power density again.

Figure 18 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 1, again the correlativity between freeze-off time and the dielectric thickness d.

Figure 19 has expressed for the ice-making system with 0.2mm dielectric thickness among Fig. 1, again the correlativity between freeze-off time and the melt layer thickness.

Figure 20 has expressed for the ice-making system among Fig. 7, L _d(t) and L _i(t) and the correlativity between the pulse duration t.

The air gap that Figure 21 has expressed in Fig. 7 is the ice-making system of 0.2mm, every m ²Gross energy Q and the correlativity between the power density W.

Figure 22 has expressed the correlativity between described total reset time T and the heating power density W.

Figure 23 has expressed the correlativity between described removing speed Ss and the heating power density W.

Figure 24 has expressed the described t of freeze-off time again _rAnd the correlativity between the power density W.

Figure 25 has expressed freeze-off time t again _rAnd the correlativity between the dielectric thickness d.

Figure 26 has expressed freeze-off time t again _rWith melt layer thickness l _mBetween correlativity.

Shown in Figure 27 an is transparent view that is configured to a kind of H Exch of the pulse system that is used for separate ice.

Shown in Figure 28 is the birds-eye view of the described H Exch among Figure 27, and this H Exch has the ice of accumulation and links to each other with conv with power supply.

Shown in Figure 29 is to be configured to a kind of H Exch that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.

Shown in Figure 30 is the cutaway view of the described H Exch among Figure 29.

Figure 31 has expressed the equilibrium of pressure of aqueous vapor and the correlativity of temperature.

Figure 32 A has schematically shown a kind of pulse ice removal system.

Shown in Figure 32 B is the described pulse ice removal system among Figure 32 A after heat pulse is applied on the heater element.

Shown in Figure 33 is the cutaway view that adopts an ice-making system of PETD and Pulse Electric evaporation deicing (PEED).

Shown in Figure 34 is the cutaway view that adopts the ice-making system of PETD and PEED.

Shown in Figure 35 is adopts PETD and PEED to remove a kind of pulse ice removal system of the ice on the leading edge of wing.

Shown in Figure 36 is the transparent view of the part of the wing among Figure 35.

Figure 37 A schematically shows a kind of Pulse Electric evaporation ice removal system.

Shown in Figure 37 B is the described pulse ice removal system among Figure 37 A after heat pulse is applied on the heater element.

Shown in Figure 38 is a kind of a kind of folded heat exchanger that is used for the pulse system of separate ice that is configured to.

Shown in Figure 39 is, and some couple together the cutaway view of the paper tinsel pad (foilwasher) that forms a kind of refrigerant pipe.

Shown in Figure 40 is to be connected the cutaway view that forms more a kind of paper tinsel pads of refrigerant pipe on the straight tube.

Shown in Figure 41 is that another kind is configured to a kind of folded heat exchanger that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.

Shown in Figure 42 is that another kind is configured to a kind of folded heat exchanger that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.

Shown in Figure 43 is, and a kind of mode that adopts the pulse deicing is come the method for ice making.

Shown in Figure 44 is, and a kind of mode that adopts the pulse deicing is come the method for ice making.

Shown in Figure 45 is, and a kind of mode that adopts Pulse Electric evaporation deicing is come the method for ice making.

Shown in Figure 46 is, and a kind of mode that adopts Pulse Electric evaporation deicing is come the method for ice making.

That shown in Figure 47 is an embodiment with the H Exch that is installed in supravasal array of fins.

Shown in Figure 48 is the section that passes a conduit and fin component.

Shown in Figure 49 is expression fine aluminium thermal diffusion length and diagram of curves between the time at room temperature.

Shown in Figure 50 is expression aluminium heat exchanger is provided power and (b) diagram of curves between the temperature and time when providing power by heat pulse under the situation that cooling pump and fan stop by heat pulse in (a) operating process.

The specific embodiment

U.S. Patent application No.10/364,438 have described pulse electrothermal deicing method (PETD).PETD provides the removal method of ice, for example by heat being changed the interface ice of locating at the interface (also being referred to as " ice-object interface " at this) between object and ice.Heat energy can be applied to described interface so that melt the contact bed of ice; Being applied to the extended period aspect and can being restricted of this energy makes the thickness that the thermal-diffusion length of heat energy in described ice only extends through the contact bed of described ice that adds that is applied to described interface.

By applying high-power heat pulse to the interface of icing and ice between the object that is adhered to, interface ice almost bears instant thawing.When applying constant power density W (unit for watt/sq m) to the interface, the energy Q that described interface heating Δ T degree is required (unit for joule) almost is inversely proportional to described power density W.Therefore, compare,, can reduce energy Q by applying very high power density W to the interface for the treatment of deicing with the energy that the electro-thermal deicing device of common (low to mid power) is consumed.Usually, adopt very high power density W can save up to 99% heating and the energy that freezes again.

But be to use to have these energy-efficient principles of Q ∝ 1/W and can not ad infinitum reduce Q, freeze institute's time spent again because less Q can shorten the interface.Owing to when adopting PETD, exist this quick interface to freeze (this fast speed freezes to play the effect of catching once more or producing ice again again) again, therefore should promptly described ice be removed from described surface by certain power (gravity, air resistance, mechanical scraping or the like).

If ice is not removed, this interface can be through freezing again after cycle time, and according to external temperature, pulse duration and substrate characteristics, this time cycle scope is from several milliseconds to about 30 seconds.Under or the occasion that do not have less in the power of removing ice, for example H Exch of the horizontal surface of the stagnation line of wing, highway, airfield runway, refrigerator and flat roof, the use of freezing then to have limited PETD again at interface.

Adopt the ice-making system of PETD

The thawing of ice also can be used for ice making.That is to say that by melting ice cube and holding the contact bed of the ice between the ice pan of described ice cube, ice cube can be relatively easily removed subsequently.To describe below and adopt PETD so that the ice-making system of results ice.

Shown in Fig. 1 and 2 is a kind of exemplary ice-making system (10) that adopts pulse electrothermal deicing (" PETD ").In system 10 (1), ice (5) is formed on the paper tinsel 18 (1), and described paper tinsel is by approaching dielectric film 16 (1) attached on the cold drawing 12 (1).Cold drawing 12 (1) is for example by flowing through the fluid cooling of pipeline 14.Ice 5 (1) is generated by the water (not shown) that flows through paper tinsel 18 (1) from the top to the bottom.Paper tinsel 18 (1) for example is a kind of thin metal foil.By cold drawing 12 (1) coolings, this thin dielectric film for example is the skim dielectric material to paper tinsel 18 (1) by thin dielectric film 16 (1).Ice 5 (1) also can for example be generated by the water that is full of the container that is formed by paper tinsel 18 (1) when cold drawing 12 (1) is oriented to level attitude.In case generated abundant ice, then made power supply 22 be connected to paper tinsel 18 (1) and the current flow heats pulse is applied on the paper tinsel 18 (1) by closed conv 20.The interface ice near paper tinsel 18 (1) is melted in described pulse, makes ice 5 (1) separate with paper tinsel 18 (1).Ice 5 (1) for example can be collected in a container (not shown) that is arranged under the ice-making system 10 (1).

Power supply 22 can be conventional AC outlet or such as the direct supply of battery, cond or ultra-capacitor.Conv 20 can be any combination of a kind of semiconductor switch (active MOSFET, IGBT, thyristor or the like), mechanical switch, electromagnetic transducer or above-mentioned conv.

In one embodiment, the density (with respect to the area of paper tinsel 18 (1)) of the heating power that provides of the voltage and current that is applied is at about 1kw/m ²To 500kw/m ²Scope in.Power supply 22 produces voltage at alternating current or the direct current (DC) of about 2.5V to about 1000V according to the difference of the resistance of paper tinsel 18 (1).Paper tinsel 18 (1) can be by sputter, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), form by electrolytic treatments and/or by the another kind of technology that is used to form a kind of thin metallic film.

In one embodiment, the thickness of paper tinsel 18 (1) can from about 0.5 μ m in the scope of about 1mm.In certain embodiments, paper tinsel 18 (1) can have electrically-conducting paint, conducting polymer thin film, carbon fiber composite material or carbon microtubule composite material to form.

Dielectric film 16 (1) and cold drawing 12 (1) electrical isolations.Dielectric film 16 (1) can be made by for example dielectric material, such as porcelain, glass, rubber, poly-mer, composite material and/or other dielectric materials.Usually, the thickness of thin dielectric film 16 (1) is in about 10 μ m arrive the scope of about 2mm.The heat pulse extended period is usually in 1ms arrives the scope of to30s; But 1ms is just enough to the scope of 10s.

