CN1969298A - Method and system for multi-object volumetric data visualization - Google Patents
Method and system for multi-object volumetric data visualization Download PDFInfo
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- CN1969298A CN1969298A CNA2005800201866A CN200580020186A CN1969298A CN 1969298 A CN1969298 A CN 1969298A CN A2005800201866 A CNA2005800201866 A CN A2005800201866A CN 200580020186 A CN200580020186 A CN 200580020186A CN 1969298 A CN1969298 A CN 1969298A
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Abstract
A method of rendering volumetric digital images including the steps of providing (21) one or more digital images representing objects with known spatial relation to each other, associating (23) a texture with each object or digital image, choosing (24) a viewing direction for said rendering, imposing (25) a single proxy geometry on all of the one or more textures, and resampling (26) each of the one or more textures using coordinates generated by the single proxy geometry. The range of the coordinate system generated by said proxy geometry extends beyond the valid range of a texture coordinate. The range of the proxy geometry coordinates can be checked to determine which objects provide a valid contribution to the rendering.
Description
The cross reference of related application
The interim patent No. 60/564 of the U.S. that the application requires people such as Guehring to submit on April 23rd, 2004,935, the right of priority of " multi-object volume visualization (Multi-Object VolumetricData Visualization) " by name, its content is incorporated into this paper by reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates to visualization digital medical image data collection.
Background technology
Can obtain to diagnose more excellent information from the data that present imaging system is obtained, this allows in early days and the stage of easier treatment detects potential problems.Suppose that imaging system can obtain under the situation of a large amount of detailed datas, must the multiple algorithm of exploitation come efficient and image data processing exactly.Utilize the auxiliary of computing machine, the development of Flame Image Process aspect is generally implemented on numeral or digitized image.
Create digital picture according to the array of values of characteristic (as gray-scale value or magnetic field intensity) that the anatomical location points of expression specific array position reference can be related.The set of anatomical location points comprises the territory of image.In 2-D digital picture or slice sections, discrete array position is called pixel.Can be by multiple constructing technology commonly known in the art by the slice sections structure three-dimensional digital image that piles up.The 3-D image by discrete element of volume (constituting) by the pixel in the 2-D image, be also referred to as voxel and form.Can processed pixels or voxel properties with anatomical multifrequency nature of the patient that determines to be associated with this type of pixel or voxel.
The efficient visual of volumetric data set is important for many application, comprises medical imaging, finite element analysis, mechanical analogue etc.Now, there is multiple Volume Rendering Techniques to use.Wherein many depending on of these technology is mapped to proxy geometry (proxygeometry) with data texturing.
This mapping is defined by texture coordinate, and these texture coordinates are connected to the summit of definition proxy geometry.Usually, these texture coordinates are chosen as with reference to the active position in the data texturing, and this requires the scope of proxy geometry and data set to adapt.In order to reach high frame rate, most of technology have a mind to use the hardware-accelerated texture that is used for of image.But the combination of a plurality of objects is drawn and is related to extra consideration, because it requires a kind of coordinated mode to draw a plurality of proxy geometry.
Summary of the invention
Example embodiment of the present invention described herein generally comprises the method and system that is used for drawing based on the customized configuration of proxy geometry and texture coordinate volume data.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a kind of method that is used to draw one or more body digital pictures is proposed, comprise the steps: to provide one or more digital pictures, above-mentioned one or more digital picture comprises a plurality of intensity corresponding to the territory of three dimensions mid point, wherein each digital picture be in the known spatial relationship of each other digital picture in, texture is associated with each image, for direction of observation is selected in described drafting, single proxy geometry is put on the whole of one or more textures, use coordinate that single proxy geometry generates each resampling to one or more textures, and combination corresponding to each value of one or more textures with the pixel of the image that generates two dimension and draw.
According to a further aspect of the invention, each image comprises the object of selecting based on the intensity value range in the digital picture.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the scope of the coordinate system of described proxy geometry generation extends beyond the effective range of texture coordinate.
