CN1892292A - Three-dimensional image display apparatus - Google Patents

Three-dimensional image display apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1892292A
CN1892292A CN 200610094694 CN200610094694A CN1892292A CN 1892292 A CN1892292 A CN 1892292A CN 200610094694 CN200610094694 CN 200610094694 CN 200610094694 A CN200610094694 A CN 200610094694A CN 1892292 A CN1892292 A CN 1892292A
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image
diffraction
light
lens
fourier transform
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CN100462775C (en
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岩本匡平
铃木芳男
宫胁彻行
卢青宇
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Sony Corp
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Sony Corp
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Abstract

Disclosed herein is a three-dimensional image display apparatus includes a light source, a light modulation section modulates light from the light source by means of pixels to produce two-dimensional images and emits a spatial frequency of the produced two-dimensional images along diffraction angles corresponding to a plurality of diffraction orders produced from each pixel, a Fourier transform image formation section Fourier transforms the spatial frequency of the two-dimensional images emitted from the light modulation section to produce Fourier transform images whose number corresponds to the number of diffraction orders, a Fourier transform image selection section selects one of the Fourier transform images produced by the Fourier transform section which corresponds to a desired diffraction order, a conjugate image formation section forms a conjugate image of the Fourier transform image selected by the Fourier transform image selection section.

Description

3-D image display device
The reference of related application
The present invention comprises and Japanese patent application JP 2005-186333 number, JP 2006-020588 number that submits to Jap.P. office on June 27th, 2005, on January 30th, 2006, on January 30th, 2006, on February 9th, 2006, on February 16th, 2006 and on February 16th, 2006 respectively, JP 2006-020587 number, JP2006-032815 number, JP 2006-039392 number and JP 2006-039393 number relevant theme, and its full content is contained in this by reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of three-dimensional display apparatus that can show 3-D view.
Background technology
People have known that different images that observer's binocular vision is called anaglyph obtains the biocular type 3-D view technology of 3-D view, and prepare many group anaglyphs and come to obtain many orders type 3-D view technology of a plurality of 3-D views, and the various technology relevant have been developed with these image techniques from different viewpoints.But according to biocular type 3-D view technology and many orders type 3-D view technology, 3-D view is not to be positioned in expection to be used for the space of this 3-D view, but for example is positioned on the two-dimensional display, and always is positioned in fixing position.Thus, not interconnected lock mutually as the convergence of vision system physiological reaction and calibration, the kopiopia that causes has therefrom become problem.
Simultaneously, in real world, the information of body surface arrives observer's eyeball by the light wave propagation that plays instrumentality.Thus, we know that holographic technique is the technology of the light wave that sends of physics exists in a kind of artificially regeneration real world object surfaces.The interference fringe itself that the use 3-D view utilization that holographic technique obtained produces based on interference of light, and before utilizing the diffracted wave that when shining interference fringe with the light that plays the image information instrumentality, is occurred.Thus, vision system will take place such as assembling and similar physiological reaction during with the object observed the observer in the real world such as calibration, and therefore, the observer can produce kopiopia because of image hardly.In addition, the wavefront of the light that object sent is reproduced and just means on the direction of images information and can guarantee continuity.Thus, even observer's viewpoint is moving, still can present the correct images that any different angles when mobile are seen continuously, and the kinaesthesia parallax can be provided continuously.
But, in holographic technique, the three-dimensional spatial information of object is recorded in the two-dimensional space as interference fringe, and compares with the information of the two-dimensional space of photo that obtains by the image that picks up same object etc., and the quantity of information of three-dimensional spatial information is very huge.This is because will consider that when three-dimensional spatial information was converted into two-dimensional space information, this information was converted into density information in two-dimensional space.Therefore, be used to show that the needed spatial resolution of display device of interference fringe of CGH (hologram that computing machine generates) is very high, and need very huge quantity of information.Therefore, under existing environment, realize that 3-D view is very difficult technically based on real time hologram.
In holographic technique, the light wave that use can be regarded as continuous information transmits information from object as information media.Simultaneously, we know that light reproducting method (being also referred to as the integral photography method) is a kind of by making light wave disperse the essentially identical situation in visual field that forms with light wave from real world in theory with light regeneration to produce the technology of 3-D view.In light reproduction method, the light group who is made up of a large amount of light of propagating to all directions is scattered in the space in advance by optical devices.Then, from this light group, select the light propagated from the surface of the dummy object that is positioned at the optional position, and the intensity or the phase place of selected light are modulated, to produce the image that forms from these light.The observer can observe this image as 3-D view.The 3-D view that obtains by the light reproducting method is that the multiplexing image from a plurality of directions forms, and it is similar with the situation of observing the three-dimensional body in the real world, the position of 3-D view according to the observation, the 3-D view of being seen on the arbitrfary point is different.
As a kind of device that is used to realize above-mentioned light reproducting method, a kind of device that comprises such as the combination of panel display apparatus such as liquid crystal indicator or plasm display device and Macro Lens array or pinhole array is disclosed.For example, at Jap.P. Te Open 2003-173128 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 1), Jap.P. Te Open 2003-161912 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 2), Jap.P. Te Open 2003-295114 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 3), Jap.P. Te Open 2003-75771 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 4), Jap.P. Te Open 2002-72135 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 5), Jap.P. Te Open 2001-56450 number (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 6) or Jap.P. the 3rd, the device of described type is disclosed in 523, No. 605 (hereinafter referred to as patent documentation 7).Also can invent out the device of a large amount of projector unit of arrangement.Figure 36 shows and uses projector unit to realize that light reproduces the ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP of the 3-D image display device of method.With reference to Figure 36, shown 3-D image display device is included in a large amount of projector unit 701 that are arranged in parallel on horizontal direction and the vertical direction, so that go out light from projector unit 701 with different angular emission.This 3-D image display device is the multiplexing image that is reproduced in the different visual angles of seeing the arbitrfary point in certain cross section 702, thereby has realized 3-D view.
Summary of the invention
According to above-mentioned light reproducting method, because image is to produce from the light that can effectively work as visual performances such as focal adjustments and the adjustings of binocular convergence angle that can't realize biocular type 3-D view technology and many orders type 3-D view technology, so the 3-D view that is produced can bring kopiopia to the observer hardly.In addition, because light is that same element from the dummy object is towards the emission continuously of a plurality of directions, so mobile caused image change by viewpoint position is provided serially.
But, to compare with existing object in the real world, the image that is produced by the light reproducting method in this situation lacks and has sense.Consider that this is because when comparing with the quantity of information that the object of observer from real world obtains, the 3-D view that obtains by the light reproducting method in this situation is from very small amount of information, i.e. this true the causing that produces from very small amount of light.Generally speaking, the limit that consider human diopter approximately is a minute by angular resolution, and the 3-D view that obtains by the light reproducting method in this case is from the insufficient light of the mankind's vision is formed.Thus, for the 3-D view that the height that object had that can provide in the real world exists the sense and the sense of reality is provided, must produce image from a large amount of light at least.
For the light group's that realizes this purpose, just need producing high spatial density technology, a kind of in this type of technology can be the display density that improves such as display device such as liquid crystal indicators.Perhaps, in the arrangement shown in Figure 36 in the device of a large amount of projector unit 701, the size of each projector unit 701 can be dwindled so that arrange projector unit 71 with high spatial density as far as possible.But the display density that will improve rapidly in this case in the display device is very difficult, and reason is the problem of light utilization ratio or diffraction limit.In addition, in the situation of the device shown in Figure 36, because dwindling of projector unit 701 has the limit, so will consider that it is very difficult arranging projector unit 71 with high spatial density.In any case, in order to produce highdensity light group, all need a plurality of devices, therefore the extensive configuration of whole device will be inevasible.
Thus, one embodiment of the present of invention provide a kind of 3-D image display device, it can produce and scattering shows the required light group of 3-D view with high spatial density, with the 3-D view that obtains to form, and can not increase the scale of 3-D image display device with the quality that is similar to the object the real world from light.
According to the first embodiment of the present invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source
(B) have the light modulation portion of a plurality of pixels, be used for modulating the light that sends from light source producing two dimensional image by these pixels, and along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced of the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from each pixel;
(C) Fourier transform image forming portion is used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of light modulation portion emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce the number Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression;
(D) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting that corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by described Fourier transform image forming part branch; And
(E) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of being divided selected Fourier transform image by Fourier transform image selection portion.
According to a second embodiment of the present invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) have the light modulation portion of a plurality of pixels, be used for modulating the light that sends from light source producing two dimensional image by these pixels, and along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced of the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from each pixel;
(C) image restriction and generation part, be used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of light modulation portion emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce number and the corresponding some Fourier transform images of diffraction progression that produce from each pixel, only select in these Fourier transform images predetermined one, then selected Fourier transform image is carried out inverse fourier transform, to produce the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that produces by the modulating sections branch;
(D) have the over-sampling wave filter of a plurality of open regions, be used for along and the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from these open regions launch the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of this two dimensional image;
(E) Fourier transform image forming portion is used for carrying out Fourier transform from the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image of over-sampling wave filter emission to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression from each open region generation;
(F) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting that corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by described Fourier transform image forming portion; And
(G) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of being divided selected Fourier transform image by Fourier transform image selection portion.
A third embodiment in accordance with the invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image with a plurality of pixels forms device, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light that sends from light source;
(C) optical devices, be used for forming from two dimensional image the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of device incident along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction, these optical devices comprise a plurality of optical elements that are arranged to two-dimensional matrix, wherein each optical element all has the light that incides this optical element is reflected with the refractive power on light being converged to basically a bit, and has the function of phase grating of phase place that modulation sees through the light of this optical element;
(D) Fourier transform image forming portion is used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of optical devices emissions is carried out Fourier transform, to produce the number Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression;
(E) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting that corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by described Fourier transform image forming part branch; And
(F) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of being divided selected Fourier transform image by Fourier transform image selection portion.
Preferably, 3-D image display device according to first embodiment of the invention is configured to make conjugate image formation part to comprise the inverse fourier transform part, be used for to dividing selected Fourier transform image to carry out inverse fourier transform, to form the real image of the two dimensional image that produces by the modulating sections branch by Fourier transform image selection portion.
Preferably, 3-D image display device according to second embodiment of the invention is configured to make conjugate image formation part to comprise the inverse fourier transform part, be used for to dividing selected Fourier transform image to carry out inverse fourier transform, to form the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that produces by image restriction and generating unit branch by Fourier transform image selection portion.
Preferably, 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention is configured to make conjugate image formation part to comprise the inverse fourier transform part, be used for to dividing selected Fourier transform image to carry out inverse fourier transform, to form the real image that forms the two dimensional image that is partly produced by two dimensional image by Fourier transform image selection portion.
Preferably, the 3-D image display device of first or second embodiment according to the present invention that comprises preferred disposition is configured to constitute light modulation portion to have the two dimensional spatial light modulator that a plurality of pixels of arranging two-dimensionally and each pixel have an opening.In the case, preferably constitute two dimensional spatial light modulator in each opening of two dimensional spatial light modulator with liquid crystal indicator (more specifically, the liquid crystal indicator of transmission-type or reflection-type) or the configuration (configuration that constitutes with the two-dimentional type MEMS that removable mirror is arranged to two-dimensional matrix) that removable mirror is set.Preferably, the shape of the planimetric map of opening is a rectangle.Shape at the planimetric map of opening is under the situation of rectangle, and fraunhofer (Fraunhofer) diffraction will take place, and produces M * N road diffraction light.In other words, these openings have formed amplitude grating, and it is modulating the incident light wave amplitude (intensity) periodically, thereby obtain the consistent light quantity distribution of distribution with the transmittance factor of grating.
Preferably, the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition is configured to constitute two dimensional image with liquid crystal indicator (more specifically, transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device) and forms part.
Preferably, comprise that the 3-D image display device of first or second embodiment according to the present invention of above-mentioned preferred disposition is configured to make light modulation portion to comprise,
(B-1) one-dimensional space photomodulator is used to form the one dimension image,
(B-2) scanning optics is used for the one dimension image that is formed by one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion forming two dimensional image, and
(B-3) be arranged in lattice filter on the formation plane of two dimensional image, be used for the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction.
Should be noted that lattice filter also can constitute with amplitude grating or with the phase grating of the phase place (that is, when the amplitude (intensity) that keeps light is constant phase place being modulated) of modulation transmission light quantity.
Perhaps, comprise that the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention of above-mentioned preferred disposition can be configured to make two dimensional image formation device to comprise,
(B-1) one dimension image processing system is used to form the one dimension image, and
(B-2) scanning optics is used for carrying out two-dimensional expansion to form two dimensional image by the formed one dimension image of one dimension image processing system.
Preferably, the 3-D image display device according to first embodiment of the invention that comprises above preferred embodiment and configuration is configured to constitute the Fourier transform image forming portion with lens, and light modulation portion is arranged on the front focal plane of these lens, and Fourier transform image selection portion branch is arranged on the back focal plane of these lens.
In addition, comprise that the 3-D image display device according to second embodiment of the invention of above preferred embodiment and configuration is configured to make image restriction and generation part to be made of following each several part,
(C-1) two lens, and
(C-2) image that is arranged between these two lens limits opening portion, and the Fourier transform image that is used for only allowing to be scheduled to passes through.
Preferably, comprise that the 3-D image display device according to second embodiment of the invention of above preferred embodiment and configuration is configured to produce member with diffraction light, more specifically, for example lattice filter constitutes the over-sampling wave filter.Should be noted that lattice filter can constitute with amplitude grating or phase grating.
In addition, the 3-D image display device according to second embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to constitute the Fourier transform image forming portion with lens, and the over-sampling filter arrangement on the front focal plane of lens, and is arranged in Fourier transform image selection portion branch on the back focal plane of lens.
In addition, the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention that comprises preferred embodiment and configuration can be configured to constitute the Fourier transform image forming portion with lens, and the focus of forming the optical element of optical devices is placed on the front focal plane of lens, and the Fourier transform image selects part to be disposed on the back focal plane of lens.
The 3-D image display device according to first embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make that the Fourier transform image selects that part has that number equates with diffraction progression that it opens and closes controllable opening.In addition, the 3-D image display device according to second embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make that the Fourier transform image selects that part has that number equates with diffraction progression from each open region generation that it opens and closes controllable opening.In addition, the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make that the Fourier transform image selects that part has that number equals diffraction progression that it opens and closes controllable opening.In those situations, Fourier transform selects part especially can be configured to constitute with liquid crystal indicator (more specifically, transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device), or is configured to constitute with the two-dimentional type MEMS that removable mirror is arranged to two-dimensional matrix.Preferably, the Fourier transform image is selected part to be configured to make it and two dimensional image to form the timing that device produces two dimensional image and synchronously desirable that in all openings is changed to open mode with the selection Fourier transform image corresponding with the required order of diffraction.
In addition, the 3-D image display device according to first embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and the embodiment spatial frequency that can be configured to make two dimensional image and carrier frequency are that the image information of dot structure spatial frequency is corresponding.
The spatial frequency that the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make two dimensional image and carrier frequency are that the image information of dot structure spatial frequency is corresponding, and the spatial frequency of conjugate image that makes two dimensional image is corresponding to the spatial frequency as the difference of the spatial frequency of dot structure spatial frequency and two dimensional image.In other words, it is selected to be as its carrier frequency that first-order diffraction obtained that half spatial frequency of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component and dot structure (hatch frame) spatial frequency that is lower than light modulation portion is divided by image restriction and generating unit, or by image demonstration opening portion.Following light modulation portion or two dimensional image form all shown on device spatial frequencys all by transmission.
In addition, the 3-D image display device according to third embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and the embodiment spatial frequency that can be configured to make two dimensional image and its carrier frequency are that the image information of spatial frequency of the two dimensional image dot structure that forms device is corresponding.
A fourth embodiment in accordance with the invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) light modulation portion, it has P * Q the opening that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by the control of each opening is produced two dimensional image from the passing through of the light of light source, reflection or diffraction, and come to be that based on this two dimensional image each opening produces amounts to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light, and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P and Q are any positive integers, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(C) first lens have been arranged light modulation portion on its front focal plane;
(D) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of first lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises M opening arranging along directions X and along N opening of Y direction layout, these openings can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(E) second lens have been arranged spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens, its front focus are placed in the back focus place of second lens.