The operation of system 10 (1) can be optimized and the electric energy of consumes least, and provides time enough slip away paper tinsel 18 (1) and cold drawing 12 (1) for ice 5 (1) before freeze again at the interface between ice 5 (1) and the paper tinsel.Operation for system can optimum parameters for example be:

A) temperature of cold drawing 12 (1)

B) thickness, density, heat absorption capacity and the heat conductivity of dielectric film 16 (1)

C) thickness, density, resistance and the heat absorption capacity of metallic paper/film 18 (1)

D) density of ice 5 (1), thawing latent heat, heat absorption capacity and heat conductivity

E) melt layer thickness

F) melt layer freeze-off time again

G) heating power density

Shown in Fig. 3 and 4 is another exemplary ice-making system 10 (2), and this system has adopted PETD.System 10 (2) has cold drawing 12 (2) and dielectric film 16 (2), and has pipeline 14, power supply 22 and conv 20, and these are the same with parts with same tag in the system 10 (1).In system 10 (2), ice " piece " 5 (2) (" piece " on the possible yes or no geometric meaning) be formed at paper tinsel 18 (2) on, the shape of this paper tinsel is formed for icing the sack 19 (1) of generation.Sack 19 can be equipped with from the next water of the overhead stream of paper tinsel 18 (2), and perhaps under the situation of horizontal cold drawing 12 (2), sack 19 can be full of static water.Originally water begin to be frozen in the surface of each sack, and this surface and described cold drawing have best thermal contact.When forming enough ice in sack 19 (1), the current flow heats pulse is heated this temperature booster paper tinsel and made makes ice " piece " 5 (2) separate with sack 19 (1) by the interface ice-out.Repeat the circulation that this freezes and discharge ice subsequently.

Shown in Fig. 5 and 6 is another exemplary ice-making system 10 (3), and this system has adopted PETD.System 10 (3) has cold drawing 12 (3) and dielectric film 16 (3), and has pipeline 14, power supply 22 and conv 20, and these are the same with parts with same tag in 10 (2) with system 10 (1).In system 10 (3), the thickness adjusted of the variation of dielectric film 16 (3) from be formed at paper tinsel 18 (3) on ice 5 (3) point to the thermal flow of cold drawings 12 (3).Therefore dielectric film 16 (3) has lower heat conductivity, and described thermal flow then reduces in film 16 (3) thicker places (for example the position 17) in that the relatively thinner place (position of the ice 5 (3) for example) of film 16 (3) is bigger.The generating rate of ice and the infiltration thermal flow of described cold drawing 12 (3) and proportional, described water from the difference between the thermal flow of water from the overhead stream of cold drawing 12 (3) to the bottom.At thicker 17 places, position of film 16 (3), the heat that described mobile water brings is more than the heat that infiltrates in the cold drawing 12 (3), therefore can prevent the generation of stagnant ice.When ice 5 (3) grew into desirable thickness, heat pulse discharged ice 5 (3), as shown in Figure 6.

What be worth high praise is that the area of thick dielectric can be formed at the interior conduit of cold drawing interior (for example position 17 among Fig. 5 and 6) or be formed by dielectric surface of swelling, and perhaps is combined to form by it.According to specific dielectric pattern, can be so that the ice type be grown to serve as semisphere, half round post, square ice, clavate ice, star ice or the like.Extremely thin and when having relatively low heat conductivity (for example corrosion-resistant steel) when metallic paper 16 (3), laterally the direction of paper tinsel (for example along) thermal flow then is restricted, and causes occurring between adjacent ice type not have the space of icing.Thicker and when having higher heat conductivity when metallic paper, laterally thermal flow can make that the growth rate of the ice on the whole paper tinsel area is average, causes forming the ice type that freezes together.

Although ice-making system 10 (1), 10 (2) and 10 (3) have multiple advantage (such as saved movable part, can rapid release ice, energy consumption is low and the growth of ice is interrupted hardly), they still have some defective.A defective makes the dielectric film of described cold drawing and the isolation of described metal foil electricity also hinder the required interchange of heat of growth of ice.Usually, the thermal resistance such as the dielectric film of film 16 (1), 16 (2) or 16 (3) equals the thermal resistance of 0.5mm to the ice of 2mm.Therefore, in the growth cyclic process of ice, because the existence of the sort of dielectric film will make the thickness loss 0.5mm that ices to 2mm.Therefore, during heat pulse, a spot of heat will escape into described cold drawing by described dielectric film, has therefore increased the needs of whole electric energy.Another potential defective of system 10 (1), 10 (2) and 10 (3) may be the difference aspect the hot expansion system of the hot expansion system (CTE) of paper tinsel 18 and dielectric layer 16.These two CTE should mate the bigger interfacial stress of inducing owing to heat pulse to avoid preferably, and perhaps the modulus of elasticity of dielectric layer 16 should be lower, so that the restriction heat-induced stress.

Ice-making system shown in Fig. 7-12 has been eliminated above-mentioned defective by removing dielectric film 16.For example, be the exemplary ice-making system 10 (4) of the another kind of PETD of employing shown in Fig. 7 and 8.System 10 (4) has cold drawing 12 (4) and has pipeline 14, power supply 22 and conv 20, and these are the same with parts with same tag in the system 10 (1), 10 (2) and 10 (3).System 10 (4) is similar with system 10 (1), difference be (a) system 10 (4) do not have dielectric film and (b) system 10 (4) have the space 15 (1) that is encapsulated between cold drawing 12 (4) and the paper tinsel 18 (4).Space 15 (1) can alternately be evacuated or be full of air.When space 15 (1) was evacuated, barometric pressure was pressed against paper tinsel 18 (4) on the cold drawing 12 (4), and thermal contact is provided, and made ice to go up growth at paper tinsel 18 (4).In order to gather in the crops ice, can pump air into space 15 (1), the thermal contact between separation and interruption cold drawing 12 (4) and the paper tinsel 18 (4).For example a kind of pump that in cylinder body, moves and can be used as system 19 (4) by the piston that electromagnet drives; Perhaps also can use other pump to be used for this purpose.When air separated paper tinsel 18 (4) with cold drawing 12 (4), the indicated air gap size of the arrow A among Fig. 8 can be in about 10 μ m scope about to 2cm.With after paper tinsel 18 (4) separates, just apply heat pulse so that melt interface ice at cold drawing 12 (4) to paper tinsel 18 (4); At this moment, ice 5 (4) then slides into downwards in the ice catcher.

Shown in Fig. 9 and 10 is the exemplary ice-making system 10 (5) of the another kind of PETD of employing.System 10 (5) has cold drawing 12 (5), and this cold drawing has adjacent space 15 (2), and this system has pipeline 14, power supply 22 and conv 20, and these are the same with parts with same tag in the system 10 (1-4).System 10 (5) is similar with system 10 (4), but the paper tinsel of this system 18 (5) is formed for the sack 19 (2) of ice " piece " 5 (5), and ice is growth therein.Sack 19 (2) can be full of under water that comes from the overhead stream of described device or the situation that is in level at cold drawing 12 (5) can be full of static water in advance.By pumping air into or pump space 15 (2), paper tinsel 18 (5) can produce thermal contact or break away from thermal contact with cold drawing 12 (5).When this thermal contact generates ice in system 10 (5) " carrying out " and be applied to film 18 (5) in heat pulse and go up so that discharge ice " soon " 5 (5) and " stop " before.

Shown in Figure 11 and 12 is the exemplary ice-making system 10 (6) of the another kind of PETD of employing.System 10 (6) has cold drawing 12 (6), and this cold drawing has adjacent space 15 (3), and this system has pipeline 14, power supply 22 and conv 20, and these are the same with parts with same tag in the system 10 (1-5).In system 10 (6), the interchange of heat between cold drawing 12 (6) and the paper tinsel 18 (6) can be regulated by the groove 24 that is formed in the cold drawing 12 (6).Groove 24 changes local ice growth rate in a kind of mode similar to the operation of system 10 (3) (Fig. 5 and 6).With reference to as described in Fig. 5 and 6, the adjusting of interchange of heat can be so that the ice cube of different shape generates as the front: semisphere, square, star or the like.A kind of pumparound (not shown) can be a kind of at the described mode of the system among Fig. 7-9 similar mode and the pulse ice removal system co-operating that forms by power supply 22, conv 20 and paper tinsel 18 (6), so that make paper tinsel 18 (6) separate before adopting heat pulse to discharge to ice " piece " 5 (6) with cold drawing 12 (6).

Example 1:

One example provides exemplary (indefiniteness) specifications and characteristics parameter of the system 10 (1) shown in Fig. 1 and 2.Below these parameters be used for these calculating as input:

Table 1: the constant and the variable that are used for example 1

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			The temperature (being lower than 0C) of cold drawing 12 (1)	ΔT	18K
The material of dielectric film 16 (1)		Epoxy resin

The thickness of dielectric film 16 (1)	d	Variable
			The density of dielectric film 16 (1)	ρ d	1200kg/m 3
The heat absorption capacity of dielectric film 16 (1)	C d	10 3J/(kg·K)
			The heat conductivity of dielectric film 16 (1)	λ d	0.2W/(m.K)
The material of paper tinsel 18 (1)		Corrosion-resistant steel
			The thickness of paper tinsel 18 (1)	d h	50μm
The density of paper tinsel 18 (1)	ρ h	7800kg/m 3
			The heat absorption capacity of paper tinsel 18 (1)	C h	450J/(kg·K)
The area of paper tinsel 18 (1)	S	0.645m 2
			Be applied to the power density on the heater film	W	Variable
Apply the time of heat pulse	t	Variable
			The density of ice 5 (1)	ρ i	920kg/m 3
The heat conductivity of ice 5 (1)	λ i	2.2W/(m.K)
			The heat absorption capacity of ice 5 (1)	C i	2.2·10 3J/(kg·K)
The density of water	ρ w	1000kg/m 3
			The latent heat of ice-out	qlatent	3.33·105J/kg
Melt the ideal thickness of ice sheet	l m	0.2mm
			Ideal time before melt layer freezes again	t r	＞2s

Below equation be used for the performance perameter of computing system 10 (1).The thermal diffusion coefficient D of ice _iBe calculated as follows:

$D_i=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_i}{{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="C\; i\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800401.png,A20058002089800441.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_i}$ Equation 1

The thermal diffusion coefficient D of epoxy resin _aBe calculated as follows:

$D_d=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_d}{{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_d\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="C\; d\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800441.png,A20058002089800461.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_d}$ Equation 2

The thermal diffusion length L of epoxy resin _d(t) be calculated as follows:

$L_d\left(t\right)=\sqrt{D_d\&CenterDot;\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="t\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800421.png,A20058002089800451.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">t</figure-callout>}}$ Equation 3

The thermal diffusion length L of ice _i(t) be calculated as follows: $L_i\left(t\right)=\sqrt{D_i\&CenterDot;\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="t\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800461.png,A20058002089800481.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">t</figure-callout>}}$ Equation 4

Figure 13 has represented to be used for ice maker thermal diffusion length L 10 (1), epoxy resin _d(t) and ice thermal diffusion length L _i(t) and the correlativity between the pulse duration.Thermal diffusion in one to three second pulse duration each with epoxy resin and in icing is limited in the 2mm; Short pulse is restricted to short distance with thermal diffusion.