According to a further aspect of the invention, for the coordinate system of each texture generation proxy geometry that will draw, wherein the scope of each coordinate system is with reference to the coordinate system of each texture.
According to a further aspect of the invention, this method also comprises the scope of checking proxy geometry coordinate system, which that determine one or more textures to provide effective contribution to drawing with.
According to a further aspect of the invention, this method also comprises, when two or more textures are overlapping, calls rule to determine how to draw the pixel in the overlapping region.
According to a further aspect of the invention, these rules comprise arithmetical operation, thresholding, masking-outization, index, classification, mixing, shadowing method and cut out.
According to a further aspect of the invention, this method also comprises the combination that utilizes Graphics Processing Unit to carry out texture.
According to a further aspect of the invention, drafting also comprises many planar reconstruction.
According to a further aspect of the invention, drafting also comprises maximum intensity projection.
According to a further aspect of the invention, drafting also comprises the direct volume drawing algorithm.
According to a further aspect of the invention, this method comprises that also each texture value is used transfer function determines value corresponding to each texture.
According to another aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of computer-readable program storage device, this program storage device essence comprises instruction repertorie, and described instruction repertorie can be carried out the method step of drawing one or more body digital pictures to carry out by computing machine.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 diagram is according to the comparison of the proxy geometry of the embodiment of the invention, data set boundaries proxy geometry and combination.
Fig. 2 diagram is according to the process flow diagram of the proxy geometry method of the combination of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is the block diagram that is used to implement the example computer system of volumetric data visualization scheme according to the embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
The example embodiment of the present invention of Miao Shuing generally comprises the system and method that is used to make the multi-object volume visualization herein.For brevity, all features that well known to a person skilled in the art actual realization are not all described in detail in this article.
As used herein, term " image " is meant the multidimensional data that is made of discrete picture element (for example voxel in the pixel of 2-D image and the 3-D image).Image can be for example computing machine X tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound wave or well known to a person skilled in the art the medical imaging of the object that any other medical image system is collected.Image can also be provided by the non-medical category of for example remote sensing system, electron microscope etc.Though image can be from R
3To the function of R, but method of the present invention is not limited to this type of image, but can also be applicable to the image of any dimension, for example 2-D picture or 3-D body.For two dimension or 3-D view, the territory of image is two dimension or three-dimensional rectangle array normally, wherein can utilize the mutually perpendicular axle of a group 2 or 3 quoted each pixel of addressing or voxel.Term used herein " numeral " and " digitizing " are meant via digitally captured system or by changing the corresponding digital of acquisition or the image or the body of digitized format from analog image.
The term volume drawing is meant one group of technology that is used for three-dimensional data drawn or be shown on the two-dimentional display image.Basic operation in the volume drawing is the sampling of volume data.Because these data disperse, so the sampling task of carrying out during drawing is that the volume data of will sample is re-sampled to another group from one group of discrete location.In order to draw the high quality graphic of whole body, should carefully select the resampling position, then the intensity level that obtains is mapped to optical characteristics, for example color and opacity, and they is made up to preceding order to back or back by preceding.
Texture comprises one type surface applications in 3-D view, and typically refers to the sequence of operation that Graphics Processing Unit is carried out.Texture can be considered as the 2D or the 3D array of color value or gray-scale value, and its coordinate is in 0.0 to 1.0 scope.Because the actual array in the storer will be stored as for example N%M array of 2D texture, thus Graphics Processing Unit with each coordinate figure convert to scope (0...N-1) or (0...M-1) in numerical value, as the situation in this example.Graphic operation is to the discrete grid block resampling of texture, to obtain the texture value of the position of misfitting with original mesh.These resampling positions generate with following steps: utilize the texture coordinate of interpolation to draw the proxy geometry that puts on the initial body grid, the texture coordinate of these interpolations is made of the section of the grid that is plotted as texture usually, and from front to back all sections of this proxy geometry is made up.Volume data itself can be stored in one or more textures of two dimension or three-dimensional.