According to a fifth embodiment of the invention, provide a kind of 3-D image display device, having comprised:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, it has a plurality of openings that are arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by the control of each opening is produced two dimensional image from the passing through of the light of light source, reflection or diffraction, and come to produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction based on this X-Y scheme for each opening;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that two dimensional image forms device;
(D) image restriction opening portion, it is disposed on the back focal plane of first lens, is used for only allowing the diffraction light of the predetermined order of diffraction to pass through;
(E) second lens have been arranged image restriction opening portion on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of second lens, and has the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual open region, be used for conjugate image, come to amount to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light for each open region produces based on the two dimensional image that is produced by second lens, and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(G) the 3rd lens have been arranged the over-sampling wave filter on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of the 3rd lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises M opening along directions X, and along N opening of Y direction, these openings can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens have been arranged spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of the 4th lens.
According to a sixth embodiment of the invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image with a plurality of pixels forms device, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light that sends from light source;
(C) optical devices are used for forming along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction emission from described two dimensional image the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of device incident, and these optical devices comprise the P that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual optical element, and each optical element all has the light that incides this optical element reflected so that light is converged to the refractive power of any basically, and have the function of modulation by the phase grating of the phase place of the light of this optical element, wherein P 0* Q 0It is any positive integer;
(D) first lens, the focus of having placed the optical element in the optical devices on its front focal plane;
(E) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of first lens, and has M * N opening, comprises M opening arranging along directions X and along N opening of Y direction layout, and can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(F) second lens have been arranged spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(G) the 3rd lens, the back focus of second lens is placed on the front focus of the 3rd lens.
Can be configured to have liquid crystal indicator that P * Q the pixel of arranging two-dimensionally and each pixel all have an opening (more specifically according to the 3-D image display device of fourth embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal indicator of transmission-type or reflection-type) constitutes two dimensional image and form device, or be preferably configured in each opening of two dimensional image formation device, be provided with a removable mirror (being included in the two-dimentional type MEMS that has arranged removable mirror in the opening that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix) so that this two dimensional image forms device.At this, the shape of the planimetric map of preferred opening is a rectangle.Plan view shape at opening is under the situation of rectangle, and Fraunhofer diffraction can take place, and produces M * N road diffraction light.In other words, these openings have constituted amplitude grating.
3-D image display device according to fifth embodiment of the invention can be configured to an opening all be arranged and satisfy P to have P * Q pixel and each pixel of arranging two-dimensionally 0＞P and Q 0The liquid crystal indicator of＞Q (more specifically, transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device) formation two dimensional image formation device, two dimensional image is formed in the device be provided with P * Q opening, and a removable mirror (being included in the two-dimentional type MEMS that has arranged removable mirror in the opening that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix so that this two dimensional image forms device) is set in each opening, satisfies P in addition 0＞P and Q 0＞Q.Preferably the shape of the planimetric map of these openings is rectangles.Shape at the planimetric map of opening is under the situation of rectangle, and Fraunhofer diffraction can take place, and produces M * N road diffraction light.In other words, these openings have constituted amplitude grating.In addition, available diffraction light produces member, more specifically, for example constitutes the over-sampling wave filter with lattice filter.Should be noted that lattice filter can constitute with amplitude grating or phase grating.
Can be configured to have P * Q the pixel of arranging two-dimensionally (P wherein according to the 3-D image display device of sixth embodiment of the invention 0〉=P and Q 0〉=Q) liquid crystal indicator (more specifically, the liquid crystal indicator of transmission-type or reflection-type) constitutes two dimensional image and forms device.Should be noted that P and P 0, and Q and Q 0Can have 1≤P respectively 0/ P≤4 and 1≤Q 0The more concrete relation of/Q≤4.
Perhaps, can be configured to make two dimensional image to form device according to the 3-D image display device of sixth embodiment of the invention and comprise,
(B-1) one dimension image processing system is used to form the one dimension image, and
(B-2) scanning optics is used for the one dimension image that is formed by the one dimension image processing system is carried out two-dimensional expansion to form two dimensional image.
In the case, this 3-D image display device can be configured to make the one dimension image processing system to produce the one dimension image by diffraction from the light of light source.In addition, this 3-D image display device can be configured to be used to cause generation anisotropic light diffusing member (anisotropic diffusion wave filter, anisotropic diffusion film or anisotropic diffusion sheet) in the 3rd lens back layout.
The 3-D image display device of the 4th, the 5th or the 6th embodiment according to the present invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make spatial filter to constitute with the liquid crystal indicator (transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device) with M * N opening (pixel) especially, maybe can have the configuration that constitutes with the two-dimentional MEMS that has arranged removable mirror two-dimensionally.Perhaps, spatial filter can be configured to synchronously a desirable opening is changed to open mode with the timing of two dimensional image formation device generation two dimensional image.
According to a seventh embodiment of the invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, it comprises the one-dimensional space photomodulator that is used to produce the one dimension image that P pixel arranged along directions X, be used for the one dimension image that is produced by one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion to produce the scanning optics of two dimensional image, and be disposed on the generation plane of two dimensional image, be used to each pixel to produce the diffraction light generation part of the M road diffraction light from the m level to m ' level, wherein m and m ' they are integers and M is a positive integer;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that diffraction light produces part;
(D) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of first lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises along M opening of directions X and along N opening of Y direction, wherein N is a positive integer, these openings can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(E) second lens have been arranged spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of second lens.
According to the 3-D image display device of seventh embodiment of the invention can be configured to make one-dimensional space photomodulator diffraction from the light of light source to form the one dimension image.
According to the eighth embodiment of the present invention, having described provides a kind of 3-D image display device, comprising:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, comprise the one-dimensional space photomodulator that is used to produce the one dimension image, be used for the one dimension image that is produced by one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion producing the scanning optics of two dimensional image, and be arranged on the generation plane of two dimensional image, the diffraction light that is used to each pixel to produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction produces part;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that diffraction light produces part;
(D) image restriction opening portion, it is disposed on the back focal plane of first lens, is used for only allowing the diffraction light of the predetermined order of diffraction to pass through;
(E) second lens have been arranged image restriction opening portion on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of second lens, and has the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual open region, be used for based on conjugate image, amount to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light for each open region produces by the formed two dimensional image of second lens, and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(G) the 3rd lens have been arranged the over-sampling wave filter on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of the 3rd lens, and has total M * N opening, comprise along M opening of directions X with along N opening of Y direction, these openings can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens have been arranged spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens, its front focus are placed on the back focus place of the 4th lens.
3-D image display device according to eighth embodiment of the invention can be configured to make one-dimensional space photomodulator along directions X P pixel to be arranged, and diffraction from the light of light source to produce the one dimension image and to satisfy P 0＞P.This 3-D image display device can be configured to produce member with diffraction light, more specifically, constitutes the over-sampling wave filter with lattice filter.Should be noted that lattice filter can constitute with amplitude grating or phase grating.
The above-mentioned 3-D image display device of the 7th or the 8th embodiment according to the present invention that comprises preferred disposition can be configured to spatial filter especially with liquid crystal indicator with M * N opening (pixel) (more specifically, transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device) constitute, maybe can have the configuration that constitutes with the two-dimentional MEMS that has arranged removable mirror two-dimensionally.Perhaps, spatial filter can be configured to regularly synchronously a desirable opening is changed to open mode with the generation of two dimensional image.
The 3-D image display device according to seventh embodiment of the invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition can be configured to be used to cause generation anisotropic light diffusing member (anisotropic diffusion wave filter, anisotropic diffusion film or anisotropic diffusion sheet) in the 3rd lens back layout.
In the 3-D image display device of the 4th, the 5th, the 7th or the 8th embodiment according to the present invention, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and m, m ' have the relation of m≤m ' and M=m '-m+1 with M.In addition, n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer, and n, n ' have the relation of n≤n ' and N=n '-n+1 with N.In addition, although the several M and the N of definition order of diffraction sum is not particularly limited, they can satisfy
0≤M(＝m′-m+1)≤21，
And preferably for example satisfy,
5≤M(＝m′-m+1)≤21。
In addition, can satisfy
0≤N(＝n′-n+1)≤21，
And preferably for example satisfy,
5≤N(＝n′-n+1)≤21。
The value of M can equate with the value of N or not wait.| m ' | value with | the value of m| can equate or not wait.In addition, | n ' | value with | the value of n| can equate or not wait.But, in the optical devices of this external 3-D image display device according to sixth embodiment of the invention, the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of incident is to launch along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction), wherein produced total M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level M road diffraction light to m ' order diffraction light (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer) and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light (n and n ' are integer and N is a positive integer), wherein m, m ' and M and n, n ' and N can have as above given relation.
The 3-D image display device of the second, the 5th and the 8th embodiment according to the present invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make the lattice filter that constitutes the over-sampling wave filter for example to have to form P with two bit matrix on glass sheet 0* Q 0The structure of individual groove (phase grating type).At this, these grooves are corresponding to open region.At open region (groove) is under the situation of for example rectangle, and Fraunhofer diffraction can take place, and produces M * N road diffraction light.In addition, although preferably satisfy P as described above 0＞P and Q 0＞Q, but more specifically, can satisfy 1≤P 0/ P≤4 and 1≤Q 0/ Q≤4.
It is the opening of rectangle that each pixel that the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment according to the present invention that comprises above-mentioned preferred disposition and embodiment can be configured to make two dimensional image form device all has a plan view shape.In addition, the optical devices in the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment can have following structure especially according to the present invention.Particularly, all optical elements preferably have the same or analogous plan view shape of plan view shape with the opening of respective pixel.In addition, each optical element preferably constitutes with the concavees lens that have the convex lens of positive refractive power or have negative refractive power, or constitutes with Fresnel lens with positive refractive power or the Fresnel lens with negative refractive power.In other words, each optical element all is to use the class optical grating element of refractive to constitute.In addition, these optical devices can constitute with certain Macro Lens array, and can make with glass or plastic or other material, therefore can produce based on known Macro Lens array production method.Should be noted that these optical devices are disposed in two dimensional image and form near the device back.Under near these optical devices are disposed in two dimensional image formation device back in this way the situation, just can ignore the influence that two dimensional image forms the diffraction phenomena that occurs in the device.Perhaps, for example, two convex lens can be arranged in two dimensional image forms between device and the optical devices, so that forming device, two dimensional image is disposed on the front focal plane of first convex lens, and the front focus of second convex lens is placed on the back focal plane of first convex lens, and optical devices are disposed on the back focal plane of second convex lens.Generally speaking, diffraction grating can be divided into two kinds different classes of, promptly, modulating the incident light wave amplitude (intensity) and obtaining thus and the transmittance factor of the grating amplitude grating of consistent light quantity distribution that distributes periodically, and modulate the phase place of transmission light quantity, the i.e. amplitude grating of the phase place of light modulated when the amplitude (intensity) of maintenance light is constant.Optical devices according to the present invention in the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment play the effect of a kind of phase grating in back.
Comprise that the light source in the 3-D image display device (these are collectively referred to as 3-D image display device of the present invention below 3-D image display device) of first to the 8th embodiment according to the present invention of above-mentioned various preferred disposition and embodiment can be laser, light emitting diode (LED) or white light source.Can form at light source and light modulation portion or two dimensional image and arrange between the device and be used for lamp optical system that the light from light emitted is formed.
In the liquid crystal indicator that constitutes two dimensional spatial light modulator or two dimensional image formation device, will comprise in first transparency electrode described below and second transparency electrode that the overlay region of liquid crystal cells is corresponding to a pixel.Make then and work as liquid crystal cells such as certain light shutter (light valve), that is, the transmittance factor of each pixel all is controlled, so that be controlled usually to obtain two dimensional image from the transmittance factor of the light of light emitted.According to the present invention first, second, in the 3-D image display device of the 4th, the 5th, the 7th and the 8th embodiment, in each overlay region of all first electrodes and all second electrodes, be provided with rectangular aperture, and when the light from light emitted passes through opening, Fraunhofer diffraction all takes place in each pixel, thus, produce M * N road diffraction light.
Be provided with above liquid crystal indicator for example comprises all first transparency electrodes front panel, above be provided with the rear panel of all second transparency electrodes and be inserted in front panel and rear panel between liquid crystal material.More specifically, front panel comprises first substrate, first transparency electrode (be also referred to as public electrode, and made by for example ITO) that is provided with and the light polarization film that is provided with that for example forms with glass substrate or silicon substrate on the outside surface of first substrate on the inside surface of first substrate.In addition, on first transparency electrode, formed oriented film.Simultaneously, the on-off element that rear panel for example specifically comprises second substrate that forms with glass substrate or silicon substrate, form at the interior upper surface of second substrate, by on-off element control with second transparency electrode (be also referred to as pixel electrode, and make) that presents the conduction/non-conduction state and the light polarization film that on the outside surface of second substrate, is provided with by for example ITO.Each can both make each member of formation transmissive liquid crystal display device and liquid crystal material with known member or material known.Each all availablely constitutes such as MOS type FET or thin film transistor (TFT) three-terminal elements such as (TFT) or such as MIM element, potential barrier (barrister) element or the two-terminal elements such as diode that form on the monocrystalline silicon Semiconductor substrate to should be noted that on-off element.Perhaps, liquid crystal indicator can have the configuration of matrix electrodes, and wherein a plurality of scan electrodes extend towards first direction, and a plurality of data electrode extends towards second direction.In the liquid crystal indicator of transmission-type, enter from second substrate from the light of light source, and come out from first substrate.On the other hand, in the liquid crystal indicator of reflection-type, enter and by second electrode (pixel electrode) reflection that for example forms at the inside surface of second substrate, it comes out from first substrate then from first substrate from the light of light source.By for example forming between second transparency electrode and the oriented film from the opaque insulation material layer of the light of light source, and in this insulation material layer, form opening and produce opening.Should be noted that as reflection-type liquid-crystal display device, can use LCoS (liquid crystal over silicon) type liquid crystal indicator.
In addition, one-dimensional space photomodulator (one dimension image processing system) more specifically can be wherein with diffraction grating-optical modulation element (GLV: grating light valve) be arranged as the device (below can be described as diffraction grating-optic modulating device) of one-dimensional array.
The 3-D image display device of the first, the 3rd, the 4th, the 6th and the 7th embodiment can be configured to also comprise that being used for projection forms the opticator of the formed conjugate image of part by conjugate image according to the present invention, perhaps also comprises being disposed in the 3rd lens back, being used for the opticator of projection by the formed image of the 3rd lens.In addition, the 3-D image display device of the second, the 5th and the 8th embodiment can be configured to also comprise that being used for projection forms the opticator of the formed conjugate image of part by conjugate image according to the present invention, perhaps also comprises being disposed in the 5th lens back, being used for the opticator of projection by the formed image of the 5th lens.
3-D image display device of the present invention (wherein the number of pixels P of two dimensional image * Q by (P, Q) expression) in, can be with such as VGA (640,480), S-VGA (800,600), XGA (1024,768), APRC (1152,900), S-XGA (1280,1024), U-XGA (1600,1200), HD-TV (1920,1080) and Q-XGA (2048,1536) reach (1920,1035), (720,480) and (1280,960) etc. some image display resolutions are as (P, Q) value is used.But (P, Q) value is not limited to above given value.
In the 3-D image display device of the first, the 4th and the 7th embodiment according to the present invention, form device etc. by light modulation portion, two dimensional image and produce two dimensional image, and by diffraction light produce part along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced from the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of orders of diffraction that each pixel produced.By Fourier transform image forming portion or first lens this spatial frequency is carried out Fourier transform producing the number Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression, and regularly synchronously equal a selection Fourier transform image corresponding among the Fourier transform image that is produced of diffraction progression with the required order of diffraction from number with the formation of two dimensional image.Then, form part (second lens and the 3rd lens) by conjugate image and form the conjugate image of selecting part or the selected Fourier transform image of spatial filter by the Fourier transform image, and final observed person observes.Described this a series of operating in the time series is repeated in succession.Thus, can produce and the scattering light group corresponding with high spatial density and under the state that distributes towards a plurality of directions with a plurality of orders of diffraction.Therefore, the 3-D view of the high material sense that the object with in the real world that can obtain can not obtain in a usual manner based on this light reproducting method is approximate, it utilizes light diffraction efficiently, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device.