Be used for subsequently interface and heater heats to 0C and make melt layer thickness l _mThe gross energy Q of one deck ice-out can utilize energy conversion principle to calculate.Intermediate parameters can be defined as:

$b(W,d)=\frac{\sqrt{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_i\&CenterDot;C_i}}{\sqrt{W-\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;T}\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_d}{2D}}}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&Delta;T}\&CenterDot;\frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{\&pi;}}}{2}$ Equation 5

$C(l_m,d)=C_h\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_h\&CenterDot;d_h\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&Delta;T}+({\mathrm{\&rho;}}_w\&CenterDot;l_m\&CenterDot;q_{\mathrm{latent}})+\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;T}\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_d\&CenterDot;d\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="C\; d"\; filenames="A20058002089800441.png,A20058002089800461.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_d}{2}$ Equation 6

Obtain described desirable melt layer thickness l _mRequired heat pulse energy Q is calculated as follows:

$Q(W,d,l_m)=S\&CenterDot;{[\frac{b(W,d)}{2}+\sqrt{\frac{{b(W,d)}^2}{4}+c(l_m,d)}]}^2$ Equation 7

Provide the required pulse duration t of pulse energy Q to be calculated as follows:

$t(W,d,l_m)=\frac{Q(W,d,l_m)}{S\&CenterDot;\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="8"\; label="W\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800461.png,A20058002089800541.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}$ Equation 8

Cleaning speed S from cold drawing 12 (1) results ice _sBe calculated as follows:

$S_s(W,d,l_m)=\frac{S}{t(W,d,l_m)}$ Equation 9

Be calculated as follows from the cleaning time T of cold drawing 12 (1) results ice:

$T(W,d,l_m)=\frac{S}{S_s(W,d,l_m)}$ Equation 10

As shown in this example like that, surpassing 50% of heat pulse energy consumes in melting interface ice, and have only a spot of expenditure of energy in heating cold drawing 12 (1), dielectric film 16 (1) and paper tinsel 18 (1) and heating ice 5 (1) (that is, making the temperature of adjacent ice 5 (1) rise to is higher than its initial temperature-18C rather than makes its thawing).

Figure 14 expresses and is used for correlativity ice-making system 10 (1), between gross energy Q and the power W, and wherein Q and W are by every sq m (1/m ²) provide.The value that is appreciated that W according to equation 5 and 6 is high more, will cause the value of Q more little.The value of the constant that uses in the known embodiment 1, Q is along with W is increased to about 210 ⁴And sharply descend.Figure 15 has expressed the cleaning speed S that is used for ice-making system 10 (1) _sAnd the correlativity between the power W.The value of the constant of a kind of use of known embodiment, S _sIncrease along with W.Figure 16 has expressed the cleaning time T that is used for ice-making system 10 (1) and the correlativity between the power W.The value of the constant of a kind of use of known embodiment, Q is along with W is increased to approximately And sharply descend.

Another parameter that is used for the ice making operation is the freeze-off time again that melts the ice interface; This again freeze-off time can define time cycle (for example because this thawing interface make described ice to be free to slide) of the results of being convenient to ice in this thawing interface.Again freeze to occur in thawing latent heat q in this thawing zone by hypothesis _LatentBe dispensed into when also entering in the cold drawing 12 (1) in the adjacent ice 5 (1), can calculate the t of freeze-off time again of ice-making system 10 (1) by paper tinsel 18 (1) and dielectric layer 16 (1) _rIntermediate parameters can be calculated as follows:

$b\left(d\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_d}{d\sqrt{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="11"\; label="C\; i\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800421.png,A20058002089800561.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_i}}$ Equation 11

$(W,d,l_m)=\frac{Q(W,d,l_m)}{S\&CenterDot;\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="12"\; label="W\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800401.png,A20058002089800421.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}$ Equation 12

$\mathrm{\&alpha;}(W,d,l_m)=\sqrt{t(W,d,l_m)}+\frac{{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_w\&CenterDot;l_m\&CenterDot;q_{\mathrm{latent}}}{\mathrm{\&Delta;T}\&CenterDot;\sqrt{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{\&rho;}}_i\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="13"\; label="C\; i\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800561.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_i}}$ Equation 13

Again freeze-off time can be calculated as follows:

$t_r(W,d,l_m)=\frac{\mathrm{\&alpha;}(W,d,l_m)}{b\left(d\right)}+\frac{1}{2\&CenterDot;b{\left(d\right)}^2}-\sqrt{{[\frac{\mathrm{\&alpha;}(W,d,l_m)}{b\left(d\right)}+\frac{1}{2\&CenterDot;b{\left(d\right)}^2}]}^2+\frac{t(W,d,l_m)}{b{\left(d\right)}^2}-\frac{\mathrm{\&alpha;}{(W,d,l_m)}^2}{b{\left(d\right)}^2}}$ Equation 14

Figure 17 has expressed the t of freeze-off time again of the ice-making system 10 (1) with 0.2mm dielectric thickness _rAnd the correlativity between the power density W.The value of the constant of a kind of use of known embodiment, t _rAlong with W increases and reduces (for example, because for given melt layer thickness I _mHigher W can reduce Q, as shown in figure 14; Higher W also can shorten freeze-off time again), but for up to 10 ⁵Watt/value of the W of sq m, t _rMaintenance is greater than 2s.Figure 18 has expressed the t of freeze-off time again of ice-making system 10 (1) _rAnd the correlativity between the dielectric thickness d.The value of the constant of a kind of use of known embodiment, t _rAlong with d reduces and increases.It is the t of freeze-off time again of the ice-making system 10 (1) of 0.2mm that Figure 19 has expressed dielectric thickness d _rWith melt layer thickness I _mBetween correlativity.The value of the constant of a kind of use of known embodiment, t _rAlong with I _mIncrease and increase.

The one group selection parameter of 1 optimization parameter as an example is:

Table 2: the optimization parameter of example 1

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			The thickness of dielectric film 16 (1)	d	0.2mm
Melt the thickness of ice sheet	I m	0.2mm
			The heat pulse extended period	t	1.08s
The heat pulse energy of every m2 of paper tinsel 18 (2)	Q/S	108kJ/m 2
			When applying heat pulse in per 30 minutes, disappear the average energy that the every sq m of laying mechanism consumes without a trace	Q/1800S	60w/m 2

Power density during heat pulse	W/S	100kW/m 2
			Freezing again the time before of melt layer	t dr	1.999s

Example 2:

One example provides exemplary (indefiniteness) specifications and characteristics parameter of the system 10 (4) shown in Fig. 7 and 8.Below these parameters be used for these calculating as input:

Table 3: the constant and the variable that are used for 2 kinds of examples

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			The temperature (being lower than 0C) of cold drawing 12 (1)	ΔT	18K
Width of air gap	d	Variable
			Density of air	ρ d	1.3kg/m 3
The heat absorption capacity of air	C d	10 3J/(kg·K)
			The heat conductivity of air	λ d	0.023W/(m·K)
The material of paper tinsel 18 (4)		Corrosion-resistant steel
			The thickness of paper tinsel 18 (4)	d h	0.1mm
The density of paper tinsel 18 (4)	ρ h	7800kg/m 3
			The heat absorption capacity of paper tinsel 18 (4)	C h	450J/(kg·K)
The area of paper tinsel 18 (4)	S	0.645m 2
			Be applied to the power density on the heater film	W	Variable
Apply the time of heat pulse	t	Variable
			The density of ice 5 (4)	ρ i	920kg/m 3
The heat conductivity of ice 5 (4)	λ i	2.2W/(m·K)
			The heat absorption capacity of ice 5 (4)	C i	2.2·10 3J/(kg·K)
The density of water	ρ w	1000kg/m 3
			The latent heat of ice-out	q latent	3.33·105J/kg
Melt the ideal thickness of ice sheet	l m	0.2mm
			Ideal time before melt layer freezes again	t r	＞2s

The thermal diffusion coefficient D of ice and air _j, D _dAnd thermal diffusion length L _i(t), L _d(t) can utilize constant listed in the table 3 and variable to calculate (wherein the characteristic of air all indicates subscript d) according to top equation 1-4.

Figure 20 has expressed the L of example 2 _d(t) and L _i(t) and the correlativity between the pulse duration t.Thermal diffusion during one to three second pulse duration will be iced is limited in the 2mm; Short pulse is restricted to short distance with thermal diffusion.