When considering to comprise the three-dimensional data of image volumetric data, can imagine geometric object is put on this.When drawing this geometric object, can will be inserted in object inside in the attribute as texture coordinate, and can specify the texture coordinate of one group of correspondence each graphics fragment that generates.These coordinates can be used at the one or more textures of corresponding position resampling.If specify texture coordinate, and image field itself is stored in one or more texture map (texture map), then can locates at an arbitrary position this quarry sampling as long as from the texture coordinate of interpolation, obtain these corresponding to the coordinate in the scalar image field.The set that is used to obtain to the geometric object of all required resampling positions of whole sampler body is called proxy geometry, because data contained in it and the image volume itself do not have intrinsic relation, but in these positions the purpose of texture map sampling is existed then for generating the resampling position.
An example of proxy geometry is one group of section as tetragonal the align what comes into a driver's parallel with viewport, and these sections are normally sheared by the frame of image volume.Be inserted in the inner 3D texture coordinate of these sections in these sections comprise, and these sections can be used in the corresponding position to single 3D texture map sampling.Proxy geometry with employed texture type, be that 2D or 3D are closely relevant.When section with respect to original image volume towards being arbitrarily the time, then need the 3D texture, because single section must be extracted data from a plurality of 2D textures.If but when proxy geometry and initial body data alignment, the texture that then can guarantee single section extracts operation and is in the identical 2D texture.In this case, proxy geometry comprises the section of the group objects aligning that 2D texture ability is enough to meet the demands.
Therefore,, can sample to initial body, thereby the pixel that generates is mixed with the previous pixel that generates in specific location by drawing geometric objects with texture.The pixel of these generations is sometimes referred to as fragment.This method is iteration on the individual pixel of the plane of delineation not, but goes up iteration in " part " of object.These parts usually are included in the section on the whole body, only just can obtain the net result of each pixel after having handled all sections that help given pixel.
According to the embodiment of the invention, can use the proxy geometry of single combination that a plurality of objects are visual, rather than use a plurality of proxy geometry, promptly one by one corresponding to each by visual object.The voxel of the proxy geometry of combination has different texture coordinates for each individual subject, and this is a kind of characteristic that is called multi-texturing.Because new proxy geometry no longer is bound by the actual range of data set, so texture coordinate is not limited to reference to the active position in the associated texture.This has increased the dirigibility of selecting proxy geometry, and the more complicated method of permission is come the data set visualization to merging.
Fig. 1 diagram is according to the comparison of the embodiment of the invention with the proxy geometry of the proxy geometry of data set constraint and combination.On the left side is illustrated to be two textures, is labeled as texture 1 and texture 2, respectively is used for the different objects of map image body.Each texture has its proxy geometry of aiming at direction of observation, and proxy geometry is represented by the thick line by texture.This accompanying drawing should be considered as vertical view, so as proxy geometry actual be 2D plane or the flat board vertical with the plane of accompanying drawing.Each proxy geometry two ends is at right side, texture coordinate 1.0 places of left side, texture coordinate 0.0 place and its respective texture of its respective texture.Two proxy geometry that this accompanying drawing diagram need be considered when two objects of drafting overlapping.This accompanying drawing the right illustrates the proxy geometry of the combination of drawing two textures.According to the embodiment of the invention, graphics subsystem can be configured to the texture that effective texture is outer and quote the background value that is mapped to definition, and this can be transparent.In this embodiment, texture coordinate can have negative value or greater than 1.0 value.The coordinate that present shape library allows user definition to have these scopes, and allow the user to specify in the value of supposing by texture in these scopes.With reference to this accompanying drawing, the proxy geometry of illustrated combination exceeds the edge of two textures in the accompanying drawing.Can reference texture 1 or texture 2 proxy geometry of this combination is specified texture coordinate.The t of left margin
1The value 2.3 on value-0.2 and edge, the right relates to texture 1, and t
2Value-0.8 and 1.2 relates to texture 2.The texture with the direction of observation misalignment can be more easily drawn at the edge that proxy geometry is extended beyond texture.Can carry out the fusion of different texture by the parts that graphic process unit provides.