In the 3-D image display device of the second, the 5th and the 8th embodiment according to the present invention, produce two dimensional image by light modulation portion (two dimensional image forms device), and along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced from the emission of the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction that each pixel produced, and by the image restriction with produce part (first lens) this spatial frequency carried out Fourier transform with the generation number Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression.Then, in all Fourier transform images, only select predetermined one with producing part (image restriction opening portion) by image restriction, and by the image restriction with produce the conjugate image that part (second lens) produces this Fourier image.Then, launch the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of this two dimensional image along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction that produce from each open region from the over-sampling wave filter.By Fourier transform image forming portion (the 3rd lens) this spatial frequency is carried out Fourier transform to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression that produces from each open region.Then, select part (spatial filter) synchronously to select a Fourier transform image corresponding by the Fourier transform image with the desirable order of diffraction from number and among the corresponding some Fourier transform images that produce of the diffraction progression of each open region generation with the timing that forms of two dimensional image.Then, form part (second lens and the 3rd lens) by conjugate image and form the conjugate image of selecting part (spatial filter) selected Fourier transform image by the Fourier transform image, and final observed person observes.Described this a series of operating in the time series is repeated in succession.Thus, can produce with high spatial density and under the state that distributes towards a plurality of directions and scattering and the corresponding light group of a plurality of orders of diffraction from each open region generation of over-sampling wave filter.Therefore, the 3-D view of the high material sense that the object with in the real world that can obtain can not obtain in a usual manner based on this light reproducting method is approximate, it utilizes light diffraction efficiently, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device.In addition, in the 3-D image display device of the second, the 5th and the 8th embodiment according to the present invention, the image that is read out (conjugate image of two dimensional image) again, promptly is independent of light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) by spatial sampling by arranging the over-sampling wave filter.Therefore, the size of the final image that obtains and angular field of view can be controlled independently of each other.Thus, when observed 3-D view regional extended, the ratio of shown 3-D view (size) can increase.
In the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment according to the present invention, form device by two dimensional image and produce two dimensional image, and the spatial frequency of launching the two dimensional image that is produced by optical devices along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction, wherein these optical devices are that some optical elements are polymerized, and each optical element all is to constitute with the class optical grating element of refractive.Then, by the Fourier transform image forming portion or first lens this spatial frequency is carried out Fourier transform to produce the some Fourier transform images that equate with diffraction progression.Then, select part or spatial filter synchronously among the corresponding some Fourier transform images that produce of number and diffraction progression, to select a Fourier transform image corresponding by the Fourier transform image with the desirable order of diffraction with forming regularly of two dimensional image.Then, form part (the second and the 3rd lens) by conjugate image and form the conjugate image of selecting part or the selected Fourier transform image of spatial filter by the Fourier transform image, and final observed person observes.Described this a series of operating in the time series is repeated in succession.Thus, can produce and the scattering light group corresponding with high spatial density and under the state that distributes towards a plurality of directions with a plurality of orders of diffraction.Therefore, the 3-D view of the high material sense that the object with in the real world that can obtain can not obtain in a usual manner based on this light reproducting method is approximate, it utilizes light diffraction efficiently, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device.
By having rectangular aperture and causing that based on these rectangular apertures the amplitude grating that Fraunhofer diffraction takes place is formed by two dimensional image along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction under the situation of spatial frequency of two dimensional image of device generation, it is very difficult will producing the amplitude grating with high-NA sometimes.In addition, because the light utilization ratio is the numerical aperture that depends on opening, be very difficult so reach very high light utilization ratio possibly.On the other hand, when the spatial frequency of two dimensional image being carried out Fourier transform when producing the Fourier transform image, the homogeneity (homogeneity of light intensity in the order of diffraction) in number some Fourier transform images corresponding with the order of diffraction strengthens along with the minimizing of open side.In the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment according to the present invention, at optical devices is that each is not with amplitude grating but under the situation about being polymerized with the grating class component of refractive, can provides very high numerical aperture for optical element itself.Thus, can realize the raising of light utilization ratio.In addition, almost converged to a bit because incide the light of optical element, thus be equivalent to obtain very little opening, and can in the Fourier transform image corresponding, realize the homogeneity of height with the order of diffraction.In addition, realizing just many energy also being distributed to the diffraction of high diffracting grade under the optimized situation of optical devices.For example should be noted that,, then just can improve the light utilization ratio if adopt the phase grating that on flat glass film, forms plurality of grooves.But, although it is possible producing any grating pattern by phase modulation (PM) in specific plane in the situation of pattern generating, but produce in arbitrary plane therein in the system of the image that forms with light, it is very difficult producing specific pattern in arbitrary plane.In the 3-D image display device of the 3rd or the 6th embodiment according to the present invention, if adopted by not being, then can eliminate the problem of aforesaid those phase gratings with phase grating but with the optical devices that the optical element that the class optical grating element of refractive constitutes is polymerized.
Consider the following description and the appended claims book in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, above-mentioned and other purpose can be clear and definite of the present invention, feature and advantage, parts or element similar in the accompanying drawing are represented by identical Reference numeral.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the first work example according to the present invention is shown along the yz plane;
Fig. 2 is the synoptic diagram that illustrates from the notion of the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 of oblique observation;
Fig. 3 is the synoptic diagram of arrangement of parts state that the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 is shown;
Fig. 4 is a preceding elevational schematic view of selecting the spatial filter of example partly as the Fourier transform image of the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1;
Fig. 5 illustrates by the two dimensional image as the example of the light modulation portion of the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 to form the synoptic diagram of mode that device produces the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction;
Fig. 6 is the first lens L that illustrates as the example of the Fourier transform image forming portion in the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 1The optical convergence state, and select the image of spatial filter of the example of part to form the synoptic diagram of state as the Fourier transform image in the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1;
Fig. 7 A and 7B are the preceding elevational schematic view that forms device as the two dimensional image of the example of light conversion portion, they are in the minimum state of spatial frequency that is formed the formed two dimensional image of device by the two dimensional image as the example of the light modulation portion in the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 respectively, and another the highest state of this spatial frequency;
Fig. 8 A and 8B are the synoptic diagram that the frequency characteristic of the light intensity behind the Fourier transform is shown, they are in the minimum state of spatial frequency that is formed the formed two dimensional image of device by the two dimensional image as the example of the light modulation portion in the three-dimensional display apparatus of Fig. 1 respectively, and another the highest state of this spatial frequency;
Fig. 9 A is the synoptic diagram that illustrates as the distribution on the xy plane after the spatial filter Fourier transform of Fourier transform image selection example partly, and Fig. 9 B and 9C are the synoptic diagram that the Fourier transform distribution of light intensity on the x axle afterwards is shown;
Figure 10 is that the two dimensional image that illustrates as the example of light modulation portion forms the timing that device forms two dimensional image, and the opening/closing synoptic diagram regularly of opening of spatial filter of selecting the example of part as the Fourier transform image, and wherein form the timing diagram that device forms two dimensional image and be shown in epimere, and select the opening and closing timing diagram of opening of spatial filter of the example of part to be shown in stage casing and hypomere as the Fourier transform image as the two dimensional image of the example of light modulation portion;
Figure 11 illustrates the synoptic diagram of notion of the spatial filter that spatial filter carried out of selecting the example of part as the Fourier transform image by the time sequence;
Figure 12 is the synoptic diagram that illustrates by the image that spatial filter obtained shown in Figure 11;
Figure 13 A, 13B and 13C are respectively the synoptic diagram of first, second and the 3rd example that the configuration of the light source of three-dimensional display apparatus of Fig. 1 and lamp optical system is shown;
Figure 14 A and 14B are respectively the synoptic diagram of the 4th and the 5th example that the configuration of the light source of three-dimensional display apparatus of Fig. 1 and lamp optical system is shown;
Figure 15 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the second work example according to the present invention is shown along the yz plane;
Figure 16 is the synoptic diagram that illustrates from the notion of the 3-D image display device of Figure 15 of oblique observation;
Figure 17 is the synoptic diagram of arrangement of parts that the 3-D image display device of Figure 15 is shown;
Figure 18 illustrates by the two dimensional image as the example of the light modulation portion of the 3-D image display device of Figure 15 to form the synoptic diagram of mode that device produces the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction;
Figure 19 is the 3rd lens L that illustrates as the example of the Fourier transform image forming portion in the 3-D image display device of Figure 15 3The optical convergence state, and select the image of spatial filter of the example of part to form the synoptic diagram of state as the Fourier transform image in the 3-D image display device of Figure 15;
Figure 20 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example according to the present invention is shown along the yz plane;
Figure 21 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the work of optical devices of 3-D image display device of Figure 20 and action is shown;
Figure 22 is the synoptic diagram that illustrates from the notion of the 3-D image display device of Figure 20 of oblique observation;
Figure 23 is the synoptic diagram of arrangement of parts state that the 3-D image display device of Figure 20 is shown;
Figure 24 illustrates two dimensional image by the 3-D image display device of Figure 20 to form the synoptic diagram of mode that device produces the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction;
Figure 25 is the first lens L that illustrates as the example of the Fourier transform image forming portion in the 3-D image display device of Figure 20 1The optical convergence state, and select the image of spatial filter of the example of part to form the synoptic diagram of state as the Fourier transform in the 3-D image display device of Figure 20;
Figure 26 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 4th work example according to the present invention is shown;
Figure 27 is the schematic cross-section of arrangement that bottom electrode, fixed electorde and the travelling electrode of the diffraction grating-optical modulation element in the 3-D image display device of forming Figure 26 are shown;
Figure 28 A is the schematic cross-section of fixed electorde of getting along the B-B line of Figure 27 etc., and be the schematic cross-section of travelling electrode of getting along the A-A line of Figure 27 etc., wherein this diffraction grating-optical modulation element is in off working state, Figure 28 B is the schematic cross-section of travelling electrode of getting along the A-A line of Figure 27 etc., wherein diffraction grating-optical modulation element is in running order, and Figure 28 C is the schematic cross-section of the fixed electorde got along the C-C line of Figure 27, travelling electrode etc.;
Figure 29 is the synoptic diagram that two dimensional image that the example of grading as the modulating sections in the 3-D image display device of Figure 26 is shown forms the notion of the part in the device;
Figure 30 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 5th work example according to the present invention is shown;
Figure 31 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 6th work example according to the present invention is shown;
Figure 32 is the synoptic diagram that the notion of the part in the 3-D image display device of the 7th work example is shown according to the present invention along the yz plane;
Figure 33 A and 33B are the synoptic diagram that illustrates along the yz plane the part of a kind of modification of the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1;
Figure 34 is the synoptic diagram that the part that the another kind of the 3-D image display device of Fig. 1 is revised is shown along the yz plane;
Figure 35 is the synoptic diagram that illustrates with the configuration of the multiple-unit 3-D image display device that constitutes of as shown in fig. 1 3-D image display device; And
Figure 36 is the schematic perspective view that the configuration of conventional 3-D image display device is shown.
Embodiment
The first work example
At first referring to figs. 1 to 3, wherein show the 3-D image display device of the first work example according to the present invention, it is corresponding to the of the present invention first and the 4th embodiment.This 3-D image display device is constructed to the 3-D image display device of monochrome display type.Should be noted that in the following description the optical axis of this three-dimensional display apparatus is defined as the z axle, and the coordinate axis of rectangular coordinate system is defined as x axle and y axle in the plane vertical with the z axle.In addition, the direction parallel with the x axle is defined as directions X, and the direction parallel with the y axle is defined as the Y direction.Directions X is the horizontal direction of 3-D image display device for example, and the Y direction is the vertical direction of 3-D image display device for example.Fig. 1 illustrates the 3-D image display device of the first work example along the yz plane.And the conceptual view of the 3-D image display device of the example of working along first of xz plane is similar to Fig. 1 basically.Simultaneously, the notion when Fig. 2 illustrates from the 3-D image display device of the oblique observation first work example, and Fig. 3 illustrates the ordered state of parts of the 3-D image display device of the first work example.
In demonstration,, just must prepare a kind of device that the light of various angles can be provided in advance for lip-deep virtual origin emission multiple light rays from the dummy object that is present in the optional position according to the 3-D view of conventional light reproducting method.Especially, for example, in the described device, must a large amount of (for example, M * N) projector unit 701 be arranged to juxtaposition relationship with reference to Figure 36 towards horizontal direction and vertical direction above.
On the other hand, in the 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example, the 3-D image display device itself that comprises parts shown in Fig. 1 to 3 can produce and form a large amount of light groups, and they have higher space density than the light group of one type of prior art syringe.The 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example itself has and is arranged to the function of the device equivalence of juxtaposition relationship with above with reference to Figure 36 described a large amount of (M * N) projector unit 701 towards horizontal direction and vertical direction.For example should be noted that under the situation that adopts the multiple-unit configuration, 3-D image display device can comprise the 3-D image display device 101 of Fig. 1 that number equates with the 3-D view number of each unit.Figure 35 illustrates the device of the 3-D image display device 101 that comprises 4 * 4=16 the first work example.Thus, make these as a whole 16 3-D image display devices 101 and reproduce an image.In other words, according to this multiple-unit configuration, single 3 D image display device 101 reproduces the part of an image 1/16 to form an integral body.This equally also is applicable to the 3-D image display device of following second to the 7th work example.
The 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) has the light modulation portion 130 of a plurality of pixels 131, be used for modulating the light that sends from light source 110 producing two dimensional image by these pixels 131, and along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced of the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of (amounting to M * N) order of diffraction of producing from each pixel 131;
(C) the Fourier transform image forming portion 140, are used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of light modulation portion 130 emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression (it is individual to amount to M * N);
(D) the Fourier transform image is selected part 150, is used for selecting corresponding that of the Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression that produced by Fourier transform image forming part branch and the required order of diffraction; And
(E) conjugate image forms part 160, is used to form the conjugate image of being selected part 150 selected Fourier transform images by the Fourier transform image.
Conjugate image forms part 160 and comprises inverse fourier transform part (particularly, the following second lens L 2), be used for selecting part 150 selected Fourier transform images to carry out inverse fourier transform to form the real image of the two dimensional image that is produced by light modulation portion 130 by the Fourier transform image.In addition, Fourier transform image forming portion 140 usefulness lens constitute, and light modulation portion 130 is disposed on the front focal plane of these lens, and the Fourier transform image selects part 150 to be disposed on the back focal plane of these lens.The Fourier transform image selects part 150 to have the opening 151 that can be controlled to open and close, and its number equates with diffraction progression.
The spatial frequency of two dimensional image is the image information of dot structure spatial frequency corresponding to its carrier frequency.
Simultaneously, a fourth embodiment in accordance with the invention, the 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) light modulation portion 130, it has the individual opening of P * Q (P and Q are any positive integers) that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by the control of each opening is passed through to produce two dimensional image from the light of light source 110, and come to be that based on these two dimensional images each opening produces amounts to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level M road diffraction light to m ' order diffraction light (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer), and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light (n and n ' are integer and N is a positive integer);
(C) the first lens L 1(more specifically, being convex lens in the first work example) arranged that on its front focal plane two dimensional image forms device 130;
(D) spatial filter SF, it is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane on, and have M * N opening 151, comprise M opening 151 arranging along directions X and along N opening 151 of Y direction layout, these openings 151 can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(E) the second lens L 2(more specifically, being convex lens in the first work example) arranged spatial filter SF on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens L 3(more specifically, being convex lens in the first work example), its front focus is placed in the second lens L 2The back focus place.
In the 3-D image display device of the 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example and the following the 4th and the 7th work example, P=1,024 and Q=768, and m=-5, m '=5, M=m '-m+1=11, n=-5, n '=5, and N=n '-n+1=11.But the value of described variable is not limited to above those values that specifically provide.In addition, z axle (corresponding to optical axis) passes through the center of all parts of any one 3-D image display device in the first work example or second to the 7th work example, and extends perpendicular to all parts of 3-D image display device.If the parts of the 3-D image display device of the present invention first work example are compared with the parts of the 3-D image display device of fourth embodiment of the invention or the 7th embodiment, then light modulation portion 130 is corresponding to two dimensional image formation device 130; Fourier transform image forming portion 140 is corresponding to the first lens L 1The Fourier transform image selects part 150 corresponding to spatial filter SF; The inverse fourier transform part is corresponding to the second lens L 2And conjugate image forms part 160 corresponding to the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3Therefore, use the term two dimensional image to form device 130, the first lens L in the following description 1, spatial filter SF, the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3
The lamp optical system 120 that is used for that the light that sends from light source 110 is formed is inserted in light source 110 and two dimensional image forms between the device 130.Thus, two dimensional image forms device 130 usefulness launch, also pass through lamp optical system 120 from light source 110 light (illumination light) irradiation.For illumination light, for example can use from light source 110 emissions have a high spatial coherence and illuminated optical system 120 be configured as the light of directional light.Should be noted that the character of illumination light and be used to obtain the specific example of the configuration of this illumination light will be in following description.