Because paper tinsel 18 (4) contact with cold drawing 12 (4) during ice making, but air gap has reduced at ice transfer of heat to cold drawing 12 (4) between harvest time, so described air gap can be mixed with wideer than the dielectric film 16 of ice-making system 10 (1)-10 (3); This air gap for example can be in several millimeters scope.Be used for interface and heater heats to 0C and make that melt layer thickness is l _m, pulse length is that t, clean rate are S _sAnd cleaning time is that the gross energy Q of one deck ice-out of T can utilize table 3 kind of listed constant and variable to calculate by above-mentioned equation 5-10.

Figure 21 has expressed the gross energy Q of ice-making system that air gap is 0.2mm and correlativity between the power density W.

Figure 22 has expressed the correlativity between described total reset time T and the heating power density W.

Figure 23 has expressed the correlativity between described removing speed Ss and the heating power density W.

Again freeze to occur in the thawing latent heat q that exists in this thawing zone by hypothesis _LatentBe dispensed into when also entering in the cold drawing 12 (4) in the adjacent ice 5 (4), can calculate the t of freeze-off time again of ice-making system 10 (4) by paper tinsel 18 (4) and air gap _rIntermediate parameters and freeze-off time t again _rCan utilize table 3 kind of listed constant and variable to calculate by above-mentioned equation 11-14.

Figure 24 has expressed the described t of freeze-off time again _rAnd the correlativity between the power density W.The value of the constant of 2 kinds of uses of known embodiment, t _rAlong with W increases and reduces (for example, for given melt layer thickness l _mBecause higher W can reduce Q, as shown in figure 21; Higher W also can reduce freeze-off time again), but for up to 10 ⁵Watt/value of the W of sq m, t _rMaintenance is greater than 2s.Figure 25 has expressed freeze-off time t again _rAnd the correlativity between the dielectric thickness d.The value of the constant that uses in the known embodiment 2, t _rAlong with d reduces and increases.Figure 26 has expressed freeze-off time t again _rWith melt layer thickness l _mBetween correlativity.The value of the constant that uses in the known embodiment 2, t _rAlong with l _mIncrease and increase.

The one group selection parameter of 2 optimization parameter as an example is:

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			Width of air gap	d	2mm
Melt the thickness of ice sheet	l m	0.2mm
			The heat pulse extended period	t	1.08s

The heat pulse energy of every m2 of paper tinsel 18 (2)	Q/S	108kJ/m 2
			When applying heat pulse in per 30 minutes, disappear without a trace and put the average energy that the every sq m of structure consumes	Q/1800S	60w/m 2
Power density during heat pulse	W/S	100kW/m 2
			Freezing again the time before of melt layer	t r	1.999s

Performance to the expection of (adopting dielectric film 16 (1)) system 10 (1) and (the employing air gap) system 10 (4) compares the surface, system 10 (4) has consumed identical energy during letting slip journey disappearing without a trace, and provides more time to be used for ice landing from the cold drawing before it freezes again.But, system 10 (1) and system 10 (4) are in that to disappear the average electrical power that consumes during letting slip journey without a trace littler than traditional ice maker.For example, if slowly be heated to the melting point of ice in those systems shown in Fig. 1-4 (having thick ice of 2.5cm and the thick cold drawing of 2.5cm), heating cold drawing and ice interface will be 1160w/m with the required least energy of the ice-out that produces same quantity ², employing system 10 (1) and 10 (4) then is 60w/m ²Therefore, when discharging ice, system 10 (1) and 10 (4) can be than prior art economy about 20 times.

Build the experimental prototype of the design-calculated ice maker shown in a kind of Fig. 3 and 4.Test is presented at the release of almost icing immediately when applying thermal pulse.Other experimental observation characteristic is all very near the characteristic shown in the above-mentioned example 1.

A kind of traditional ice maker usually need be after the described ice of results cooled cold plate again, therefore each recycles more a plurality of energy, but in system 10 (1) to 10 (6), after results ice, the growth of ice with second level restart because between the harvest time of ice, keep lower temperature at cold drawing 12 (1) to 12 (6).

Adopt the H Exch of PETD

H Exch is used for transmitting heat between thermal mass.In a kind of heat converter structure, air is near the surface circulation of H Exch, so that the refrigerant that is recycled cools off; This air discharges heat to this refrigerant.When the temperature of described refrigerant is enough hanged down, just on this surface, form ice, hinder the interchange of heat between described surface and the described air.It is desirable to remove described ice, because heated should must the cooling again so that exchange on the surface with described air recovery heat with the additional heat of minimum.

Shown in Figure 27 an is transparent view that is configured to a kind of H Exch 40 of the pulse system that is used for separate ice.H Exch 40 can for example be made by the poly-mer of metal or a kind of conduction and heat conduction.Surface 44 (1) and 44 (2) is by the on-cycle refrigerant cools.Air circulates through refrigeration surface 42,46 (1) and 46 (2) along the direction of arrow 52, and in this view, the corresponding refrigeration surface relative with surface 42 and surperficial 44 (2) be cannot see.The refrigeration surface of heat from the transfer of air to the H Exch is delivered to refrigerant subsequently; And be formed on this refrigeration surface.Film ice detector 43 is used for detecting whether have ice and/or frost, and measures the thickness of described ice or frost.Therefore top surface 48 and bottom surface 50 thermal insulations can not form ice thereon.

Shown in Figure 28 is the birds-eye view of described H Exch 40, and this H Exch has the ice 5 (7) of accumulation and links to each other with conv 56 with power supply 54.In operation, H Exch 40 coolant airs also can accumulate ice 5 (7).Conv 56 is closed subsequently, send the current flow heats pulse through over-heat-exchanger 40; The power of this heat pulse and extended period can be controlled so that the ice-object interface that makes melts before on the refrigeration surface that a large amount of heats from this pulse spill into ice 5 (7) and H Exch 40.If H Exch 40 vertical orientations (for example, shown in Figure 27 and 28), gravity can make ice 5 (7) landing from the H Exch 40 after applying heat pulse.

Shown in Figure 29 is to be configured to a kind of H Exch 60 that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.H Exch 60 forms air channel 62, and in this conduit, heat is from the transfer of air to the refrigerant, and refrigerant 64 enters exchanger 60 and discharges exchangers 60 from exporting 66 from entering the mouth.Dotted line 30-30 has indicated the top of the cross-sectional plane shown in Figure 30.

Shown in Figure 30 is described H Exch 60 is the cutaway view done of the plane of extending vertically downward of the dotted line 30-30 in 29 on the way.Air is along the direction of arrow 64 H Exch 60 of flowing through.Refrigeration surface 63 forms the side of air channel 62, and adiabatic layer 68 makes the top and the bottom insulation of each air channel 62, as shown in the figure.Each refrigeration surface 63 all pass through conv 74 and is linked to each other with power supply 72 (for the sake of clarity, only one freeze surperficial 63 expressed this connection).

When operation, H Exch 60 coolant airs also can accumulate ice 5 (8) on refrigeration surface 63.Conv 74 subsequently can be closed, transmits the current flow heats pulse and pass each refrigeration surface 63; The power of heat pulse and extended period are controlled so that the ice-object interface that makes spills into ice 5 (8) in the big calorimetric from this pulse melts before entering refrigerant and refrigeration surface 63.If H Exch 40 vertical orientations (for example, shown in Figure 29 and 30), gravity can make ice 5 (8) applying heat pulse after from the landing on surperficial 63 of freezing.

What it will be appreciated that is, H Exch 40 and 60 version are all within the scope of the present disclosure.For example, the refrigeration surface of H Exch 40 can be shaped as and is different from the shape shown in Figure 27 and 28; Refrigerant can pass the pipe and the conduit of H Exch 40.To be connected to power supply different with the surface of will freezing, and heating foil or film can be arranged on the dielectric layer near the refrigeration surface of H Exch 40 or 60.Can between heating foil or film and refrigeration surface, seal and have living space, and this space can alternately be evacuated so that make heating foil or film and refrigeration surface carry out thermal contact and pressurized so that be launched into air gap between this heating foil or film and refrigeration surface in the process of separate ice.The refrigeration surface can form some subregions (as described below), and these subregions can be formed into the electrical connection of conv and power supply, so that all receive heat pulse at the not all subregion of specific time.

Instant pulse power and available electrical power

In system 10 (1) to 10 (6), be low-down (for example, 60w/m although discharge the average power that pulse consumed of ice ², or be approximately 39w for the cold drawing of 1000 sq ins), the required power (for example, the cold drawing for 1000 sq ins is approximately 6.6kw to 65kw) of short heat pulse may than some power supply (for example, 2kw is to 3kw) that can support continuously many.In order to make available output and required pulse power coupling, heating foil can be by " subregion ".When power supply, each subregion can not make power supply capacity overload; Also since the deicing of each subregion all follow with in the theoretical identical theory of whole barrier being carried out under the deicing situation, so the maintenance of total energy requirement is identical.When results ice in subregion, total harvest time then equals the quantity that pulse duration multiply by subregion.Energy storing device can be used for accumulating electric energy between the heat pulse such as ultra-capacitor, ultracapacitor, electrolytic condenser and battery, this energy is redistributed be individual pulse, so that each subregion or whole cold drawing results ice.