Typical graphics subsystem allows the programmability in graphics pipeline, summit and the fragment shader in two stages.According to the embodiment of the invention, can use fragment shader individual element ground combination texture dataset, thereby comprehensive control that data are merged is provided.Therefore, can realize being used to make up the value of each texture dataset from simple to the complex rule system.These rules comprise arithmetical operation, thresholding, masking-outization, index, classification, mixing, shadowing method, cut out etc.By checking the scope of texture coordinate, can determine easily which data set has effective contribution to the result who merges.For example, refer again to Fig. 1, if the t of proxy geometry
1Coordinate is in effective texture range, but t
2Do not exist, then the texture value from texture 1 helps net result.Similarly, if the t of proxy geometry
2Coordinate is in effective texture range, but t
1Do not exist, then the texture value from texture 2 helps net result.If t
1And t
2All in effective range, then two textures all help net result to coordinate, and use these rules one of them determine the Relative Contribution size of each texture value.At last, if two coordinates not in effective range, then two textures do not help final drawing result.
Diagram is according to the process flow diagram of the proxy geometry method of the combination of the embodiment of the invention among Fig. 2.In step 21, one or more 3D rendering data sets are provided, wherein each data set is represented an object.One or more objects spatial relationship relative to each other is known, therefore can be relative to each other correctly for drawing purpose layout data collection.In step 23, texture map can be associated with each object that will draw.In step 24,, 2D selects direction of observation for drawing.In step 25, single proxy geometry is put on one or more objects.Proxy geometry can generate one or more coordinate systems, thereby the coordinate system of each object and texture reference can be arranged.In step 26, the coordinate that uses single proxy geometry generation is to the texture resampling.In step 27, use the resampling texture value of the different texture of specific location to determine how to fragment shading.In some image modes (as CT or MRI), resulting intensity level (in embodiments of the present invention as the texture value storage) can be associated with the tissue of particular type, thereby allow to differentiate for example bone, muscle, the human body and adipose tissue, nerve fibre, blood vessel, organ walls etc. based on the strength range of image.Raw intensity values in the image (during the drawing process from texture extract) can be used as the input of transfer function, its output be can characterize tissue types opacity value.These opacity values can be used to define question blank, and the opacity value that wherein will characterize the tissue of particular type is associated with each pixel.In embodiments of the present invention, can use the relevant query function of texture of present graphic hardware to implement question blank, wherein Fu Jia texture can be represented question blank and be employed after the value of having extracted presentation video from texture, perhaps by using the programmable fragment tinter to implement question blank.Use opacity value to come to allow the user to select the types of organization that will show to tissue typing.As described above, by the different coordinates of comparison agent geometry mid point, can judge whether for example two or more objects are overlapping.If have overlappingly, then can call the rule of combination contribution and determine how to draw pixel or fragment.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, can use the programmability of graphic hardware to come acceleration drawing.
Many different rendering algorithms can combine with one or more embodiment of the present invention.The indefiniteness example of these rendering algorithms comprises many planar reconstruction (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP) and direct volume drawing method.
According to another embodiment of the invention, can be placed on the proxy geometry of the visualization probe utilization combination in the image volume arbitrarily.Can be independent of scene content and define the proxy geometry that is used to implement probe.The example of this type of proxy geometry comprises any rectangle that is used to generate plane MPR and is used for directly drawing the rectangle stack of the alignment what comes into a driver's of daughter.Visualization probe can provide a kind of mode with the 3D data set visualization, its effect is just as the mouse that can be in 3d space moves everywhere, and can be on space be for example used in the augmented reality of relevant a plurality of data sets or the method for visualizing based on interactive screen.For example, planar rectangular can be attached to probe, and can to constitute in the 3d space with the cursor be the basis of the proxy geometry at center.When user's mobile 3 D cursor, can obtain the 2D section of whole body, wherein this 2D section is aimed at the proxy geometry of probe, cuts in mode as described above thus and wears (cut through) all data sets.Can provide real-time, interactive visual for a plurality of data sets and spatial relationship each other thereof based on user's traveling probe in conjunction with the visualization probe of the proxy geometry of the embodiment of the invention.