It is to constitute with a plurality of pixels 131 that two-dimensional arrangements and each all have an opening that two dimensional image forms device 130.Especially, two dimensional image forms device 130 or two dimensional spatial light modulator is to have two-dimensional arrangements (promptly, be arranged in two-dimensional matrix along X and Y direction) the transmissive liquid crystal display device of P * Q pixel 131 constitute, and each pixel 131 all has an opening.
A pixel 131 is to constitute with the overlapping region that comprises liquid crystal cells in first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode.Therefore, liquid crystal cells plays the effect of certain light shutter (light valve), that is, the transmittance factor of each pixel 131 is controlled, and with the transmittance factor of control from the light of light source 110 emissions, thereby integrally obtains all two dimensional images.In the overlapping region of first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode, rectangular aperture is set, and when the light from light source 110 emissions passes through opening, Fraunhofer diffraction can takes place.Therefore, each pixel 131 produces M * N=121 road diffraction light.In other words, can think,, produce a P * Q * M * N road diffraction light so amount to because the number of pixel 131 is P * Q.Form in the device 130 at two dimensional image, the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is to form device 130 emissions along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of (the amounting to M * N) order of diffraction that produces from each pixel 131 from two dimensional image.Should be noted that angle of diffraction also can change according to the spatial frequency of two dimensional image.
It is f that two dimensional image formation device 130 is disposed in focal length 1The first lens L 1Front focal plane (plane of the focus of light source one side) on, and spatial filter SF is disposed on the back focal plane (plane of the focus of observer's one side).By the first lens L 1Produce, and on spatial filter SF, form M * N=121 the Fourier transform image that number equates with diffraction progression.Should be noted that in Fig. 2, for the purpose of illustrating conveniently, 64 Fourier transform images are shown round dot.
Particularly, spatial filter SF allows in time it to be opened and closed control, to be used for the Fourier transform image is carried out the spatial filter of room and time filtering.More specifically, spatial filter SF has the opening 151 that can be controlled to open and close, and (particularly, M * N=121) equates for its number and diffraction progression.Then, in spatial filter SF, the timing that forms device 130 generation two dimensional images with two dimensional image synchronously is changed to open mode with desirable that in the opening 151, to select that Fourier transform image corresponding to the required order of diffraction.More specifically, spatial filter SF can be with for example with ferroelectric liquid crystals transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device that constitute and that have M * N pixel, or comprises the two-dimentional type MEMS formation that removable mirror is arranged to the device of two-dimensional matrix.Should be noted that the preceding elevational schematic view that the spatial filter SF that constitutes with liquid crystal indicator has been shown among Fig. 4.With reference to figure 4, numerical value (m 0, n 0) indication opening 151 numbering, indicate the order of diffraction simultaneously.Particularly, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) individual opening 151.
As mentioned above, conjugate image formation part 160 particularly is with the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3Constitute.Then, focal length is f 2The second lens L 2Fourier transform image by spatial filter SF filtering is carried out inverse fourier transform, to form the real image RI that forms device 130 formed two dimensional images by two dimensional image.In addition, focal length is f 3The second lens L 3Formation is by the conjugate image CI of the Fourier transform image of spatial filter SF filtering.
The second lens L 2Be arranged to make spatial filter SF to be positioned on its front focal plane, and the real image RI that makes two dimensional image form device 130 formed two dimensional images is formed on its back focal plane.Here forming the enlargement factor of the real image RI that device 130 obtained about two dimensional image can be by at random selecting the second lens L 2Focal distance f 2Change.
Simultaneously, the 3rd lens L 3Be arranged to make its front focal plane with the second lens L 2Back focal plane overlap, and the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image is formed on its back focal plane.At this, because the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane be the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF, so two dimensional image forms two dimensional image that device 130 produced and go up the image of exporting with the corresponding part of an opening 151 from spatial filter SF identical.Then, the final institute light amount that produces and export can be defined as (the light number of P * Q) equate multiply by the diffraction progression that passes through optical system (particularly, the amount of calculating gained of M * N) with number of pixels.In addition, make the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image be formed on the 3rd lens L although be 3Back focal plane on, but also can consider regularly the light group to be arranged in two-dimensionally the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on.In other words, generally speaking, (particularly, the projector unit shown in Figure 36 that M * N) is equal is arranged in the 3rd lens L equivalently for number and diffraction progression 3Back focal plane on.
As shown in Fig. 2 and 5, the pixel 131 that two dimensional image forms device 130 produces diffraction light different along 11 roads of from-5 to 5 grades of directions Xs and the different diffraction light in 11 roads along from-5 to 5 grades in Y direction, and produces thus and amount to M * different diffraction light in N road.Although should be noted that 0 grade of light (n only is shown in Fig. 5 0=0) grade light (n, ± 1 0=± 1) and ± 2 grades of light (n 0=± 2) as representational diffraction light, but in fact also produce more senior diffraction light, and finally form 3-D view from these diffraction lights.At this, the diffraction light of each order of diffraction (luminous flux) is contained all images information (information of all pixels) that two dimensional image forms device 130 formed two dimensional images.Form the diffraction of the same pixel on the device 130 and all light (11 * 11 group=121 road light) of a light group producing have identical image information at one time from two dimensional image.In other words, form in the device 130 at the two dimensional image that constitutes with transmissive liquid crystal display device with P * Q pixel 131, light from light source 110 is modulated to produce two dimensional image by pixel 131, and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced is along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) that produce from each pixel 131.
Then, form the spatial frequency (all Pixel Information that wherein contained this two dimensional image) of device 130 formed two dimensional images by the first lens L by two dimensional image 1Carry out Fourier transform to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).These Fourier transform images are formed on the spatial filter SF.Because the Fourier transform image of the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of the angle of diffraction emission that the edge is corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction is by the first lens L 1Produce, so can obtain the high Fourier transform image of spatial frequency.
At this, from the wavelength of the light (illumination light) of light source 110 emission by λ (mm) expression, the spatial frequency that is formed the two dimensional image that device 130 forms by two dimensional image is represented by υ (lp/mm), and the first lens L 1Focal length by f 1(mm) under Biao Shi the situation, spatial frequency is that the light (Fourier transform image) of υ appears at the first lens L 1Be Y from optical axis distance on the back focal plane 1(mm) position.
Y 1＝f 1·λ·υ (1)
The first lens L has been shown among Fig. 6 1Converged state.Should be noted that in Fig. 6 " Y 0" expression forms the length of device 130 formed two dimensional images on the y direction of principal axis by two dimensional image, and " Y 1" represent to form device 130 formed two dimensional images based on two dimensional image, in the distance of Fourier transform image on the y direction of principal axis on the spatial filter SF.In addition, 0 order diffraction light is represented that by solid line 1 order diffraction light is represented by dotted line, and 2 order diffraction light are represented by dot-and-dash line.The diffraction light of all orders of diffraction, that is, some Fourier transform images that produce that number is corresponding with the order of diffraction are by the first lens L 1Different openings 151 places at spatial filter SF assemble (again with reference to figure 2).As mentioned above, the number of opening 151 is M * N=121.Convergent angle θ on the spatial filter SF (scattering angle after spatial filter SF emission) equates about P * Q pixel 131 on the Fourier transform image (or diffraction light) with identical diffraction progression.Distance between the Fourier transform image of adjacent diffraction orders can be determined according to above given expression formula (1).According to expression formula (1), can be by at random selecting the first lens L 1Focal distance f 1Change the position (image on the spatial filter SF forms the position) of Fourier transform image.
Can pass through the first lens L in order to make along the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of the angle of diffraction corresponding emission with a plurality of orders of diffraction 1, must select the first lens L according to the diffraction progression that will use 1Numerical aperture NA, and require the first lens L 1The aperture number of all lens afterwards is all greater than the first lens L 1Numerical aperture NA, and regardless of its focal length.
The size of opening 151 can be set to expression formula (1) in Y 1Value equates.For example, be under the situation of 532nm in the wavelength X of illumination light, the first lens L 1Focal distance f 1Be 50mm, and the size of a pixel 131 of two dimensional image formation device 130 approximately is 13 to 14 μ m, Y 1Value approximately be 2mm.This expression can obtain the Fourier transform image corresponding with the order of diffraction with the high density of about 2mm distance.In other words, on spatial filter SF, can obtain on X and the Y direction apart from 11 * 11=121 the Fourier transform image that all is about 2mm.
The spatial frequency υ that forms the two dimensional image that device 130 forms by two dimensional image has and the highlyest forms two cycles that contiguous pixels 131 forms of device 130 by two dimensional image, because two dimensional image is to form device 130 by the two dimensional image that constitutes with P * Q pixel 131 to form.
Fig. 7 A illustrates the preceding elevational schematic view that two dimensional image forms device 130, and it is in the minimum state of spatial frequency that is formed the two dimensional image that device 130 forms by this two dimensional image.At this, the state that spatial frequency is minimum is that all pixels all show black or states of display white all, and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image in this situation only has plane wave component (DC component).Should be noted that Fig. 7 A illustrates states of display white of all pixels.Illustrated among Fig. 8 A in this situation by the first lens L 1The frequency characteristic of the light intensity of the Fourier transform image that forms.As among Fig. 8 A as seen, the peak value of the light intensity of Fourier transform image is with frequency υ 1Distance occur.
Simultaneously, Fig. 7 B illustrates the preceding elevational schematic view that two dimensional image forms device 130, and it is in the highest state of spatial frequency that is formed device 130 formed two dimensional images by two dimensional image.At this, the state that spatial frequency is the highest is the situation that all pixels alternately show black and white.Schematically show among Fig. 8 B by the first lens L 1The frequency characteristic of the light intensity of the Fourier transform image that forms.In Fig. 8 B, the peak value of the light intensity of Fourier transform image is with frequency υ 2(=υ 1/ 2) distance occurs.The distribution of the schematically illustrated Fourier transform image of Fig. 9 A on spatial filter SF (on the xy plane), and Fig. 9 B and 9C schematically illustrate the light distribution of Fourier modified-image on the x of Fig. 9 A axle (being represented by dotted line).Should be noted that Fig. 9 B illustrates lowest spatial frequency component (plane wave component), and Fig. 9 C illustrates high spatial frequency component.
The shape of the planimetric map of the opening 151 of spatial filter SF can be determined based on the shape of Fourier transform image.In addition, can be each order of diffraction each opening 151 is set, so that the peak of the plane wave of Fourier transform image can be at the center of opening 151.Thus, the peak value of the light intensity of Fourier transform image is positioned in the center 152 of each opening 151.Especially, each opening 151 should be configured the spatial frequency that makes center two dimensional image in the circulation pattern of Fourier transform image be all of the two dimensional image located of lowest spatial frequency component (plane wave component) positive and negative high spatial frequency all can pass through opening 151.
Incidentally, the state that spatial frequency is the highest is the situation as visible all pixel Alternation Display black and whites among Fig. 7 B.In addition, the spatial frequency of the dot structure of two dimensional image formation device 130 and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image have following relation.Especially, if the supposition opening occupies all pixels (that is, the aperture ratio is 100%), then the high spatial frequency of two dimensional image is 1/2 of a dot structure spatial frequency.On the other hand, occupy at opening under the situation of pixel (being lower than 100%) of certain ratio, the high spatial frequency of two dimensional image be lower than dot structure spatial frequency 1/2.Therefore, all spatial frequencys of two dimensional image occur the position apart from half between the circulation pattern that produces and be apparent in owing to dot structure on the spatial filter SF.Thus, all openings 151 can be arranged to that spatially they can the phase mutual interference.Especially, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) opening 151, and diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image can not arrive other opening 151.Thus, be arranged in have separate, have the spatial frequency that forms device 130 formed two dimensional images by two dimensional image corresponding to the Fourier transform image of an opening 151 on the spatial filter SF of some openings 151 of each Fourier transform image, the spatial frequency of two dimensional image formation device 130 formed two dimensional images is lost and will can not taken place owing to what the space constraint of opening 151 produced.The spatial frequency that should be noted that dot structure can be considered to carrier frequency, and is under the situation of carrier frequency in the spatial frequency of dot structure, and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is corresponding to image information.
Then, in spatial filter SF, opening 151 is carried out opening/closing control, passing through/interdicting with M * N Fourier transform image of control.If spatial filter SF constitutes with for example liquid crystal indicator, then can carry out the opening/closing control of opening 151 with the form work of certain light shutter (light valve) by making liquid crystal cells.
The timing of opening/closing control of the opening 151 of spatial filter SF will be described now.
In spatial filter SF, in order to select the Fourier transform image corresponding, synchronously carry out the opening/closing control of opening 151 with the image output that two dimensional image forms device 130 with the required order of diffraction.To this operation be described with reference to Figure 10,11 and 12.Should be noted that epimere, show the timing that two dimensional image forms the image output of device 130, and in the stage casing of Figure 10 at Figure 10, show spatial filter SF (3,2) opening 151 opening/closing regularly.In addition, at the hypomere of Figure 10, the opening/closing that shows (3,3) opening 151 regularly.The 3-D image display device that should be noted that following the 3rd to the 7th work example is also worked in a similar manner.
Suppose as seen in Figure 10, on two dimensional image forms device 130, from moment t 1STo moment t 1EPeriod T 1In shown for example image " A ", and from moment t 2STo moment t 2EAnother period T 2In shown another image " B ".At this moment, in spatial filter SF, at period T 1Interior (3,2) opening 151 is controlled as open mode, and at period T 2Interior (3,3) opening 151 is controlled as open mode, as shown in Figure 10.Thus, different image informations can be added to by the first lens L 1Produce, as the Fourier transform image of the different diffraction level of the same pixel 131 that forms device 130 about two dimensional image.In other words, at period T 1In, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 and be to form the Fourier transform image that a certain pixel 131 of device 130 obtained about two dimensional image to comprise and the relevant image information of image " A ".On the other hand, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=3 and be to comprise and the relevant image information of image " B " about the Fourier transform image that same pixel obtained that two dimensional image forms device 130.
Figure 11 schematically illustrates the image formation timing that two dimensional image forms device 130, and the control of opening 151 regularly.At period T 1In, image " A " is displayed on two dimensional image and forms on the device 130, and M * N Fourier transform image is converged to Fourier transform image " α " at corresponding opening 151 places of spatial filter SF.At period T 1In, because have only (3,2) opening 151 to be opened, be m so have only diffraction progression 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image " α " has passed through spatial filter SF.At next period T 2In, image " B " is displayed on two dimensional image and forms on the device 130, and is converged to Fourier transform image " β " at corresponding opening 151 places of spatial filter SF like M * N Fourier transform images category.At period T 2In, because have only (3,3) opening 151 to be opened, be m so have only diffraction progression 0=3 and n 0=3 Fourier transform image " β " is by spatial filter SF.After this, the control of the opening/closing in the space 151 of spatial filter SF is regularly synchronously carried out continuously with the image formation that two dimensional image forms device 130.Should be noted that in Figure 11 the opening 151 usefulness solid lines that are in open mode center on, and any other opening 151 usefulness dotted lines that are in closed condition center on.
Aforesaid timing carried out that image that two dimensional image forms device 130 forms and the situation of the opening/closing control of opening 151 under, the image that final output is obtained as 3-D image display device has been shown among Figure 12.With reference to Figure 12, image " A ' " is only opened (3,2) opening 151, and therefore, only obtaining diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image " α " is as its result by spatial filter SF.Simultaneously, another image " B ' " is only opened (3,3) opening 151, and therefore, only obtaining diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=3 Fourier transform image " β " is as its result by spatial filter SF.Another image " C ' " is only opened (4,2) opening 151, and therefore, only obtaining diffraction progression is m 0=4 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image " γ " is as its result by spatial filter SF.Should be noted that observed the arriving of image observed person shown in Figure 12.In Figure 12, although different images is separated by solid line, these solid lines are virtual solid lines.In addition, although the image shown in Figure 12 is not to obtain with identical timing because the change-over period between the image be very short a period of time, so observer's eyes observe these images just look like they originally be what to be shown simultaneously.For example, two dimensional image forms all levels of device 130 (formation of the image of M * N) and spatial filter SF is to carry out in the display cycle of a frame to the selection of image.In addition, although show these images among Figure 12 two-dimensionally, the observer is in fact observed to be 3-D view.