Pulse Electric evaporation deicing

Although system 10 (1) to 10 (6) advantageously adopts PETD to reduce and the relevant expenditure of energy of results ice, Pulse Electric evaporation deicing (" PEED ") can further reduce expenditure of energy; PEED also can have other application scenarios except that results ice.In the PEED system, some or all of ice-object interface can promptly be heated on the boiling point of water.This interface is not only melted in this heating, thereby and produces high pressure steam ice is pushed away described object.This very short time of heat is limited in thermal diffusion in ice and the substrate (substrate), has therefore reduced total energy requirement.Some configuration with ice collection surface and temperature booster can be concentrated the interior required heat of ice of the little volume of evaporation, reduces the energy that is used for separate ice.Theoretical calculating and experimental result show, compare with the system that adopts PETD, and the system of employing PEED can consume energy still less, although the PEED system reaches the temperature higher than PETD system.

Figure 31 has expressed the equilibrium of pressure of aqueous vapor and the correlativity of temperature, and what show the water be higher than 100 ℃ average medium overheatedly causes very high water vapour pressure.For example, T=120 ℃, during the P=2 barometric pressure, press against thick 2 the atmospheric pressure on ice of 1cm with a ≈ 10 ⁴M/s ²Grade make described ice quicken.

PEED's is theoretical as follows.PEED adopts substrate and thin heater element.Ice is grown on the described heater element, and total system is under the ambient temperature of the solidfying point that is lower than water.Be applied to current flow heats pulse on the described heater element will ice-object interface (for example, the intersection of all the other ice of METAL HEATING PROCESS) is heated to the ice that makes the water of evaporation to be left on the boiling point of water and pushes away described heater element.This heat pulse can have the extended period of enough weak points, makes a large amount of heats can not be diffused into substrate and/or remaining ice.

Figure 32 A has schematically shown a kind of pulse ice removal system 75.System 75 comprises substrate 80 and heater element 82, and has shown that wherein the ice 5 (9) that forms ice-object interface 84 at the heater element place is arranged.Shown in Figure 32 B is pulse ice removal system 75 after heat pulse is applied on the heater element 82.The pressure of the aqueous vapor that produces at ice-object interface 84 places of Figure 32 A produces space 86 between heater element 82 and ice 5 (9).

PEED heater element (for example, heater element 80) can be made by metallic paper, metal gauze, thin metallic film, ito thin film, semiconductor film, carbon fibre web, carbon microtubule net, carbon fiber, carbon microtubule conducing composite material, porous conductor paper tinsel or electrically-conducting paint.The thickness of PEED heater element can be at about 10nm in the scope of about 1mm.The extended period of current flow heats pulse is that about 1 μ s arrives about 100s, is generally 1ms to about 1s.Heating power density is about 10kW/m ²To about 10MW/m ², be generally 100kW/m ²To 1MW/m ²

Example 3:

Shown in Figure 33 is the section that adopts the ice-making system 100 (1) of PETD and PEED.Ice-making system 100 (1) has ice container 102 (1) and capillary tub 104 (1), and the both can be made by for example corrosion-resistant steel.Container 102 (1) and capillary tub 104 (1) all are full of water are arranged, and water-setting forms main ice part 5 (10) and capillary tub ice part 5 (11) admittedly.Container 102 (1) can be shaped as a kind of truncated cone shape.

Ice-making system 100 (1) is by two power supplys, 108,110 power supplies of switching by two convs 112,114 respectively.When from ice-making system 100 (1) results ice, conv 114 is at first closed, and one first heat pulse is supplied with ice container 102 (1), and conv 112 closures are supplied with capillary tub 104 (1) with one second heat pulse subsequently.The energy of this first heat pulse is enough to melt the interface ice sheet between the container 102 (1) and described ice part 5 (10) at least; The energy of this second heat pulse is enough to make the part or all of evaporation of capillary tub ice part 5 (11).The pressure that the part or all of evaporation of capillary tub ice part 5 (11) produces will be iced part 5 (10) and discharge ice container 102 (1).This first and second heat pulse both has the extended period of enough weak points, makes a large amount of heats be discharged from ice container 102 (1) in ice part 5 (10) and can not be diffused into this ice part 5 (10) before.Each power supply 112 and 114 all is configured to and can provides suitable heat energy to capillary tub 104 (1) and ice container 102 (1), make that offering the heat of icing container 102 (1) significantly be not enough to melt described interface ice sheet above under the situation of institute's heat requirement, and make the heat that offers capillary tub 104 (1) significantly not ice part 5 (10) above being enough to expulsion under the situation of institute's heat requirement.

Shown in Figure 34 is the section that adopts the ice-making system 100 (2) of PETD and PEED.Ice-making system 100 (2) has ice container 102 (2) and capillary tub 104 (2), and the both can be made by for example corrosion-resistant steel.Ice-making system 100 (2) is by power supply 116 power supplies of switching by conv 118.When conv 118 was closed, the single heating pulse made the interface ice-out between container 102 (2) and the described ice part 5 (12), and made the part or all of evaporation of the ice part 5 (13) that capillary tub 104 (2) is interior.The pressure that the part or all of evaporation of capillary tub ice part 5 (13) produces will be iced part 5 (12) and discharge ice container 102 (2).This heat pulse can have the extended period of enough weak points, and the resistance of ice container 102 (2) and capillary tub 104 (2) can carry out balance to make a large amount of heats be discharged from ice part 5 (12) to ice container 102 (2) and can not be diffused into this ice part 5 (12) before.

Power supply 108,110 and/or 116 can the time routine AC outlet, such as the direct supply of battery, cond or ultra-capacitor.Conv 112,114 and 118 can be any combination of semiconductor switch (active MOSFET, IGBT, thyristor or the like), mechanical switch, electromagnetic transducer or above-mentioned conv.Electronic logic circuit can be used for controlling the relative extended period of heat pulse and regularly (for example, 114 1 sections of closed convs specific during, wait for one period specific delay time, 112 1 sections of closed subsequently convs specific during).

Build and test ice-making system according to the description of system 100 (1).This ice maker container is made by the corrosion-resistant steel of 0.1mm and is that a kind of top diameter is the truncated cone shape of 23.9mm.The length of this container is 25.4mm.Stainless long capillary tube 17cm, internal diameter are 1.4mm, and external diameter is 2.4mm.In one case, at first 0.95 second, 229 joules current impulse is applied on this ice container (for example, utilizing power supply 110 and conv 114); 0.2 after second, the pulse (for example, adopting power supply 108 and conv 112) that applies 0.125 second, 859 joules is so that make the ice in the capillary tub evaporate.This master's ice part is discharged from this ice container.In another kind of situation, single conv (for example, conv 118) is used to the single heating pulse is fed to ice container and capillary tub, and main ice part is discharged from once more.

Shown in Figure 35 is adopts PETD and PEED to remove a kind of pulse ice removal system 120 (1) of the ice on the leading edge of wing 122.System 120 (1) comprises power supply 126, conv 128 and capillary tub 124 (only having expressed a capillary tub 124 in this view).The work of aircraft can cause forming ice 5 (14) in capillary tub 123, and accumulation ices 5 (15) on wing 122.System 120 (1) thus can make the current flow heats pulse flow through the side of capillary tub 124 and flow through wing 122 from power supply 126 by closed conv 128 removes ice on the wing 122; Heat pulse is melted the ice-object interface that is formed between wing 122 and the ice 5 (15).The steam pressure of the ice of evaporation make ice 5 (15) thus fracture ice can be before freezing again landing from the wing.

Shown in Figure 36 is the transparent view of the part of wing 122.One row's capillary tub is presented on the stagnation line of wing 122.Adjacent intercapillary interval can be optimized, so that when all capillary tubs 124 receive heat pulse simultaneously, ice 5 (15) is along the whole length fracture of wing 122.

Similar to ice-making system 100 (2), the power and the extended period of the heat pulse that the relative resistance of capillary tub 124 and wing 122 and power supply 126 and conv 128 are supplied with can be optimized, so that melt ice-object interface and make the ice fracture under the situation of energy dissipation minimum.Selectively, can use a conv and power supply melt ice 5 (15) and wing 122 between ice-object interface, and utilize one second conv and power supply evaporate in one or more capillary tubs 124 ice (for example, when ice-making system 100 (1) utilizes two power supplys and conv, and ice-making system 100 (2) only utilizes a power supply and conv).In addition, capillary tub and wing 122 can be divided into a plurality of subregions, therefore can once only carry out deicing to a subregion, so that utilize low capacity power supply 126.The metal of wing 122 can be used as heater element, perhaps also can adopt the heater element of separation.For example the heater element of Fen Liing can be attached under the situation that is with or without the bottom dielectric layer on the wing and (for example, can not play a kind of effect of heater element effectively if the conductance of wing is too high or too low).

In another embodiment, little capillary array can be substituted by a kind of pory metallic paper band.Be full of airborne water in this porous foil, so be full of water in this porous foil.When the current flow heats pulse was applied to this porous foil, this electric current was heated to this paper tinsel on the boiling point of water, and produced high-pressure steam between ice and wing.

Example 4:

Figure 37 A schematically shows a kind of Pulse Electric evaporation ice removal system 130.This system 130 comprises substrate 132 and heater element 134, and has shown that wherein the ice 5 (16) that forms ice-object interface 136 at heater element 134 places is arranged.Shown in Figure 37 B is described pulse ice removal system 130 after heat pulse is applied on the heater element 134.The pressure of the aqueous vapor that produces at ice-object interface 136 places of Figure 37 A, and the pressure of the water that especially evaporates in aperture 138 produce space 140 between heater element 134 and ice 5 (16).