Though embodiments of the invention are to describe in the context of multi-object data visualization herein, it is visual that proxy geometry can be applied to the individual data collection in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.This embodiment provides extra dirigibility when selection that is fit to proxy geometry and framework that use is generalized to a plurality of texture dataset.
Should be understood that and to implement the present invention with the various ways of hardware, software, firmware, special purpose processes or its combination.In one embodiment, the present invention can implement as the application program that is included in the computer-readable program memory device in software.This application program can upload in the machine that comprises any suitable architecture and by it and carry out.
With reference now to Fig. 3,,, is used to implement computer system 31 of the present invention and can comprises CPU (central processing unit) (CPU) 32, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) 39, storer 33 and I/O (I/O) interface 34 according to the embodiment of the invention.Computer system 31 generally is coupled to display 35 via I/O interface 34 and such as the multiple input media 36 of mouse and keyboard.Support circuit can comprise circuit such as high-speed cache, power supply, clock circuit and communication bus.Storer 33 can comprise random-access memory (ram), ROM (read-only memory) (ROM), disc driver, tape drive etc. or its combination.The present invention can be used as routine 37 and implements, and this routine 37 can be stored in the storer 33 and by CPU 32 to be carried out, and obtains the hardware-accelerated graphic plotting support of GPU 39, to handle the signal from signal source 38.Similarly, computer system 31 is general-purpose computing systems, and it then becomes dedicated computer system when carrying out routine 37 of the present invention.
This computer system 31 also comprises operating system and micro instruction code.Various procedures described herein and function can be by the part of the micro instruction code of operating system execution or the part (or its combination) of application program.In addition, multiple other peripherals can also be connected to computer platform, as additional data storage device and printing device.
What it is also understood that is can implement in software because of more illustrated construction system assemblies in the accompanying drawing and method step, so actual connection the between the system component (or process steps) may be because of different to the concrete mode of the present invention's programming.Consider under the situation of the principle of the present invention that this paper proposes that those skilled in the art can be susceptible to these and similar realization or configuration of the present invention.
Above disclosed specific embodiment only is illustrative, because those skilled in the art utilize the principle of this paper to revise and to implement the present invention in the still equivalent mode of difference.And, not the details that will be limited to structure shown in this article or design, in claims, describing.Therefore, obviously can change or revise above disclosed specific embodiment, and all these type of variations are considered as in scope and spirit of the present invention.Therefore, the protection of this paper institute demand proposes in the appended claims.
Claims (26)
1. method that is used to draw one or more body digital pictures, described method comprises the steps:
One or more digital pictures are provided, and described digital picture comprises a plurality of intensity corresponding to the territory of three dimensions mid point, wherein each digital picture be in the known spatial relationship of each other digital picture in;
Texture is associated with each image;
For direction of observation is selected in described drafting;
Single proxy geometry is put on the whole of described one or more textures;
Use the coordinate of described single proxy geometry generation each resampling to described one or more textures; And
Will be corresponding to each value combination of described one or more textures with the pixel of the image that generates two dimension and draw.
2. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, each image comprises the object of selecting based on the intensity value range in the described digital picture.
3. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, the scope of the coordinate system that described proxy geometry generates extends beyond the effective range of texture coordinate.
4. method as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, for each texture that will draw generates the coordinate system of described proxy geometry, wherein the scope of each coordinate system is with reference to the coordinate system of each texture.
5. method as claimed in claim 3 also comprises the scope of checking described proxy geometry coordinate system, which that determine described one or more textures to provide effective contribution to described drafting with.
6. method as claimed in claim 5 also comprises when two or more textures are overlapping, calls rule to determine how to draw the pixel in the overlapping region.
7. method as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that described rule comprises arithmetical operation, thresholding, masking-outization, index, classification, mixing, shadowing method and cuts out.
8. the method for claim 1 also comprises the combination that utilizes Graphics Processing Unit to carry out described texture.
9. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, described drafting also comprises many planar reconstruction.
10. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, described drafting also comprises maximum intensity projection.
11. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, described drafting also comprises the direct volume drawing algorithm.