Especially, two dimensional image form the two dimensional image that device 130 produced (for example, on time series, for image " A ' ", " B ' " ..., " C ' ") be from aforesaid the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane output.Especially, generally speaking, number equals the some projector unit (M * N projector unit particularly) shown in Figure 36 of diffraction progression and is disposed in the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on, exported image " A ' " if this is equivalent on time series from certain projector unit, exported image " B ' " from another projector unit, exported image " C ' " from another projector unit then.Then for example, if two dimensional image forms great amount of images (or by computer-generated image) on time series the reproduced image of device 130 based on certain object that is picked up from each position (angle), then can obtain 3-D view based on these images.
Should be noted that the brightness at the image that is obtained under the different situation, can be that reference data comes the darkening filter arrangement of darkening bright image at the 3rd lens L according to diffraction progression with being used for the darkest image 3Back focal plane on.This is equally applicable to the 3-D image display device of following second to the 7th work example.
In addition, the opening/closing of the opening 151 that is provided on spatial filter SF control and nonessential to all openings 151 execution.Especially, for example, can be to opening 151 that replaces or the opening/closing control of only those openings 151 that are positioned at desired location being carried out opening 151.This is equally applicable to the 3-D image display device of following second to the 7th work example.
Figure 13 A has illustrated the example of light source and lamp optical system in 13C and 14A and the 14B.At this, describe from light emitted below with reference to spatial coherence, and by the lamp optical system typing, to be used to shine the characteristic that two dimensional image forms the light (illumination light) of device 130.
Spatial coherence is illustrated in the interference of light that is taken place in the cross section in any space, and the degree of interfering can by the interference fringe that is produced contrast represent.In the production process of interference fringe, the highest interference fringe of contrast is by plane wave or visually can produce with the sphere wave interference that plane wave exchanges.Thus, can recognize the only plane wave (or spherical wave) that spatial coherence is the highest.For example, the plane wave that only has the component of a working direction has the highest spatial coherence, and along with the degree of spatial coherence reduces, a plurality of numbers with component of different working direction that occurred just will increase.The demonstration of the distribution of the working direction component of light is equivalent to demonstration to the spatial amplitude of light emission initial point or secondary luminous point.From as can be seen above, can launch initial point or the spatial amplitude of secondary luminous point is proved spatial coherence based on light.Spatial coherence, that is, the spatial amplitude of light source has constituted the factor of the spatial frequency characteristic of the image in definite 3-D image display device.If use other light except light to be used as illumination light, then according to the order of sequence from high fdrequency component generation decrease of contrast with total space coherence.Because the demand of spatial frequency characteristic that obtains image is according to application-specific and different, thus concrete numerical value do not mentioned at this, but the various collocation methods of the different demands of flexible processing have been described.
In the 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example, the collocation method of light source and lamp optical system has very that the light of high spatial coherence is used as illumination light and different according to whether using.In addition, the configuration of lamp optical system is also different according to the characteristic of light source.The combination of light source and lamp optical system collocation method below will be described.Should be noted that prerequisite is, in all scenario, light source all is monochromatic light source or almost monochromatic light source.
Figure 13 A illustrates with the light source 110A with high spatial coherence and constitutes the example of the lamp optical system 120A that generally has high spatial coherence as first ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP.Light source 110A constitutes with laser instrument.Lamp optical system 120A comprises by lens 121A, circular open plate 122A and another lens 124A from the arranged in order of light source one side.The center of circular open plate 122A is provided with a circular aperture 123A.Aperture 123A is disposed in the optical convergence position of lens 124A.Lens 124A plays the effect of collimator lens.
Figure 13 B illustrates and uses the light source 110B with high spatial coherence to constitute the example of the lamp optical system 120B that generally has not high spatial coherence as second ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP.Light source 110B constitutes with for example laser instrument.Lamp optical system 120B comprises by lens 121B, circular open plate 122B and another lens 124B from the arranged in order of light source one side.Circular open plate 122B can be a diffusing panel movably.
Figure 13 C and Figure 14 A illustrate respectively use lamp optical system 120C that generally has high spatial coherence that light source 110C with not high spatial coherence or 110D constitute or 120D example as the 3rd ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP and the 4th ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP.Light source 110C or 110D constitute with for example light emitting diode (LED) or white light source.The lamp optical system 120 of Figure 13 C comprises by lens 121C, circular open plate 122C and another lens 124C from the arranged in order of light source one side.The circular open plate 122C heart therein is provided with circular aperture 123C.Aperture 123C is disposed in the optical convergence position of lens 124C.Lens 124C plays the effect of collimator lens.Simultaneously, the lamp optical system 120C of the lamp optical system 120D of Figure 14 A and Figure 13 C is different, because it does not comprise lens 121C, but comprises by circular open plate 122D, aperture 123D and lens 124D from the arranged in order of light source one side.
Figure 14 B illustrates and uses the light source 110E with not high spatial coherence to constitute the example of the lamp optical system 120E that generally has not high spatial coherence as the 5th ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP.Except that light source 110E, lamp optical system 120E only comprises lens 124E.
In these ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCPs, under the situation that will dispose the lighting source that generally has high spatial coherence, secondary luminous point is configured to very little, and need not to depend on light source.On the other hand, under the situation that will dispose the lighting source that generally has not high spatial coherence, secondary luminous point is configured to very big, and need not to depend on light source.The ios dhcp sample configuration IOS DHCP of above-mentioned light source and lamp optical system also can be applied to the 3-D image display device of following second to the 7th work example equally.
As mentioned above, 3-D image display device 101 according to the first work example, the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced by light modulation portion (two dimensional image forms device) 130 is along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with the order of diffraction, and by Fourier transform image forming portion 140 (first lens) L 1Carry out Fourier transform to obtain the Fourier transform image.Then, the Fourier transform image selects part 150 (spatial filter SF) to carry out room and time filtering by the Fourier transform image, has formed the conjugated image through the Fourier transform image of filtering then.Therefore, can produce and the scattered light line-group, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device with high spatial density and with the distribution of a plurality of directions.In addition, can be controlled independently of each other in time with on the space as each road light of light group's component.Thus, can obtain the 3-D view that forms with light with the quality that is similar to the object in the real world.
In addition, according to the 3-D image display device 101 of the first work example, because used the light reproducting method, so the 3-D view that satisfies such as visual performances such as focusing, convergence and motion parallaxs can be provided.In addition, 3-D image display device 101 according to the first work example, because utilized senior diffraction light efficiently, so when comparing with the video output stage number of existing progression, can obtain can by single image output unit (two dimensional image forms device 130) control, quantity equals diffraction progression (that is light (a kind of of two dimensional image duplicates) of M * N).In addition, the 3-D image display device 101 according to the first work example carries out on room and time because filter, so the time response of 3-D image display device can be converted into the spatial character of 3-D image display device.In addition, need not to use diffuser screen etc. can obtain 3-D view.In addition, can provide the 3-D view that in any direction can both correctly be observed.In addition, because can produce and the scattered light line-group, so sharpness and the approximate spatial image of the visual observation limit can be provided with high spatial density.
The second work example is the 3-D image display device of the second and the 5th embodiment according to the present invention.Figure 15,16 and 17 illustrates the notion of the 3-D image display device of the second work example.The 3-D image display device of the second work example also is constituted as monochrome display type 3-D image display device.Figure 15 illustrates the notion of the 3-D image display device of the second work example along the yz plane.The 3-D image display device of the second work example is also basic similar to Figure 15 along the conceptual view on xy plane.Simultaneously, Figure 16 illustrates from the notion of 3-D image display device of the second work example of oblique observation, and Figure 17 illustrates the ordered state of parts of the 3-D image display device of the second work example.
The parts of 3-D image display device are according to a second embodiment of the present invention below described.Particularly, the 3-D image display device 510 of the second work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) has the light modulation portion 530 of a plurality of pixels 531, be used for modulating the light that sends from light source 110 producing two dimensional image by these pixels 531, and along and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that produced of the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from each pixel 531;
(C) image restriction and generation part 532, be used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of light modulation portion 530 emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression that produces from each pixel 531, only select in these Fourier transform images predetermined one (for example, the Fourier transform image corresponding with first-order diffraction, wherein carrier frequency is the zero order diffracted light of plane wave component), then selected Fourier transform image is carried out inverse fourier transform, to produce the conjugate image of the two dimensional image (real image of two dimensional image) that is produced by light modulation portion 530;
(D) have over-sampling wave filter (the diffraction light generation member) OSF of a plurality of open regions 534, be used for along and the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from these open regions 534 launch the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of these two dimensional images;
(E) the Fourier transform image forming portion 540, are used for carrying out Fourier transform from the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image of over-sampling wave filter OSF emission to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression from each open region 534 generation;
(F) the Fourier transform image is selected part 550, be used for selecting number with from corresponding that of the corresponding Fourier transform image of the order of diffraction of each open region 534 generation and the required order of diffraction; And
(G) conjugate image forms part 560, is used to form the conjugate image of being selected part 550 selected Fourier transform images by the Fourier transform image.
Conjugate image forms part 560 and comprises inverse fourier transform part (particularly, following the 4th lens L 4), be used for to selecting part 550 selected Fourier transform images to carry out inverse fourier transform, to form the conjugate image (aforesaid conjugate image is in following will only being called as " conjugate image of two dimensional image ") of the two dimensional image that is produced by image restriction and generation part 532 by the Fourier transform image.In addition, Fourier transform image forming portion 540 usefulness lens constitute, and over-sampling wave filter OSF is disposed on the front focal plane of these lens, and the Fourier transform image selects part 550 to be disposed on the back focal plane of these lens.Fourier transform image selection part 550 has the opening 551 that can be controlled to open and close, number equates with the diffraction progression that produces from open region 534.
The spatial frequency of two dimensional image is the image information of the spatial frequency of dot structure corresponding to its carrier frequency.Simultaneously, the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image is corresponding to the spatial frequency of the spatial frequency gained that is equivalent to remove dot structure from the spatial frequency of two dimensional image.
Simultaneously, describe the parts according to the 3-D image display device of fifth embodiment of the invention, the 3-D image display device 501 of the second work example comprises:
(A) light source
(B) two dimensional image forms device 530, it has the opening (quantity: P * Q) that will be arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by the control of each opening is produced two dimensional image from the passing through of the light of light source 110, reflection or diffraction, and come to produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction based on these X-Y schemes for each opening;
(C) the first lens L 1, arranged on its front focal plane that two dimensional image forms device 530;
(D) image restriction opening portion 533, it is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane on, be used to allow the diffraction light (for example, its carrier frequency is the Fourier transform image corresponding with first-order diffraction of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component) of the predetermined order of diffraction to pass through;
(E) the second lens L 2, arranged image restriction opening portion 533 on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter (diffraction light generation member) OSF, it is disposed in the second lens L 2Back focal plane on, and have the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0(P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer) individual open region, be used for based on by the second lens L 2The conjugate image of the two dimensional image that is produced, come to amount to M * N road diffraction light for each open region 534 produces, comprise along directions X from the m level M road diffraction light to m ' order diffraction light (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer), and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light (n and n ' are integer and N is a positive integer);
(G) the 3rd lens L 3, arranged over-sampling wave filter OSF on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter SF, it is disposed in the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on, and have total M * N opening 551, comprise M opening 551, and along N opening 551 of Y direction along directions X, these openings 551 can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens L 4, arranged spatial filter SF on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens L 5, its front focus is placed in the 4th lens L 4Back focus on.
Should be noted that in the 3-D image display device of the second work example, particularly, the first lens L 1, the second lens L 2, the 3rd lens L 3, the 4th lens L 4With the 5th lens L 5Each all constitutes with convex lens.In addition, the image restriction is with two lens (first lens L with producing part 532 1With the second lens L 2) constitute, and image restriction opening portion 533 is disposed in these two lens (first lens L 1With the second lens L 2) between pass through with the Fourier transform image (for example, its carrier frequency is the Fourier transform image corresponding with first-order diffraction of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component) that allows to be scheduled to.In addition, over-sampling wave filter (diffraction light generation member) OSF constitutes with lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter), and particularly has on glass sheet to form the P of two-dimensional matrix 0* Q 0The structure of individual groove (corresponding, and plan view shape is a rectangle) with open region.In other words, over-sampling wave filter (diffraction light generation member) constitutes with phase grating.This equally also is applicable to the 3-D image display device of the 5th or the 7th work example according to the present invention.
In the following second work example or the 3-D image display device of the 5th or the 7th work example, P 0=2,048, Q 0=1,536, P=1,024, Q=768, m=-5, m '=5, M=m '-m+1=11, n=-5, n '=5, and N=n '-n+1=11.But, should be noted that the value of described variable is not limited to above those values that specifically provide.In addition, z axle (corresponding with optical axis) passes through the center of the parts of any one 3-D image display device 501 in the second work example or the following the 5th or the 7th work example, and extends perpendicular to the parts of 3-D image display device 501.If the parts of the 3-D image display device of second embodiment of the invention are compared with the parts of the 3-D image display device of fifth embodiment of the invention or the 8th embodiment, then light modulation portion 530 forms device 530 corresponding to two dimensional image; Image restriction and generation part 532 are corresponding to the first lens L 1, image restriction opening portion 533 and the second lens L 2Fourier transform image forming portion 540 is corresponding to the 3rd lens L 3The Fourier transform image selects part 550 corresponding to spatial filter SF; The inverse fourier transform part is corresponding to the 4th lens L 4And conjugated image forms part 560 corresponding to the 4th lens L 4With the 5th lens L 5Therefore, for convenience of description for the purpose of, use the term two dimensional image to form device 530, the first lens L in the following description 1, image restriction opening portion 533, the second lens L 2, the 3rd lens L 3, spatial filter SF, the 4th lens L 4With the 5th lens L 5
The lamp optical system 120 that is used for that the light from light source 110 is formed is inserted in light source 110 and two dimensional image forms between the device 530.Therefore, two dimensional image form device 530 usefulness from light source 110 emissions, and shine by the light (illumination light) of lamp optical system 120.For illumination light, for example, can use from light source 110 emission with high spatial coherence, and illuminated optical system 120 be configured as the light of directional light.Should be noted that the character of illumination light and be used for obtaining the configuration of this illumination light can be similar with configuration to the character of above-mentioned lamp optical system 120.
Two dimensional image formation device 530 is to constitute with the two dimensional spatial light modulator that a plurality of pixels 531 with two-dimensional arrangements and each pixel have an opening.Especially, two dimensional image forms device 530 or two dimensional spatial light modulator with P * Q the pixel 531 transmissive liquid crystal display devices formation of arranging, promptly being arranged in along X and Y direction two-dimensional matrix two-dimensionally, and each pixel 531 has an opening.
A pixel 531 is to constitute with the overlapping region that comprises liquid crystal cells in first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode.Liquid crystal cells plays the effect of certain light shutter (light valve), that is, the transmittance factor of each pixel 531 is controlled, and with the transmittance factor of control from the light of light source 110 emissions, thereby obtains two dimensional image on the whole.In the overlapping region of first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode, provide rectangular aperture, and when the light from light source 110 emissions passes through opening, Fraunhofer diffraction can take place.Therefore, each pixel 531 produces M * N=121 road diffraction light.In other words, can think,, produce a P * Q * M * N road diffraction light so amount to because the number of pixel 531 is P * Q.Form in the device 530 at two dimensional image, the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is to form device 530 emissions along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of (the amounting to M * N) order of diffraction that produces from each pixel 531 from two dimensional image.Should be noted that angle of diffraction also can change according to the spatial frequency of two dimensional image.
It is f that two dimensional image formation device 530 is disposed in focal length 1The first lens L 1Front focal plane (plane of the focus of light source one side) on, and image restriction opening portion 533 is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane (plane of the focus of observer's one side) on.By the first lens L 1Produce the number Fourier transform image corresponding, and be formed on image and limit on the plane that opening portion 533 located with diffraction progression.Then, only have the predetermined order of diffraction diffraction light (for example, its carrier frequency be the plane wave component Zero-order diffractive with and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction) by image restriction opening portion 533.In addition, to be disposed in focal length be f to image restriction opening portion 533 2The second lens L 2Front focal plane on, and over-sampling wave filter OSF is disposed in the second lens L 2Back focal plane on.In addition, to be disposed in focal length be f to the over-sampling wave filter 3The 3rd lens L 3Front focal plane on, and spatial filter SF is disposed in the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on.By the 3rd lens L 3Produce M * N=121 the Fourier transform image that number equates with the diffraction progression that produces from each open region 534, and be formed on the spatial filter SF.Should be noted that in Figure 16, for the purpose of illustrating conveniently, 64 Fourier transform images are shown round dot.