Build and test pulse ice removal system according to the description of system 130.0.32mm thick porous stainless steel foil is formed to the particle sintering of 75 μ m by 53 μ m; The aperture of this paper tinsel is about 10 μ m.Water be arranged on this paper tinsel and subsequently T=-10 ℃ frozen down, part penetration by water and being frozen in the aperture of described paper tinsel wherein.Apply a 20ms, density is 1.7 * 10 ⁷W/m ²Heat pulse.Ice in the aperture evaporates and this borneol is pushed away this paper tinsel.

Employing adds thermoelectric pulse heat-exchange fin is carried out deicing

Shown in Figure 38 is a kind of a kind of folded heat exchanger 150 that is used for the pulse system of separate ice that is configured to.In H Exch 150, refrigerant (dichlorodifluromethane or other liquid) 156 refrigerant pipe 152 of flowing through, this refrigerant pipe have refrigeration fin 154, and this refrigeration fin formation heat exchange surface also carries out interchange of heat with ambient air.Although in the fin 154 of shown refrigerant pipe 152 refrigerant is arranged, some embodiment can be so that refrigerant pipe has some from the heat exchange surface of straight pipe or conduit horizontal expansion (for example, Figure 40); In other embodiments, pipe or conduit can be rendered as a kind of snakelike or serration, so that form heat exchange surface (for example, Figure 42).Can remove the ice 5 (17) that is formed on the refrigeration fin 154 by the pulse de-icing method.When conv 158 closures, power supply 160 is carried the current flow heats pulse and is passed H Exch 150; This heat pulse is melted the ice-object interface between fin 154 and the ice 5 (17) at least; This heat pulse also can be melted all ice 5 (17).The common heat density that adds of each unit area is about 5KW/m ²To about 100KW/m ²Current amplitude and pulse duration can be regulated according to temperature, flow and refrigerant property (for example density, heat absorption capacity and heat conductivity).Common pulse duration is that about 0.1s is to about 10s.Power supply 160 can the time routine AC outlet, such as the direct supply of battery, cond or ultra-capacitor.Conv 158 can be any combination of semiconductor switch (active MOSFET, IGBT, thyristor or the like), mechanical switch, electromagnetic transducer or above-mentioned conv.Remaining solid ice 5 (17) is removed by gravity (for example, ice 5 (17) can from landing on the fin 154) or by the mechanical action that acts on the H Exch 150 such as scraping, vibration, air blowing etc. subsequently after heat pulse.Vibration can be for example by little electric notor and crank, by the electromagnetism oscillator or by in refrigerant 156, inducing pressure vibration to provide.

Shown in Figure 39 is, and some couple together the cutaway view of the paper tinsel pad 172 that forms a kind of refrigerant pipe 170.Refrigerant pipe 170 can be as for example refrigerant pipe 152 (referring to Figure 38).Paper tinsel pad 172 can be the stainless steel foil pad of for example 4 mils, and the internal diameter of this paper tinsel pad is 1 inch and external diameter is 3 inches, and has all carried out welding or spot welding at its outward flange 174 and inner edges 176.Therefore each pad 172 forms heat exchange surface, and (for example, a pair of pad forms a refrigeration fin 154, Figure 38).

Shown in Figure 40 is to be connected the cutaway view that forms more a kind of paper tinsel pads 182 of refrigerant pipe 180 on the straight tube.Refrigerant pipe 180 can be as for example refrigerant pipe 152 (referring to Figure 38).Paper tinsel pad 182 can be the stainless steel foil pad of for example 4 mils, and the internal diameter of this paper tinsel pad is 1 inch and external diameter is 3 inches, and has all carried out welding or spot welding at its outward flange 1864 and inner edges 188.Pad 18 also can be soldered or be spoted weld on the conduit 184.Therefore every pair of pad 182 for example forms the refrigeration fin, refrigeration fin 154, Figure 38).The relative wall thickness of conduit 180 and pad 182 can select to make them to have identical heating power density W when induced current pulse as shown in figure 38.

Shown in Figure 41 is that another kind is configured to a kind of folded heat exchanger 190 that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.H Exch 190 has refrigerant pipe 192, and this refrigerant pipe has the refrigeration fin 194 that carries out interchange of heat with ambient air.Can remove the ice 5 (18) that is formed on the refrigeration fin 194 by the pulse de-icing method.The PETD de-icing method of H Exch 190 is identical with the mode that is used for H Exch 170: when conv 198 closures, power supply 196 is carried the current flow heats pulse and is passed H Exch 190; This heat pulse is melted the ice-object interface between fin 194 and the ice 5 (18) at least; This heat pulse also can be melted all ice 5 (18).

Shown in Figure 42 is that another kind is configured to a kind of folded heat exchanger 200 that is used for the pulse system of separate ice.H Exch 200 has the refrigerant pipe 202 that can carry out interchange of heat with surrounding air; Refrigerant pipe 202 is snakelike, and the flow through bending 204 of this refrigerant pipe 202 of refrigerant is sentenced and just made the heat exchange area maximization.The ice (not shown) that is formed on the refrigerant pipe 202 can be removed by PETD deicing mode.When conv 208 closures, power supply 206 is carried the current flow heats pulse and is passed H Exch 200; This heat pulse is melted the ice-object interface between fin 204 and the ice at least; This heat pulse also can be melted all ice.

It will be appreciated that H Exch 150,190 and 200 version are all in the scope of the disclosure.For example, H Exch 150,190 and 200 heat exchange surface can form and be different from the shape shown in Figure 38,41 and 42.To be connected to power supply different with making pipe and/or refrigeration fin, can arrange heating foil or film on the dielectric layer that closes on described surface.Can between heating foil or film and refrigeration surface, seal and have living space, and this space can alternately be evacuated so that make heating foil or film and refrigeration surface carry out thermal contact and pressurized so that be launched into air gap between this heating foil or film and refrigeration surface in the process of separate ice.Heat exchange surface can form some subregions (as described above), and these subregions can be formed into the electrical connection of conv and power supply, so that all receive heat pulse at the not all subregion of specific time.

PULSE HEATING thin metallic tubd and paper tinsel can advantageously adopt lower voltage (1V is to 24V) and high electric current (hundreds and thousands of ampere).When being preferred, higher resistance is more favourable when direct use higher voltage (for example alternating current of the alternating current of 120V or 240V).Separate with refrigerator pipes by conducting film and can obtain higher resistance temperature booster.For example, the H Exch with fin can be made by anodized aluminum, has the high resistance heating film at the top of the anodization layer of being applied to.This heating film can apply or apply by swabbing by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrolysis.

Shown in Figure 43 is, and a kind of mode that adopts the pulse deicing is come the method 300 of ice making.This method 300 can be carried out by any control and the operation by the microprocessor that is associated with this system in the aforesaid ice-making system 10 (1) to 10 (3) for example.Step 302 cooled cold plate of this method 300 (for example any one in the cold drawing 12 (1) to 12 (3)).Step 306 is freezed icing at heating element (for example in the paper tinsel 18 (1) to 18 (3) any).Step 310 applies heat pulse so that make described ice loosening.If step 306 causes described ice to be in desirable position (for example, because described subglacial is fallen in the receptor), method 300 can be returned to step 302 after step 306.Perhaps, method 300 can proceed to step 312, and this step applies mechanical force (for example the described ice of scraping, pick up ice and blow air and move it or the like) and removes described ice.Step 312 for example can be undertaken by electro-mechanical devices (air blower, scraper) under the control of the microprocessor in this system.When ice was in its ideal position, method 300 was returned to step 302 and restarts.

Shown in Figure 44 is, and a kind of mode that adopts the pulse deicing is come the method 320 of ice making.This method 320 can be carried out by the control and the operation of microprocessor by being associated with this system of any in the aforesaid ice-making system 10 (4) to 10 (6) for example (and, as required, mechanical actuator).Step 302 cooled cold plate of this method 320 (for example any one in the cold drawing 12 (4) to 12 (6)).Step 304 is found time the space between cold drawing and the heating element (for example, in the paper tinsel 18 (4) to 18 (6) any), makes this cold drawing and heating element be in thermal contact.Step 306 is freezed icing at heating element (for example in the paper tinsel 18 (1) to 18 (3) any).Pressurize so that produce air gap between described heating element and cold drawing in step 308 pair described space.Step 310 applies heat pulse so that make described ice loosening.If step 306 causes described ice to be in desirable position (for example, because described subglacial is fallen in the receptor), method 320 can be returned to step 302 after step 306.Perhaps, method 320 can proceed to step 312, and this step applies mechanical force (for example the described ice of scraping, pick up ice and blow air and move it or the like) and removes described ice.When ice was in its ideal position, method 320 was returned to step 302 and restarts.

Shown in Figure 45 is, and a kind of mode that adopts Pulse Electric evaporation deicing is come the method 350 of ice making.This method 350 can be carried out by the control and the operation of microprocessor by being associated with this system of aforesaid ice-making system 10 (2) for example (and electromechanical device as required, such as air blower and scraper).The step 352 cool ice container of this method 350 and capillary tub (for example, ice container 102 (2) and capillary tub 104 (2)).Step 354 is freezed ice in ice container and capillary tub.Step 356 applies heat pulse (for example by closed conv 118) so that make that described ice is loosening and make the ice in the capillary tub evaporate, and thus ice raft is gone out.After step 356,350 of methods are returned to step 352 so that restart.