12. the method for claim 1 comprises that also each texture value is used transfer function determines value corresponding to each texture.
13. one kind makes the digital image visualized method of body, described method comprises the steps:
Digital picture is provided, and described digital picture comprises a plurality of intensity corresponding to the territory of three dimensions mid point;
Select the subclass of described image to be used for visual;
For the described subclass of observing described image is selected direction of observation;
One or more textures are put on the described image subset of selecting into observing;
Single proxy geometry is put on described one or more texture, and the scope of the coordinate system that wherein said proxy geometry generates extends beyond the effective range of texture coordinate;
Use the coordinate of single proxy geometry generation each resampling to described one or more textures;
To draw with the two dimension of creating described image corresponding to each value combination of described one or more textures; And
On display device, show described drafting.
14. method as claimed in claim 13, also be included as visual and select the new subclass of described image, the described step of direction of observation is selected in the final election of laying equal stress on, apply one or more textures, single proxy geometry is put on described texture, to each resampling of described one or more textures, will draw to create two dimension corresponding to each value combination of described one or more textures, and on display device, show described drafting.
15. a computer-readable program storage device, described program storage device essence comprises instruction repertorie, and described instruction repertorie can be carried out the method step of drawing one or more body digital pictures to carry out by described computing machine, and described method comprises the steps:
One or more digital pictures are provided, and described digital picture comprises a plurality of intensity corresponding to the territory of three dimensions mid point, wherein each digital picture be in the known spatial relationship of each other digital picture in;
Texture is associated with each image;
For direction of observation is selected in described drafting;
Single proxy geometry is put on the whole of described one or more textures;
Use the coordinate of described single proxy geometry generation each resampling to described one or more textures; And
Will be corresponding to each value combination of described one or more textures with the pixel of the image that generates two dimension and draw.
16. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that, each image comprises the object of selecting based on the intensity value range in the described digital picture.
17. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that, the scope of the coordinate system that described proxy geometry generates extends beyond the effective range of texture coordinate.
18. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 17 is characterized in that, for each texture that will draw generates the coordinate system of described proxy geometry, wherein the scope of each coordinate system is with reference to the coordinate system of each texture.
19. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 17, described method also comprises the scope of checking described proxy geometry coordinate system, which that determine described one or more textures to provide effective contribution to described drafting with.
20. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 19, described method also are included in two or more textures and call rule when overlapping to determine how to draw the pixel in the overlapping region.
21. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that described rule comprises arithmetical operation, thresholding, masking-outization, index, classification, mixing, shadowing method and cuts out.
22. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15, described method also comprise the combination that utilizes Graphics Processing Unit to carry out described texture.
23. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that described drafting also comprises many planar reconstruction.
24. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that described drafting also comprises maximum intensity projection.
25. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15 is characterized in that described drafting also comprises the direct volume drawing algorithm.
26. computer-readable program memory device as claimed in claim 15, described method comprise that also each texture value is used transfer function determines value corresponding to each texture.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US56493504P | 2004-04-23 | 2004-04-23 | |
| US60/564,935 | 2004-04-23 | ||
| US11/110,414 | 2005-04-20 |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101540062B (en) * | 2009-02-10 | 2011-08-17 | 朱一宁 | Method for implementing interactive real-time browsing processing on computer three-dimensional data by using visual geometry column |
| CN102292744A (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2011-12-21 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Cardiac image processing and analysis |
| CN106991712A (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2017-07-28 | 斯图尔特平李 | A kind of medical image system based on HMDS |
-
2005
- 2005-04-22 CN CNA2005800201866A patent/CN1969298A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102292744A (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2011-12-21 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Cardiac image processing and analysis |
| CN102292744B (en) * | 2009-01-23 | 2015-11-25 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | Cardiac image process and analysis |
| CN101540062B (en) * | 2009-02-10 | 2011-08-17 | 朱一宁 | Method for implementing interactive real-time browsing processing on computer three-dimensional data by using visual geometry column |
| CN106991712A (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2017-07-28 | 斯图尔特平李 | A kind of medical image system based on HMDS |
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