Particularly, spatial filter SF allows in time it to be opened and closed control, to be used for the Fourier transform image is carried out the spatial filter of room and time filtering.More specifically, spatial filter SF has the opening 551 that can be controlled to open and close, its number and the diffraction progression that produces from each open region 534 (particularly, M * N=121) equate.Then, in spatial filter SF, the timing that forms device 530 generation two dimensional images with two dimensional image synchronously is changed to open mode with desirable that in the opening 551, to select that Fourier transform image corresponding to the required order of diffraction.More specifically, spatial filter SF can be with for example with ferroelectric liquid crystals transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device that constitute and that have M * N pixel, or comprises the two-dimentional type MEMS formation that removable mirror is arranged to the device of two-dimensional matrix.Should be noted that similar shown in the preceding elevational schematic view of the spatial filter SF that constitutes with liquid crystal indicator and Fig. 4.With reference to figure 4, numerical value (m 0, n 0) indicate opening 551 numbering of (representing by Reference numeral 151 among Fig. 4), and indicate the order of diffraction simultaneously.Particularly, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) individual opening 151.
As mentioned above, conjugate image formation part 560 particularly is with the 4th lens L 4With the 5th lens L 5Constitute.Then, focal length is f 4The 4th lens L 4Fourier transform image by spatial filter SF filtering is carried out inverse fourier transform, to form by the second lens L 2The real image RI of formed two dimensional image.In addition, focal length is f 5The 5th lens L 5Formation is by the conjugate image CI of the Fourier transform image of spatial filter SF filtering.
The 4th lens L 4Be arranged to make spatial filter SF to be positioned on its front focal plane, and make the second lens L 2The real image RI of the conjugate image of formed two dimensional image is formed on its back focal plane.Here about the second lens L 2The enlargement factor of the real image RI that formed real image obtained can be by at random selecting the 4th lens L 4Focal distance f 4Change.
Simultaneously, the 5th lens L 5Be arranged to make its front focal plane with the 4th lens L 4Back focal plane overlap, and the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image is formed on its back focal plane.At this, because the 5th lens L 5Back focal plane be the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF, so the part from the spatial filter SF corresponding with an opening 551 has been exported the conjugate image of two dimensional image equivalently.Then, the final institute light amount that produces and export can be defined as (the light number of P * Q) equate multiply by the diffraction progression that passes through optical system (particularly, the amount of calculating gained of M * N) with number of pixels.In addition, although make the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image be formed on the 5th lens L 5Back focal plane on, but also can consider regularly the light group to be arranged in two-dimensionally the 5th lens L 5Back focal plane on.In other words, generally speaking, (particularly, the projector unit shown in Figure 36 that M * N) is equal is arranged in the 5th lens L equivalently for number and diffraction progression 5Back focal plane on.
As shown in Figure 18, a pixel 531 that forms device 530 from two dimensional image produces along directions X and total M * different diffraction light in N road along the Y direction.Although should be noted that 0 grade of light (n only is shown in Figure 18 0=0) grade light (n, ± 1 0=± 1) and ± 2 grades of light (n 0=± 2), but in fact also produce more senior diffraction light as representational diffraction light, and final part formation 3-D view from these diffraction lights.At this, the diffraction light of each order of diffraction (luminous flux) is contained all images information (information of all pixels) that two dimensional image forms device 530 formed two dimensional images.Form the diffraction of the same pixel on the device 530 and a plurality of light groups of producing put at one time and have identical image information from two dimensional image.In other words, form in the device 530 at the two dimensional image that constitutes with transmissive liquid crystal display device with P * Q pixel 531, light from light source 110 is modulated to produce two dimensional image by pixel 531, and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced is along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) that produce from each pixel 531.In other words, certain M * N of two dimensional image is duplicated from two dimensional image formation device 530 along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).
Then, form the spatial frequency of two dimensional image of device 530 emissions by the first lens L from two dimensional image 1Carry out Fourier transform with produce number with will be from the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression of each pixel 531 generation.Then, predetermined one (for example, its carrier frequency is the Fourier transform image corresponding with first-order diffraction of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component) only arranged by image restriction opening portion 533 in these Fourier transform images.Then, selected Fourier transform image is by the second lens L 2Carry out inverse fourier transform forming the conjugate image that forms the two dimensional image that device 530 produced by two dimensional image, and the conjugate image of two dimensional image is formed on the over-sampling wave filter OSF.It should be noted that, the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is the image information of the spatial frequency of dot structure corresponding to its carrier frequency, only obtain in the image information that its carrier frequency is the zero level plane wave the subregion (promptly, the spatial frequency that is up to 1/2 frequency of dot structure spatial frequency) be the first-order diffraction of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component as its carrier frequency, and half the spatial frequency of dot structure (hatch frame) spatial frequency that is lower than light modulation portion is by image restriction opening portion 533.In this way, the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that forms on over-sampling wave filter OSF does not comprise that two dimensional image forms the dot structure of device 530, but comprises all spatial frequencys that formed the two dimensional image that device 530 produced by two dimensional image.
Contained all images information that two dimensional image forms device 530 formed two dimensional images in the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image, this spatial frequency is along the corresponding angle of diffraction emission of a plurality of orders of diffraction that produces with each open region 534 from over-sampling wave filter OSF.Then, spatial frequency is by the 3rd lens L 3Carry out Fourier transform, to produce number and diffraction progression (the Fourier transform image that total M * N) is corresponding, and these Fourier transform images are formed on the spatial filter SF.Because the Fourier transform image of the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image of the angle of diffraction emission that the edge is corresponding with diffraction progression is by the 3rd lens L 3Form, so can obtain the Fourier transform image with high spatial density.
At this, from the wavelength of the light (illumination light) of light source 110 emission by λ (mm) expression, by the second lens L 2The spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that forms is by υ 0(lp/mm) expression, and the 3rd lens L 3Focal length by f 3(mm) under Biao Shi the situation, spatial frequency is υ 0Light (Fourier transform image) appear at the 3rd lens L 3Be Y from optical axis distance on the back focal plane 1(mm) position, wherein Y 1Provide by following formula (2).
Y 1＝f 3·λ·υ 0 (2)
The 3rd lens L has been shown among Figure 19 3Converged state.Should be noted that in Figure 19 " Y 0" represent by the second lens L 2The length of formed two dimensional image on the y direction of principal axis, and " Y 1" represent based on the second lens L 2The conjugate image of formed two dimensional image is in the distance of Fourier transform image on the y direction of principal axis on the spatial filter SF.In addition, 0 order diffraction light is represented that by solid line 1 order diffraction light is represented by dotted line, and 2 order diffraction light are represented by dot-and-dash line.The diffraction light of all orders of diffraction, that is, some Fourier transform images that produce that number is corresponding with diffraction progression are by the 3rd lens L 3 Different openings 551 places at spatial filter SF assemble (again with reference to Figure 16).As mentioned above, the number of opening 551 is M * N=121.Convergent angle θ on the spatial filter SF (scattering angle after spatial filter SF emission also is a field angle) is for the P on the Fourier transform image (or diffraction light) with identical diffraction progression 0* Q 0Individual open region 534 equates.Convergent angle θ can determine according to following formula (3):
θ＝2×arctan(w/2f 3) (3)
Wherein " w " is the length of conjugate image on the Y direction that is projected in the two dimensional image on the over-sampling wave filter OSF, and can be by selecting the second lens L 2Focal distance f 2Change arbitrarily.Distance between the Fourier transform image of the last adjacent diffraction orders of spatial filter SF can be determined according to above given expression formula (2).According to expression formula (2), can be by at random selecting the 3rd lens L 3Focal distance f 3Change the position (position that spatial filter SF epigraph forms) of Fourier transform image.
Can pass through the 3rd lens L in order to make the edge with the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image of launching from the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of each open region 534 generation 3, must select the 3rd lens L according to the diffraction progression that will use 3Numerical aperture NA, and require the 3rd lens L 3The aperture number of all lens afterwards all is equal to or greater than the 3rd lens L 3Numerical aperture NA, and regardless of its focal length.
The size of opening 551 can be set to expression formula (2) in Y 1Value equates.For example, be under the situation of 532nm in the wavelength X of illumination light, the 3rd lens L 3Focal distance f 3Be 50mm, and the size of the open region 534 of over-sampling wave filter OSF approximately is 13 to 14 μ m, Y 1Value approximately be 2mm.This expression can obtain the Fourier transform image corresponding with the order of diffraction with the high density of about 2mm distance.In other words, on spatial filter SF, can obtain on X and the Y direction apart from 11 * 11=121 the Fourier transform image that all is about 2mm.
The spatial frequency υ of the conjugate image of two dimensional image 0Have the highest two cycles that continuous open region 534 forms, because over-sampling wave filter OSF is with P by over-sampling wave filter OSF 0* Q 0Individual open region 534 constitutes.
The two dimensional image that is in two dimensional image spatial frequency minimum state forms device 530 to have and preceding facade similar shown in Fig. 7 A.In this case, by the 3rd lens L 3The light intensity of formed Fourier transform image has and the similar frequency characteristic shown in Fig. 8 A.On the other hand, the two dimensional image that is in the high state of two dimensional image spatial frequency forms device 530 and has and preceding facade similar shown in Fig. 7 B.In this case, by the 3rd lens L 3The light intensity of formed Fourier transform image has and the similar frequency characteristic shown in Fig. 8 B.In addition, distribution and Fig. 9 A on the spatial filter SF of Fourier transform image (xy plane) is similar to the distribution shown in the 9C.
The plan view shape of the opening 551 of spatial filter SF can be determined based on the shape of Fourier transform image.In addition, can be each order of diffraction an opening 551 is set, so that the peak of the plane wave of Fourier transform image can be at the center of opening 551.Thus, the peak value of the light intensity of each Fourier transform image is positioned in the center 152 of an opening 551.Especially, each opening 551 should be configured the spatial frequency that makes center two dimensional image in the circulation pattern of Fourier transform image be all of conjugate image of the two dimensional image located of lowest spatial frequency component (plane wave component) positive and negative high spatial frequency all can pass through opening 551.
Incidentally, the state that spatial frequency is the highest is the situation as visible all pixel Alternation Display black and whites among Fig. 7 B.In addition, the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of the spatial frequency of the open region structure of over-sampling wave filter OSF and two dimensional image has following relation.Particularly, if the aperture ratio of supposition open region 534 is 100%, then the high spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image be the open region structure spatial frequency 1/2.On the other hand, in the aperture of open region 534 than under the situation of certain ratio (being lower than 100%), the high spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image be lower than the open region structure spatial frequency 1/2.Therefore, all spatial frequencys of the conjugate image of two dimensional image occur the position apart from half between the circulation pattern that produces and be apparent in owing to the open region structure on the spatial filter SF.Thus, all openings 551 can be arranged to that spatially they can the phase mutual interference.Especially, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) opening 551, and diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image can not arrive other opening 551.Thus, be arranged in have separate, have the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image corresponding to the Fourier transform image of an opening 551 on the spatial filter SF of some openings 551 of each Fourier transform image, and the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of two dimensional image is lost and will can not taken place owing to what the space constraint of opening 551 produced.The spatial frequency that should be noted that the open region structure can be considered to carrier frequency, and is under the situation of carrier frequency in the spatial frequency of open region structure, and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is corresponding to image information.
Then, in spatial filter SF, opening 551 is carried out opening/closing control, passing through/interdicting with M * N Fourier transform image of control.If spatial filter SF constitutes with for example liquid crystal indicator, then can carry out the opening/closing control of opening 551 with the form work of certain light shutter (light valve) by making liquid crystal cells.
Suppose by having removed over-sampling wave filter OSF and constitute a kind of 3-D image display device from 3-D image display device according to the second work example.For the purpose of should be noted that for convenience of description, aforesaid this will be called as the comparison 3-D image display device below 3-D image display device.Below will relatively be described 3-D image display device and this comparison 3-D image display device of the second work example mutually.
Should be noted that wavelength from the light (illumination light) of light source 110 emission by λ (mm) expression, and represent by υ (lp/mm) by the spatial frequency that two dimensional image forms the two dimensional image that device 530 forms.
Incidentally, projected angle (field angle) θ is important parameter, and it determines the zone of viewed 3-D view.Simultaneously, spatial filter SF go up all Fourier transform images the position and between distance (Y 1) be important parameter, they determine the continuity and the 3-D view to display of motion parallax, and the ratio of 3-D view to display (size).Therefore, the value of projected angle θ and with spatial filter SF go up all Fourier transform images the position and between the corresponding Y of distance 1Value preferably has big as far as possible value.
Incidentally, according to above given expression formula (2), control Y 1Variable be the wavelength X and the 3rd lens L of light (illumination light) 3Focal distance f 3, and spatial frequency υ 0Based on form the spatial frequency υ of the two dimensional image that device 530 forms by two dimensional image.At this, the wavelength X of light (illumination light) is value in fact arbitrarily, because changing can appear in the tone of image.And, the scope of visible wavelength be from about 400nm to about 700nm, and the variable quantity maximum is 1.75 times, and the perform region is very little.In addition, in order to increase the value of spatial frequency υ, just must make the pel spacing of two dimensional image formation device 530 littler, it is very difficult that the pel spacing that in fact will make two dimensional image form device 530 diminishes.Thus, in order to increase the Y in the expression formula (2) 1Value, most realistic is to increase the 3rd lens L 3Focal distance f 3But, if increased focal distance f 3, then according to expression formula (3), the length w of conjugate image on the Y direction that is projected in the two dimensional image on the over-sampling wave filter OSF fixes, that is, and and the second lens L 2Focal distance f 2Fix, thereby the value of projected angle (field angle) θ reduces.In other words, the relation between expression formula (2) and the expression formula (3) is not separate, but Y 1Value and the value of projected angle (field angle) θ have trade-off relation mutually.
Incidentally, in the 3-D image display device 501 of the second work example, form device 530 by light modulation portion or two dimensional image and form two dimensional image, the value of the spatial frequency υ of these two dimensional images along be used for constituting two dimensional image form device opening hatch frame and change.Simultaneously, because the spatial frequency υ of the conjugate image of two dimensional image 0Depend on the open region structure of the open region 534 of over-sampling wave filter OSF, and satisfy P 0＞P and Q 0＞Q, so the spatial frequency (carrier frequency) of the open region structure of over-sampling wave filter OSF is higher than the spatial frequency (carrier frequency) that two dimensional image forms the dot structure (hatch frame) of device 530, and υ 0＞υ.It should be noted that, because over-sampling wave filter OSF can produce by the grating pattern that for example directly forms glass sheet, if so the interval of grating pattern is reduced, just can improve the carrier frequency of over-sampling wave filter OSF, can improve the spatial frequency υ of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that will produce by over-sampling wave filter OSF thus easily 0Value.Thus, can improve spatial frequency υ easily 0Value, and increase according to the determined Y of expression formula (2) 1Value.Even should be noted that the 3rd lens L 3Focal distance f 3If must be shorter, also can increase the Y that determines according to expression formula (2) 1Value.On the other hand, because can be with the 3rd lens L 3Focal distance f 3If must be shorter, so can increase the value of field angle θ.Perhaps, the value of w can be by being provided with the second lens L suitably 2Focal distance f 2Increase, can increase the value of the field angle θ that determines according to expression formula (3) thus.
In this way, in the 3-D image display device 501 of the second work example, Y 1Value and the value of projected angle (field angle) θ can be controlled independently of each other.Thus, just can in the zone that increases viewed 3-D view, improve the ratio (size) of shown 3-D view.And, do not need to change the light wavelength of sending from light source, and just can any variation not arranged because of wavelength change causes tone.In addition, do not need to change the 3rd lens L in fact 3Focal distance f 3
For example, suppose that in comparing 3-D image display device, the size that two dimensional image forms device 530 is that width across corners is 0.7 inch, and has the opening that plan view shape is a rectangle (P * Q=1,024 * 768).In addition, be under the situation of 14 μ m in the distance between the opening, 110 wavelength of light emitted λ are 532nm from light source, and f 2=f 3=f 4=f 5=50mm, all conjugate images on the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF are being passed through the 5th lens L 5Distance afterwards is 1.9mm, and two dimensional image forms the field angle θ corresponding with the Y direction of device 530 YBe 16.1 degree, and two dimensional image form the field angle θ corresponding with directions X of device 530 XBe 12.1 degree.