Shown in Figure 46 is, and a kind of mode that adopts Pulse Electric evaporation deicing is come the method 360 of ice making.This method 360 can be carried out by the control and the operation of microprocessor by being associated with this system of aforesaid ice-making system 10 (1) for example (and electromechanical device as required, such as air blower and scraper).The step 362 cool ice container of this method 360 and capillary tub (for example, ice container 102 (1) and capillary tub 104 (1)).Step 364 is freezed ice in ice container and capillary tub.Step 366 applies one first heat pulse (for example by closed conv 114) so that make that the ice in the ice container is loosening.Step 368 applies one second heat pulse (for example by closed conv 112) and makes the ice in the capillary tub evaporate, and thus ice raft is gone out.After step 368,360 of methods are returned to step 362 so that restart.

That shown in Figure 47 is an embodiment with the H Exch 402 that is installed in the array of fins on the pipe 406.Shown in Figure 48 is the section that passes a pipe and fin component.Each pipe 406 all passes through conv 410 and links to each other with power supply 408, and therefore, when this conv was closed, electric current was flowed through pipe 406 and produced heat; Work thus and remove H Exch 402 merchant's ice.In Figure 47, only expressed a pipe 406, purpose is to express electrical connection in order to know.When pipe 406 is flowed through in short current impulse, in the wall of pipe 406, produce joule's heat energy.Because the thermal contact resistance between pipe 406 and the fin 404 is very low, and because the thermal diffusion speed in the metal fin is higher, therefore the joule heating in 406 kinds of generations of pipe propagates into fin 404, ice on the heat of fusion exchanger 402 and/or frost apace.

Following example has illustrated this thermal diffusion speed.Thermal diffusion length L in some materials _DProvide by following equation:

$L_D\left(t\right)\&ap;2\sqrt{\mathrm{\&alpha;}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="15"\; label="t\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800441.png,A20058002089800451.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">t</figure-callout>}}$ Equation 15

Wherein

$\mathrm{\&alpha;}=\frac{k}{\mathrm{\&rho;}\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="16"\; label="C\; P\; Equation"\; filenames="A20058002089800401.png,A20058002089800421.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_P}$ Equation 16

Wherein t is the time, is the heat diffusivity of α material, and k is the heat conductivity of material, is the density of ρ material, and C _PIt is the heat absorption capacity of material.

Shown in Figure 49 is expression fine aluminium thermal diffusion length and diagram of curves between the time at room temperature.Especially, Figure 49 expresses in one second heat diffusion in aluminium and surpasses 1.8cm and surpassed 3.9cm in five seconds.Therefore, when heat produced in pipe 406, this diffusion length was enough in about one second fin 404 (having at fin 404 under the situation of common size) be heated.

This is that example is convenient to use in the current H Exch widely that is used for refrigerating industry.For example the shape of fin 404 can be one or more in the following shape: annular, square, pin shape or the like.Fin 404 and pipe 406 can adopt in the following material one or more to make: aluminium, copper, corrosion-resistant steel, conducting polymer or other alloys.For example the corrosion-resistant steel pipe can be used to carry out resistance heat, because corrosion-resistant steel has higher resistance.Also can use other metals and alloy.

Power supply 408 can make any high current DC of low pressure or source of AC with enough power.For example, power supply 408 can be one or more in the following power supply: battery, one group of ultracapacitor, step-down transformer, electronics step-down transformer or the like.In one embodiment, because the resistance of pipe 406 can increase owing to surface action when transmitting high-frequency currents, so power supply 408 produces favourable high-frequency currents.

In order to produce more consistent electro heat, fin 404 can with pipe 406 electrical isolations, simultaneously and pipe 406 keep good thermal contact.For example, lip-deep thin anodization layer, thin layer poly-mer or the epoxy adhesive at aluminium can form this thin electrical isolation.

As described in above-mentioned example, this PULSE HEATING owing to parent tube in the convective heat exchange of liquid refrigerant limited air on the outside face of egress of heat and H Exch, reduce average power requirement thus and can under the situation of not closing exchanger 402 (that is, not closing freezer, cooling vessel or A/C), carry out deicing and defrosting.By applying heat pulse with enough frequencies, the thin layer ice or the frost that are grown on the outside face of fin and pipe will melt, and therefore in fact keep this heat-exchanger surface not ice or frost.The performance that therefore this improved this H Exch has reduced power demand, and can increase the shelf-life that is stored in the food in the refrigerator.

Suppose that the H Exch 402 among Figure 47 is made of aluminum, and have common size: ips 1cm, pipe wall thickness 0.30mm, fin diameter 36mm, fin thickness 0.5mm, and the spacing between the fin is 4mm.

The quality of this H Exch is that about 330g/m (length of every mitron) and total surface area (outside face of fin+pipe) are 0.47m ²/ m (the sub-length of the every mitron of sq m).The temperature of supposing the refrigerant in the pipe is 1000W/ (m for-18 ℃, convective heat exchange speed at the inside face place of pipe 406 ²K), air themperature is+5 ℃, and the convective heat exchange coefficient between the outside face of air and H Exch 402 is 65W/ (m ²K).

As shown in figure 50, when the electric field of 3V/m is applied on the pipe 406, need cost less than 1.4 seconds with more than the surface heat to 0 of this aluminium ℃.In case the surface of this aluminium is higher than 0 ℃, if the thin layer that is formed with on the surface of this aluminium again frost words, this thin layer frost just begins to melt.

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			Tube length	L	1m
Ips	r i	4.85mm
			Tube outer diameter	r o	5mm
The fin external diameter	r t	36mm
			Fin thickness	t f	500μm
Spacing between fin	δ	4mm
			Inner surface of tube is long-pending	A i	0.03m 2
The area that contacts with air	A o	0.47m 2
			The aluminium capacity	V Al	1.221·10 -4m 3
The heat conductivity of aluminium	k A1	200W/(m·K)
			The density of aluminium	ρ A1	2700kg/m 3
The heat absorption capacity of aluminium	C A1	0.95·10 3J/(kg·K)
			The heat diffusivity of aluminium	d A1	k A1/(ρ A1·C A1)
The heat absorption capacity that H Exch is total	C t	ρ A1·C A1·V A1

Boundary condition

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			Convective heat exchange coefficient on the inner surface of tube	h f	1000W/(m 2·K)
Average convective heat exchange coefficient on the H Exch outside face	h air	60W/(m 2·K)
			Refrigerant temperature	T f	-18℃
Air themperature	T	air				5℃
			Biot number in this problem (biot number)	B i	h f·(r t-r i)/k Al＝0.066
The even initial temperature of aluminium	T Al	-6.488℃

Electrical parameter:

Project	Symbol	Numerical value
			Aluminium electrical resistivity	ρ e	2.5·10 -8Ω·m
The resistance of pipe	R e	5.386·10 -3Ω
			Be applied to the voltage range on the pipe	V	Variable
The resistance rate of heat generation	W(V)	V 2/R c
			Time range	t	Variable
When H Exch is closed, the temperature of H Exch during PULSE HEATING	T shutdown(V，t)
			When H Exch moves, the temperature of H Exch during PULSE HEATING	T uninterrupted(V，t)

When H Exch was closed, the temperature computation of H Exch during PULSE HEATING was as follows:

$T_{\mathrm{shutdown}}(V,t)=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="T\; A"\; filenames="A20058002089800401.png,A20058002089800441.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">T</figure-callout>}}_A\&CenterDot;C_t+t\&CenterDot;\left(W\left(V\right)\right)}{C_t}$

And when H Exch moved incessantly, the temperature computation of H Exch during PULSE HEATING was as follows:

$T_{\mathrm{uninterrupted}}(V,t)=\frac{C_1\left(V\right)}{C_2}-[\frac{C_1\left(V\right)}{C_2}-T_{A1}]\&CenterDot;\exp [\frac{{-C}_2}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="C"\; filenames="A20058002089800401.png,A20058002089800441.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">C</figure-callout>}}_1}\&CenterDot;t]$

Wherein,

C ₁(V)＝W(V)+h _f·A _i·T _f+h _air·A _O·T _air

And

C ₂＝h _f·A _i+h _air·A _O

Diagram of curves when Figure 50 represents that aluminium heat exchanger provides power by heat pulse in operational process and provide power by heat pulse under the situation that cooling pump and fan stop between the temperature and time.Especially Figure 50 has expressed and has defrosted and can carry out continuously under the situation of not closing refrigerated medium pump or fan, because in continual operational process, cost is less than the thawing that just began frost in 1.4 seconds.In example, 3V is applied to the heating power of 1 meter subregion generation 1.671kW of heat exchange tube (for example, pipe 406).Pipe conducts the electric current of 557.004A under the 3V voltage that is applied.

Can change said method and system without departing from the scope of the invention.Therefore shown content all should be interpreted as illustrative and nonrestrictive in content that it is pointed out that in the foregoing description to be comprised and the accompanying drawing.Following claim is in order to relate to all upper and concrete features described herein, and whole statements of the scope of this method and system, records and narrates for convenience, and they may be positioned at wherein.

Claims (65)

1. ice-making system comprises:

Cold drawing;

Dielectric film;

Thin metal foil is cooled off by described dielectric film by described cold drawing, thereby makes the water of close described metallic paper form ice thereon;

Power supply; And

Conv is used for the electric current from described power supply is connected to described thin metal foil, thereby generates the heat pulse of the contact bed of the described ice that is melted in described thin metal foil place, and discharges described ice.

2. the system as claimed in claim 1, described power supply comprises source of AC or direct supply.

3. the system as claimed in claim 1, described power supply comprises battery, cond or ultra-capacitor.