In addition, if the second lens L in the comparison 3-D image display device 2Focal distance f 2Be set as 100mm to increase by the second lens L 2The size of the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that forms, then field angle θ YBecome 31.5 degree, and field angle θ XBecome 23.9 degree.In this way, can increase field angle.But, because the size of the conjugate image of two dimensional image increases to twice, so υ in the expression formula (2) 0Value be reduced to half, therefore, all conjugate images on the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF are by the 5th lens L 5Distance afterwards becomes 0.95mm.In this case, be higher than average light group although produced space density, because the generation area of each road light is reduced to 1/4 among the light group, and viewed size of images becomes 1/4.
Thus, if the over-sampling wave filter OSF that is arranged is to have distance (=Y 0) be that the diffraction filter of the square lattice of 14 μ m constitutes, then come the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that is increased to twice is carried out new spatial sampling to form the close spatial frequency of the spatial frequency of original pixels distance of device 530 with two dimensional image.Thus, field angle θ YBecome 31.5 degree, and field angle θ XBecome 23.9 degree, can increase field angle thus.In addition, can make all conjugate images on the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF by the 5th lens L 5Distance afterwards becomes 1.9mm.In other words, in this case, produced space density and be higher than average light group, and the generation area of per pass light is constant among the light group, and viewed size of images is constant.Over-sampling wave filter OSF only just can produce by the lattice type element of drawing the two-dimensional matrix be arranged to be spaced apart 14 μ m on glass sheet.
As mentioned above, 3-D image display device 501 according to the second work example, the spatial frequency that is formed the two dimensional image of device 530 generations by two dimensional image is launched along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction, and only corresponding with a predetermined order of diffraction Fourier transform image is selected by image restriction and generation part 532.Then, by the second lens L 2The conjugate image of the two dimensional image that is produced is by Fourier transform image forming portion 540 (the 3rd lens L 3) carry out Fourier transform to obtain the Fourier transform image.The Fourier transform image is carried out room and time filtering, selects part 550 (spatial filter SF) to form conjugate image CI through the Fourier transform image of wave filter by the Fourier transform image then.Thus, just can produce and the scattered light line-group, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device with high spatial density and with multidirectional distribution.In addition, because provide two dimensional image to form device 530 and over-sampling wave filter OSF, so can in the zone that enlarges viewed 3-D view, increase the ratio (size) of 3-D view to display.In addition, can be controlled independently of each other in time with on the space as each road light of light group's component.Thus, just can obtain the 3-D view that forms with light with the quality that is similar to the object in the real world.
In addition, according to the 3-D image display device 501 of the second work example, because used the light reproducting method, so the 3-D view that satisfies such as visions such as focusing, convergence and motion parallaxs can be provided.In addition, 3-D image display device 501 according to the second work example, because effectively utilized senior diffraction light, so when comparing with the image export technique of prior art, over-sampling wave filter OSF can obtain some light (that is M * N road light) (certain of two dimensional image duplicates) that can be equated with diffraction progression by the number of single image output unit (two dimensional image forms device 530) control.And,, carry out filtering because it is spatially gone up with the time, so the time response of 3-D image display device can be converted into the spatial character of 3-D image display device according to the 3-D image display device 501 of the second work example.In addition, need not to use diffusing screen etc. can obtain 3-D view.In addition, can provide the suitable 3-D view of in any direction observing.In addition, because can produce and the scattered light line-group, so the spatial image of the high definition of the approaching identification limit can be provided with high spatial density.
In addition, according to the 3-D image display device 501 of work example 2, all conjugate images on the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF can be controlled independently of each other by size and projected angle (field angle) after the 5th lens.Thus, can in the zone that enlarges viewed 3-D view, increase the ratio (size) of 3-D view to display.
The 3rd work example
The 3rd work example is the 3-D image display device of the 3rd and the 6th embodiment according to the present invention.Figure 20,21,22 and 23 illustrates the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example.And the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example is constituted as monochrome display type 3-D image display device.Figure 20 illustrates the notion of the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example along the yz plane.The 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example is also basic similar to Figure 20 along the conceptual view on xy plane.Simultaneously, Figure 21 illustrates the work of optical devices of 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example and the notion of action.In addition, Figure 22 illustrates from the notion of 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example of oblique observation, and Figure 23 illustrates the ordered state of parts of the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example.
The parts of the 3-D image display device of a third embodiment in accordance with the invention are below described.Particularly, the 3-D image display device 601 of the 3rd work example comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image with a plurality of pixels 631 forms device 630, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light that sends from light source 110;
(C) optical devices 635, it comprises a plurality of optical elements 636 that are arranged to two-dimensional matrix, wherein each optical element all has the light that incides this optical element is reflected with the refractive power on light being converged to basically a bit, and has the function of modulation by the phase grating of the phase place of the light of this optical element; These optical devices 635 are used for forming along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) from two dimensional image the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of device 630 incidents,
(D) the Fourier transform image forming portion 640, are used for the spatial frequency from the two dimensional image of optical devices 635 emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction);
(E) the Fourier transform image is selected part 650, is used for selecting that corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by Fourier transform image forming portion 640; And
(F) conjugate image forms part 660, is used to form the conjugate image of being selected part 650 selected Fourier transform images by the Fourier transform image.
Conjugate image forms part 660 and comprises inverse fourier transform part (particularly, the promptly following second lens L 2), be used for selecting part 650 selected Fourier transform images to carry out inverse fourier transform by the Fourier transform image, to form the real image that forms the two dimensional image that part 630 produced by two dimensional image.In addition, Fourier transform image forming portion 640 constitutes with lens, and the focus of the optical element 636 of composition optical devices 635 (in the 3rd work example is back focus) is placed on the front focal plane of these lens.In addition, the Fourier transform image selects part 650 to be disposed on the back focal plane of these lens.Some openings 651 that the number that the Fourier transform image is selected part 650 to have to be controlled to open and close equates with diffraction progression (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).
The spatial frequency of two dimensional image and its carrier frequency are that the image information of spatial frequency of the two dimensional image dot structure that forms device 630 is corresponding.
Simultaneously, according to a sixth embodiment of the invention, the 3-D image display device 601 of the 3rd work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) have that a plurality of (two dimensional image of the pixel 631 of P * Q) forms device 630, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light that sends from light source 110;
(C) optical devices 635, and it comprises the P that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual optical element (P 0* Q 0Be any positive integer), and each optical element all has the light that incides this optical element is reflected light is converged to basically the refractive power of a bit, and has a function of phase grating of the phase place of the light of modulation by this optical element, these optical devices 635 are used for inciding along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of these optical devices 635;
(D) the first lens L 1(more specifically, in the 3rd work example, being convex lens), the focus (in the 3rd work example is back focus) of forming the optical element 636 of optical devices 635 is placed on its front focal plane;
(E) spatial filter SF, it is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane on, and have M * N opening 651, comprise M opening of arranging along directions X 651 and N the opening of arranging along the Y direction 651, and be controlled to opening and closing;
(F) the second lens L 2(more specifically, being convex lens in the 3rd work example) arranged spatial filter SF on its front focal plane; And
(G) the 3rd lens L 3(more specifically, in the 3rd work example, being convex lens), the second lens L 2Back focus be placed on its front focus.
At this, any one two dimensional image in the 3rd work example or the 6th and the 7th work example forms in the device, optical devices 635 produce and amount to M * N road diffraction lights, comprise along directions X from the m level M road diffraction light to m ' level (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer) and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light (n and n ' are integer and N is a positive integer).At this, P=P 0=1,024, Q=Q 0=768, m=-5, m '=5, M=m '-m+1=11, n=-5, n '=5, and N=n '-n+1=11.But the value that should be noted that above-mentioned variable is not limited to above those values that specifically provide.In addition, z axle (corresponding to optical axis) passes through the center of any one 3-D image display device 601 all parts in the 3rd work example or the following the 6th and the 7th work example, and extends perpendicular to all parts of 3-D image display device 601.If the parts of the 3-D image display device of third embodiment of the invention are compared with the parts of the 3-D image display device of the 6th embodiment, then Fourier transform image forming portion 640 is corresponding to the first lens L 1The Fourier transform image selects part 650 corresponding to spatial filter SF; The inverse fourier transform part is corresponding to the second lens L 2And conjugate image forms part 660 corresponding to the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3Therefore, for convenience of description for the purpose of, use the term two dimensional image to form device 630, the first lens L in the following description 1, spatial filter SF, the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3
The lamp optical system 120 that is used for that the light that sends from light source 110 is formed is inserted in light source 110 and two dimensional image forms between the device 630.Thus, two dimensional image forms device 630 usefulness launch, also pass through lamp optical system 120 from light source 110 light (illumination light) irradiation.For illumination light, for example can use from light source 110 emissions have a high spatial coherence and illuminated optical system 120 be configured as the light of directional light.Should be noted that the character of illumination light and be used for obtaining the specific example of the configuration of this illumination light can be similar with the character of above-mentioned lamp optical system 120 and configuration.
Two dimensional image form device 630 have arrange two-dimensionally and each all have a plurality of pixels 631 of an opening.Especially, it is to constitute with the transmissive liquid crystal display device with P * Q the pixel 631 of arranging (that is, being arranged in two-dimensional matrix along X and Y direction) two-dimensionally that two dimensional image forms device 630, and each pixel 631 all has an opening.
A pixel 631 is to constitute with the overlapping region that comprises liquid crystal cells in first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode.Liquid crystal cells plays the effect of certain light shutter (light valve), that is, the transmittance factor of each pixel 631 is controlled, and with the transmittance factor of control from the light of light source 110 emissions, thereby integrally obtains all two dimensional images.In the overlapping region of first transparency electrode and second transparency electrode, rectangular aperture is set, and passes through these openings to produce two dimensional image from the light of light source 110 emissions.
Optical devices 630 neighbouring relationships (for example, being the very relation of small distance of being separated by near two dimensional image formation device 630 or with it) are disposed in two dimensional image and form device 630 back.Arranging under the situation of optical devices 635 that to form 630 one-tenths neighbouring relationships of device the influence of the diffraction phenomena that produces because of the opening of the pixel 631 of light by forming two dimensional image formation device 630 just can be ignored with two dimensional image.At this, the shape of planimetric map of forming the optical element 636 of optical devices 635 in the 3rd work example is the similar rectangle of plan view shape with the opening of respective pixel 631, and each all is to have the reflection-type class grid elements of positive refractive power for an optical element 636, particularly, (focal length is f promptly to use convex lens 0) constitute.In addition, optical devices 635 constitute with certain Macro Lens array, and are based on that the known method that produces the Macro Lens array makes with glass.
Optical devices 635 play the effect of phase grating.Particularly, from 631 emissions of each pixel, and form the light that forms the two dimensional image that device 630 produced by two dimensional image and enter to form a corresponding optical element 636 optical devices 635 of 630 one-tenth neighbouring relationships layouts of device with two dimensional image.Then, enter the light of optical element 636 by optical element 636 refractions, so that it converges to focal distance f basically 0A bit of place, and after this point, move on.If observe this situation from another kind of viewpoint, then seem just look like be as in the conceptual view of Figure 21 visibly at optical devices 635 back focal length f 0The position have the rectangular aperture district (certain pin hole) 637 corresponding with each optical element 636, and pass through virtual open region 637 from the light of optical element 636 emissions.Thus, the phenomenon with the Fraunhofer diffraction equivalence having taken place, and has produced M * N=121 road diffraction light by the optical element 636 corresponding with each pixel 631 (more specifically, by with each optical element 636 corresponding virtual open region 637).In other words, because the number of pixel 631 and optical element 636 is P 0* Q 0=P * Q is so can think that also optical devices 635 have produced total P * Q * M * N road diffraction light.Then, the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is launched from optical devices 635 along the angle of diffraction corresponding with the diffraction progression (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) that produces from each optical element 636.Should be noted that angle of diffraction also changes according to the spatial frequency of two dimensional image.Although focal distance f 0Value can be in fact arbitrary value, but a large amount of optical elements 636 of forming optical devices 635 have identical focal distance f 0As shown in Figure 21, when during with the angular spread relevant, just can obtaining propagates light and expand with numerical space from the light of each optical devices 635 emission, and the very little such a case of light quantity loss incurred.At this, in the arrangement pitch of optical element 636 or size by d 0Under the situation of expression, when light is of a size of d 0, focal length is f 0Optical element 636 when assembling, optical wavelength is that the width D of the directional light of λ can be expressed from the next:
D＝2.44λ/sin(arctan(d 0/2f 0))
Thus, although by using optical element 636, the optical numerical value aperture can be by D 2/ d 0 2Expression, the light loss that causes but the factor value aperture reduces will can not take place.
Back focus (the focal distance f of forming the optical element 636 of optical devices 635 0) to be placed in focal length be f 1The first lens L 1Front focal plane (focal plane of light source one side) on, and spatial filter SF is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane (focal plane of observer's one side) on.By the first lens L 1Produced number M * N=121 the Fourier transform image corresponding, and be formed on the spatial filter SF with diffraction progression.Should be noted that in Figure 22 for the purpose of illustrating conveniently, 64 Fourier transform images are represented as round dot.
Spatial filter SF particularly be allow to its carry out temporal opening and closing control, spatially to go up the spatial filter that the Fourier transform image is carried out filtering with the time.More specifically, spatial filter SF has number to equal diffraction progression (particularly, the opening that is controlled to open and close 651 of M * N=121).Then, in spatial filter SF, desirable that timing with two dimensional image formation device 630 formation two dimensional images synchronously is changed to open mode in the opening 651, to select that Fourier transform image corresponding with the required order of diffraction.More specifically, spatial filter SF can be with for example using ferroelectric liquid crystals transmission-type or reflection-type liquid-crystal display device that constitute and that have M * N pixel, or to comprise the two-dimentional type MEMS formation that removable mirror is arranged to the device of two-dimensional matrix.Should be noted that similar shown in the preceding elevational schematic view of the spatial filter SF that constitutes with liquid crystal indicator and Fig. 4.With reference to figure 4, numerical value (m 0, n 0) indicate opening 651 numbering of (representing by Reference numeral 151 among Fig. 4), and indicate the order of diffraction simultaneously.Particularly, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) individual opening 651.
As mentioned above, conjugate image formation part 660 particularly is with the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3Constitute.Then, focal length is f 2The second lens L 2Fourier transform image by spatial filter SF filtering is carried out inverse fourier transform, to form the real image RI that forms device 630 formed two dimensional images by two dimensional image.In addition, focal length is f 3The 3rd lens L 3Formation is by the conjugate image CI of the Fourier transform image of spatial filter SF filtering.
The second lens L 2Be arranged to make spatial filter SF to be positioned on its front focal plane, and the real image RI that makes two dimensional image form device 630 formed two dimensional images is formed on its back focal plane.Here forming the enlargement factor of the real image RI that device 630 obtained about two dimensional image can be by at random selecting the second lens L 2Focal distance f 2Change.
Simultaneously, the 3rd lens L 3Be arranged to make its front focal plane with the second lens L 2Back focal plane overlap, and the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image is formed on its back focal plane.At this, because the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane be the conjugate plane of spatial filter SF, form the two dimensional image that device 630 is produced so the part from the spatial filter SF corresponding with an opening 651 has been exported equivalently by two dimensional image.Then, the final institute light amount that produces and export can be defined as (the light number of P * Q) equate multiply by the diffraction progression that passes through optical system (particularly, the amount of calculating gained of M * N) with number of pixels.In addition, although make the conjugate image CI of Fourier transform image be formed on the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on, but also can consider regularly the light group to be arranged in two-dimensionally the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on.In other words, generally speaking, (particularly, the projector unit shown in Figure 36 that M * N) is equal is arranged in the 3rd lens L equivalently for number and diffraction progression 3Back focal plane on.
As in Figure 22 and 24 schematically shown in, by an optical element 636 of optical devices 635 (more specifically, virtual open region 637 by the back focus place that is positioned at optical element 636) produces total M * different diffraction light in N=121 road, comprise along directions X from-5 grades to+5 grades 11 road diffraction lights with along the 11 road diffraction lights of Y direction from-5 grades to+5 grades.Although should be noted that 0 grade of light (n only is shown in Figure 24 0=0) grade light (n, ± 1 0=± 1) and ± 2 grades of light (n 0=± 2), but in fact also produce more senior diffraction light as representational diffraction light, and final part formation 3-D view from these diffraction lights.At this, the diffraction light of each order of diffraction (luminous flux) is contained all images information (information of all pixels) that two dimensional image forms device 630 formed two dimensional images.Form the diffraction of the same pixel on the device 630 and a plurality of light groups (11 * 11=121 light group) of producing have identical image information at one time from two dimensional image.In other words, form in the device 630 at the two dimensional image that constitutes with transmissive liquid crystal display device with P * Q pixel 631, produced two dimensional image based on light, and the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced is launched from optical devices 635 along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction) that produced by each optical element 636 from light source 110.In other words, certain M * N of two dimensional image is duplicated from two dimensional image formation device 630 along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).