4. the system as claimed in claim 1, described conv comprises active MOSFET, IGBT, thyristor, mechanical switch, electromagnetic transducer or its combination.

5. the system as claimed in claim 1, the voltage and current that is applied of described heat pulse provides at about 1kw/m ²To 500kw/m ²Scope in the thermal power density of abundance.

6. system as claimed in claim 5, described voltage is that 2.5V is to 1000V according to the difference of the resistance of described metallic paper.

7. the system as claimed in claim 1, the thickness of described metallic paper is that 0.5 μ m is to 1mm.

8. the system as claimed in claim 1, described metallic paper comprises electrically-conducting paint, conducting polymer thin film, carbon fiber composite material or carbon microtubule composite material.

9. the system as claimed in claim 1, described dielectric film make described metallic paper and described cold drawing electrical isolation, and comprise in the following material one or more: porcelain, glass, rubber, poly-mer and composite material.

10. system as claimed in claim 9, the thickness range of described dielectric film is that 10 μ m are to 2mm.

11. the system as claimed in claim 1, described conv work make that the extended period of described heat pulse is that 1ms is to 30s.

12. the system as claimed in claim 1, described metallic paper are formed for one or more sacks of described ice.

13. system as claimed in claim 12, the ice that discharges from described metallic paper after described heat pulse comprises ice cube.

14. the system as claimed in claim 1, described dielectric film comprises the thickness of variation, makes described ice thinner in the thicker place of described dielectric film.

15. system as claimed in claim 14, the thickness of described variation is configured and is arranged to and makes described ice form a kind of shape.

16. system as claimed in claim 16, described shape are a kind of in semisphere, half round post, rectangle, strip and the star.

17. an ice-making system comprises:

Cold drawing;

Metallic paper, this metallic paper is cooled off by described cold drawing, thereby makes the water of close described metallic paper form ice thereon;

Power supply; And

Conv is used for the electric current from described power supply is connected to described metallic paper, thereby generates the heat pulse of the contact bed of the described ice that is melted in described metallic paper place, and discharges described ice.

18. system as claimed in claim 17, also comprise pump, described pump is used to pump air into or pump the space between described cold drawing and the described metallic paper, wherein pump air into and make described cold drawing and described metallic paper separate, and send as an envoy to air pump to such an extent that air is discharged from described space and described metallic paper is pressed onto cold drawing.

19. system as claimed in claim 17, described space is approximately 10 μ m to 2cm.

20. system as claimed in claim 17, described metallic paper are formed for one or more sacks of described ice.

21. system as claimed in claim 17, described cold drawing forms one or more grooves so that make the ice that generates be shaped on described metallic paper.

22. system as claimed in claim 17, the voltage and current that is applied of described heat pulse provides the thermal power density in the about 1kw/m2 abundance in the scope of 500kw/m2.

23. system as claimed in claim 17, described voltage is that 2.5V arrives about 1000V according to the difference of the resistance of described metallic paper.

24. system as claimed in claim 17, the thickness of described metallic paper is that about 0.5 μ m is to 1mm.

25. system as claimed in claim 17, described metallic paper comprise a kind of in conducting polymer thin film, carbon fiber composite material and the carbon microtubule composite material.

26. an ice-making system comprises:

The ice container is used for when being cooled water being converted into ice;

Capillary tub is positioned at the base portion of described ice container;

Power supply is used for applying the PULSE HEATING energy to described ice container and described capillary tub;

Wherein, described PULSE HEATING makes the contact bed ice-out in described ice container, and makes ice evaporation and will ice from described ice container and discharge in described capillary tub.

27. system as claimed in claim 26 also comprises conv, described conv is used for described power supply is connected to described ice container so that produce the PULSE HEATING energy at described ice container.

28. system as claimed in claim 26 also comprises conv, described conv is used for described power supply is connected to described capillary tub so that produce PULSE HEATING at described capillary tub, thereby makes ice evaporation wherein.

29. system as claimed in claim 26, described ice container is by the corrosion-resistant steel manufacturing.

30. system as claimed in claim 29, the thickness of described paper tinsel is approximately 0.1mm.

31. system as claimed in claim 26, described capillary tub is by the corrosion-resistant steel manufacturing.

32. system as claimed in claim 26, described ice container forms a kind of shape of similar frustum.

33. system as claimed in claim 26, described power supply comprises source of AC or direct supply.

34. system as claimed in claim 26, described power supply comprises battery, cond or ultra-capacitor.

35. system as claimed in claim 26 also comprises at least one conv, is used for optionally described PULSE HEATING energy being applied to described ice container and described capillary tub.

36. system as claimed in claim 35, described conv comprises: active MOSFET, IGBT, thyristor, mechanical switch, electromagnetic transducer or its combination

37. system as claimed in claim 26, wherein PULSE HEATING applied in about 1 second, and produced about 230 joules current impulse to described container, thereby melted described contact bed.

38. system as claimed in claim 26, described PULSE HEATING capillaceous applied in about 0.125 second, and produced about 860 joules current impulse, so that evaporate the ice in the described capillary tub.

39. an evaporation ice removal system comprises:

Resistive film, it is arranged on the object for the treatment of deicing;

Capillary array becomes to make the surperficial concordant of each described open end capillaceous and described object with described object placement; And

Power supply, be used for (a) to described resistive film energize, so that production burst heat energy in described resistive film, the contact bed of the ice of feasible close described resistive film melts, and (b) to described capillary tub energize so that make in the described capillary tub the ice evaporation and from described object, ice raft is gone out.

40. evaporation ice removal system as claimed in claim 39, described capillary tub are disposed on the stagnation line of wing.

41. an evaporation ice removal system comprises:

Resistive film, it is arranged on the surface for the treatment of the deicing object;

The multicellular metal foil band; And

Power supply;

Power supply, be used for (a) to described resistive film energize, so that production burst heat energy in described resistive film, the contact bed of the ice of feasible close described resistive film melts, and (b) to described porous metal strap feeding energy so that make in the described porous metal band the ice evaporation and from described object, ice raft is gone out.

42. evaporation ice removal system as claimed in claim 41, described multicellular metal foil are disposed on the stagnation line of wing.

43. one kind is the system of refrigerator deicing, comprising:

H Exch has collapsible surface;

The wall pipe wherein has flow of refrigerant; And

Power supply, it is changed to described H Exch by TURP, also will ice from wherein removing so that apply PULSE HEATING power to described H Exch.

44. system as claimed in claim 43 also comprises insulation film, this insulation film is arranged in the top of described H Exch, and adopts anodised aluminium or anodization aluminum alloy to make.

45. system as claimed in claim 44 also comprises conducting film, this conducting film is arranged in the top of described insulation film, and wherein said conducting film is by CVD, PVD, electrolysis coating or smears the thin metal layer that applies.

46. one kind is the system of H Exch deicing, this H Exch has parent tube and a plurality of fin mounted thereto, comprising:

Power supply;

Conv is used for described power supply is connected to described parent tube;

Wherein said conv operation is applied to described parent tube with current impulse, so that joule heating makes the temperature of described parent tube and described fin rise, thereby melts ice attached thereto.

47. system as claimed in claim 46, described parent tube and described fin are made of same continuous metal sheet.

48. system as claimed in claim 46 also comprises thin dielectric materials layer, is disposed between described parent tube and the described fin.

49. system as claimed in claim 46, described parent tube and described fin are made by in copper, aluminium, corrosion-resistant steel, metal alloy, conducting polymer and conduction and the heat-conductive composite material one or more.

50. system as claimed in claim 46, wherein be applied to heating power density on the described parent tube at 0.5kW/kg in the scope of 50kW/kg, wherein this weight refers to the weight of described H Exch.

51. system as claimed in claim 46, described conv work and supplying electric current pulse, the extended period of described current impulse greatly about 0.1s in the scope of 30s.

52. system as claimed in claim 46, described power supply is a direct supply.

53. system as claimed in claim 52, the electric field intensity that described power supply produces in described parent tube according to the difference of the resistance of described basepipe materials and greatly about 0.5V/m in the scope of 50V/m.

54. system as claimed in claim 46, described power supply is a source of AC.

55. system as claimed in claim 54, the electric field intensity that described source of AC produces in described parent tube according to the difference of the resistance of described basepipe materials and greatly about 0.5V/m in the scope of 50V/m.

56. system as claimed in claim 54, the frequency of operation of described source of AC at about 50Hz in the scope of 10MHz.

57. system as claimed in claim 54, the frequency adjustable of described source of AC saves and makes described parent tube owing to surface action reaches desirable resistance.

58. system as claimed in claim 46, the energy of described electric pulse is enough to melt thin frost layer or the clear ice attached on the described H Exch.

59. system as claimed in claim 46, the energy of described electric pulse is enough to melt thick frost layer or ice sheet

60. system as claimed in claim 59, described conv work and to be enough to the keeping surperficial frost-free of described H Exch or icing frequency and extended period that a plurality of electric pulse are provided.

61. whether system as claimed in claim 46 also comprises the film ice detector on the outside face that is attached at described H Exch, be used for detecting existing and ice and/or frost.

62. system as claimed in claim 61, wherein, the thickness of described ice of described ice detectors measure and frost.

63. system as claimed in claim 62 also comprises the control electronics package, it utilizes described ice detector to monitor the thickness of described ice and frost.

64. as the described system of claim 63, wherein said control electronics package activates described conv when the thickness of ice reaches predetermined value.

65. as the described system of claim 63, all ice and/or the frost of wherein said control electronics package on described H Exch makes described conv inactivation when melting.

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