Then, contained by two dimensional image and formed the spatial frequency of two dimensional image of all images information of the two dimensional image that device 630 forms by the first lens L 1Carry out Fourier transform to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression (amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).Then, these Fourier transform images are formed on the spatial filter SF.Because the Fourier transform image of the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of the angle of diffraction emission that the edge is corresponding with diffraction progression is by the first lens L 1Produce, so can obtain the Fourier transform image with high spatial density.
At this, from the wavelength of the light (illumination light) of light source 110 emission by λ (mm) expression, the spatial frequency that is formed the two dimensional image that device 630 forms by two dimensional image is represented by υ (lp/mm), and the first lens L 1Focal length by f 1(mm) under Biao Shi the situation, according to expression formula (1), spatial frequency is that the light (Fourier transform image) of υ appears at the first lens L 1Be Y from optical axis distance on the back focal plane 1(mm) position.
The first lens L has been shown among Figure 25 1Converged state.Should be noted that in Figure 25 " Y 0" expression forms the length of device 630 formed two dimensional images on the y direction of principal axis by two dimensional image, and " Y 1" represent to form device 630 formed two dimensional images based on two dimensional image, in the distance of Fourier transform image on the y direction of principal axis on the spatial filter SF.In addition, 0 order diffraction light is represented that by solid line 1 order diffraction light is represented by dotted line, and 2 order diffraction light are represented by dot-and-dash line.The diffraction light of all orders of diffraction, in other words, some Fourier transform images that produce that number is corresponding with diffraction progression are by the first lens L 1Different openings 651 places at spatial filter SF assemble (again with reference to Figure 22).As mentioned above, the number of opening 651 is M * N=121.Convergent angle θ on the spatial filter SF (scattering angle after spatial filter SF emission) equates for P * Q open region 631 on the Fourier transform image (or diffraction light) with identical diffraction progression.Distance between the Fourier transform image of the last adjacent diffraction orders of spatial filter SF can be determined according to above given expression formula (1).According to expression formula (1), can be by at random selecting the first lens L 1Focal distance f 1Change the position (image on the spatial filter SF forms the position) of Fourier transform image.
Can pass through the first lens L in order to make along the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of the angle of diffraction corresponding emission with a plurality of orders of diffraction 1, must select the first lens L according to the diffraction progression that will use 1Numerical aperture NA, and require the first lens L 1The aperture number of all lens afterwards is all greater than the first lens L 1Numerical aperture NA, and regardless of its focal length.
The size of opening 651 can be set to expression formula (1) in Y 1Value equates.For example, be under the situation of 532nm in the wavelength X of illumination light, the first lens L 1Focal distance f 1Be 50mm, and the size of the pixel 631 of two dimensional image formation device 630 approximately is 13 to 14 μ m, Y 1Value approximately be 2mm.This expression can obtain the Fourier transform image corresponding with the order of diffraction with the density of about 2mm distance.In other words, on spatial filter SF, can obtain on X and the Y direction apart from 11 * 11=121 the Fourier transform image that all is about 2mm.
The spatial frequency υ that forms the two dimensional image that device 630 forms by two dimensional image has and the highlyest forms two cycles that contiguous pixels 631 forms of device 630 by two dimensional image, because two dimensional image is by to comprise that two dimensional image that P * Q pixel 631 constitutes forms device 630 and forms.
The two dimensional image that is in two dimensional image spatial frequency minimum state forms device 630 to have and preceding facade similar shown in Fig. 7 A.In addition, by the first lens L 1The light intensity of formed Fourier transform image has and the similar frequency characteristic shown in Fig. 8 A.On the other hand, the two dimensional image that is in the high state of conjugate image spatial frequency of two dimensional image forms device 630 and has and preceding facade similar shown in Fig. 7 B.In addition, by the first lens L 1The light intensity of formed Fourier transform image has and the similar frequency characteristic shown in Fig. 8 B.In addition, distribution and Fig. 9 A of Fourier transform image on spatial filter SF (xy plane) is similar to the distribution shown in the 9C.
The shape of the planimetric map of the opening 651 of spatial filter SF can be determined based on the shape of Fourier transform image.In addition, can be each order of diffraction an opening 651 is set, so that the peak of the plane wave component of Fourier transform image can be at the center of opening 651.Thus, the peak value of the light intensity of each Fourier transform image is positioned in the center 152 of an opening 651.Especially, each opening 651 should be configured the spatial frequency that makes center two dimensional image in the circulation pattern of Fourier transform image be all of the two dimensional image located of lowest spatial frequency component (plane wave component) positive and negative high spatial frequency all can pass through opening 651.
Incidentally, the state that spatial frequency is the highest is the situation as visible all pixel Alternation Display black and whites among Fig. 7 B.In addition, the spatial frequency of the dot structure of two dimensional image formation device 630 and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image have following relation.Especially, if the supposition opening occupies all pixels (that is, the aperture ratio is 100%), then the high spatial frequency of two dimensional image be dot structure spatial frequency 1/2.On the other hand, occupy at opening under the situation of pixel (being lower than 100%) of certain ratio, the high spatial frequency of two dimensional image be lower than dot structure spatial frequency 1/2.Therefore, all spatial frequencys of two dimensional image occur the position apart from half between the circulation pattern that produces and be apparent in owing to the open region structure on the spatial filter SF.Thus, all openings 651 can be arranged to that spatially they can the phase mutual interference.Especially, diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image arrives (3,2) opening 651, and diffraction progression is m 0=3 and n 0=2 Fourier transform image can not arrive other opening 651.Thus, be arranged in have separate, have the spatial frequency that forms device 630 formed two dimensional images by two dimensional image corresponding to the Fourier transform image of an opening 651 on the spatial filter SF of some openings 651 of each Fourier transform image, and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image formation device 630 formed two dimensional images is lost and will can not taken place owing to what the space constraint of opening 651 produced.The spatial frequency that should be noted that dot structure can be considered to carrier frequency, and is under the situation of carrier frequency in the spatial frequency of dot structure, and the spatial frequency of two dimensional image is corresponding to image information.
Then, in spatial filter SF, opening 651 is carried out opening/closing control, passing through/interdicting with M * N Fourier transform image of control.If spatial filter SF constitutes with for example liquid crystal indicator, then can carry out the opening/closing control of opening 651 with the form work of certain light shutter (light valve) by making liquid crystal cells.
As mentioned above, 3-D image display device 601 according to the 3rd work example, the spatial frequency that is formed the two dimensional image of device 630 generations by two dimensional image is launched along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction, and by Fourier transform image forming portion 640 (the first lens L 1) spatial frequency is carried out Fourier transform image that Fourier transform obtained select part 650 (spatial filter SF) to carry out room and time filtering by the Fourier transform image.Then, formed conjugate image CI through the Fourier transform image of filtering.Thus, just can produce and the scattered light line-group, and need not to increase the scale of whole 3-D image display device with high spatial density and with multidirectional distribution.In addition, can be controlled independently of each other in time with on the space as each road light of light group's component.Thus, just can obtain the 3-D view that forms with light with the quality that is similar to the object in the real world.
In addition, according to the 3-D image display device 601 of the 3rd work example, because used the light reproducting method, so the 3-D view that satisfies such as visions such as focusing, convergence and motion parallaxs can be provided.In addition, 3-D image display device 601 according to the 3rd work example, because effectively utilized senior diffraction light, so when comparing with the image export technique of routine, can obtain some light (that is M * N road light) (certain of two dimensional image duplicates) that can equate with diffraction progression by the number of single image output unit (two dimensional image forms device 630) control.And,, carry out filtering because it is spatially gone up with the time, so the time response of 3-D image display device can be converted into the spatial character of 3-D image display device according to the 3-D image display device 601 of the 3rd work example.In addition, need not to use diffusing screen etc. can obtain 3-D view.In addition, can provide the suitable 3-D view of in any direction observing.In addition, because can produce and the scattered light line-group, so the spatial image of the high definition of the approaching identification limit can be provided with high spatial density.
The 4th work example
The 4th work example is the modification of the first work example, and it is the 3-D image display device of the first and the 7th embodiment according to the present invention.The conceptual view of the 3-D image display device of the 4th work example has been shown among Figure 26.
With reference to Figure 26, the 3-D image display device of the 4th work example comprises light modulation portion 230, and it is different with the liquid crystal indicator of the 3-D image display device of the first work example.Particularly, light modulation portion 230 comprises: one-dimensional space photomodulator (particularly, diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401) is used to form the one dimension image that is divided into the individual part of P (for example, 1,920); Scanning optics (particularly, scanning mirror 405), be used for one dimension image formed by one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), that be divided into P part is carried out two-dimensional expansion (scanning), be divided into the two dimensional image of P * Q part with formation; And lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332, it is disposed on the formation plane of two dimensional image, is used for along launching the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced with the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction (particularly, amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).At this, lattice filter 332 produces M * N road diffraction light for each part of formed by optical scanning system (scanning mirror 405), as to be divided into P * Q part two dimensional image.Should be noted that lattice filter 332 other available amplitude gratings or phase grating constitute.
Parts according to the 3-D image display device of seventh embodiment of the invention below will be described.Particularly, the 3-D image display device 101 of the 4th work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) two dimensional image forms device 230, it comprises the one-dimensional space photomodulator that is used to produce the one dimension image that P pixel arranged along directions X, be used for the one dimension image that is produced by one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion with the scanning optics that produces two dimensional image (particularly, scanning mirror 405), and be disposed on the generation plane of two dimensional image, the diffraction light that is used to each pixel to produce M road diffraction light from the m level to m ' level (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer) produces partly (particularly, lattice filter 332);
(C) first lens (in the 4th work example, being convex lens particularly) L 1, arranged on its front focal plane that diffraction light produces part;
(D) spatial filter SF, it is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane on, and have total M * N opening 151, comprise that these openings 151 can be controlled to open and close along M opening 151 of directions X and along N the opening 151 (N is a positive integer) of Y direction;
(E) second lens (in the 4th work example, being convex lens particularly) L 2, arranged spatial filter SF on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens (in the 4th work example, being convex lens particularly) L 3, its front focus is placed in the second lens L 2Back focus on.
At this, suppose that the one dimension image extends towards directions X.In addition, suppose that the direction of scanning is the Y direction, and two dimensional image forms along directions X and Y direction.But, scheme as an alternative, directions X and Y direction can be exchanged.Should be noted that in Figure 26 lamp optical system 120 is omitted.This is equally applicable to the 5th and the 6th work example.
One-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401) carries out diffraction to form the one dimension image to the light from light source 110.More specifically, diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401 comprises the diffraction grating-optical modulation element (GLV) 410 that is arranged in one-dimensional array.Diffraction grating-optical modulation element is made by the using miniature Machine Manufacturing Technology, and constitutes with reflection-type diffraction grating, thereby they have light switch function, thereby and can be come display image with the ON/OFF control that realizes light by electric control.Thus, in light modulation portion 230, the light of launching from diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 is scanned to obtain two dimensional image by the scanning mirror 405 that constitutes with stream Electronic Speculum (galvano mirror) or polygon mirror.Thus, in order to show the two dimensional image that forms with the individual pixel of P * Q (for example, 1,920 * 1,080), the individual diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 of available P (=1,920) constitutes diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401.
Need produce diffraction light based on the two dimensional image that obtains by scanning mirror 405 scannings.For this reason, the wave filter of amplitude type or phase type is disposed on the plane of two-dimensional expansion to produce diffraction light.More specifically, the two dimensional image that obtains by scanning mirror 405 scannings passes through scanned-lens system 331, and enters the lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332 that is arranged on the two dimensional image generation plane.Thus, lattice filter 332 is that in P * Q of the two dimensional image part each produces M * N road diffraction light.Particularly, the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced 332 emissions along the angle of diffraction corresponding from lattice filter with a plurality of orders of diffraction that produce from these parts (corresponding to pixel) of lattice filter 332.It is f that lattice filter 332 is disposed in focal length 1The first lens L 1Front focal plane on.
Under the situation of using one-dimensional space photomodulator, because the image that will form is the one dimension image, diffraction also takes place in the one-dimensional space.The optical system that need be used for thus, the diffraction light of diffusion gained on the Y direction.In the 4th work example or the 3-D image display device of following the 6th work example, there is a member (being also referred to as anisotropic diffusion wave filter, anisotropic diffusion film or anisotropic diffusion sheet) to be disposed in for the 3rd lens L 3Downstream one side (observer's one side) of (conjugated image form part 160), this member are used to cause the anisotropy light diffusion to the two-dimensional directional diffusion of diffraction light that generation will produce on the one dimension direction.
In addition to the above, the 3-D image display device of the 4th work example can be with above to combine the first described 3-D image display device of example of working similar on configuration and structure.Therefore, for exempting to give unnecessary details, the configuration of 3-D image display device and being repeated in this description of structure have been omitted here to the 4th work example.
The configuration and the structure of diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 are described now.
Each diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 comprises bottom electrode 412, fixed electorde 421, travelling electrode 422 etc., and they are arranged by the mode shown in schematically among Figure 27.Should be noted that in Figure 27 bottom electrode 412, fixed electorde 421, travelling electrode 422 and support section 414,415,417 and 418 are represented so that they can be clearly seen by oblique line.
With reference to Figure 27, diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 particularly comprises the fixed electorde 421 of bottom electrode 412, band shape or strip and the travelling electrode 422 of band shape or strip.On supporting member 411, formed bottom electrode 412.Simultaneously, support section 414 and 415 upper supports fixed electorde 421, their supported and extensions on bottom electrode 412.In addition, support section 417 and 418 upper supports travelling electrode 422, and they are supported and be juxtaposition relationship ground with fixed electorde 421 and extend on bottom electrode 412.In the example of Figure 27, a diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 comprises three fixed electordes 412 and three travelling electrodes 422.Three travelling electrodes 422 are connected to a control electrode jointly, and this control electrode is connected to not shown link part.Simultaneously, three fixed electordes 421 are connected to bias electrode jointly.Bias electrode jointly is provided with all diffraction grating-optical modulation elements 410, and by not shown bias electrode end parts ground connection.And bottom electrode 412 jointly is provided with all diffraction grating-optical modulation elements 410, and by not shown bottom electrode end parts ground connection.
If apply voltage by the link part to travelling electrode 422, and apply another voltage (in fact bottom electrode 412 is in ground state), then between travelling electrode 422 and bottom electrode 412, produce the Coulomb force to bottom electrode 412.Then, the Coulomb force makes travelling electrode 422 be shifted to bottom electrode 412 1 sides downwards.Should be noted that among Figure 28 A and the left side of Figure 28 C shows the travelling electrode 422 of state that is in before the displacement, and among Figure 28 B and the right of Figure 28 C show the travelling electrode 422 that is in another state after the displacement.Based on this type of displacement of travelling electrode 422, travelling electrode 422 and fixed electorde 421 have just formed reflection-type diffraction grating.At this, Figure 28 A is the cross sectional view of fixed electorde of getting along the B-B line of Figure 27 etc., and is the cross sectional view (being in not in working order state of diffraction grating-optical modulation element) of travelling electrode of getting along the A-A line of Figure 27 etc.Simultaneously, Figure 28 B is the synoptic diagram (but being in diffraction grating-optical modulation element state in working order) of the travelling electrode got along the A-A line of Figure 27 etc., and Figure 28 C is the cross sectional view of the fixed electorde got along the C-C line of Figure 27, travelling electrode etc.
Distance between adjacent fixed electrode 421 is represented (with reference to figure 28C) by d, and incides the light wavelength (incident angle: θ of travelling electrode 422 and fixed electorde 421 i) represent by λ, and angle of diffraction is by θ mUnder the situation of expression, they have as shown in the formula represented relation:
d[sin(θ i)-sin(θ m)]＝m Dif·λ
M wherein DifBe progression, and value 0, ± 1, ± 2 ...
The difference Δ h of the height of the light intensity of diffraction light between the end face of the end face of travelling electrode 422 and fixed electorde 421 1(with reference to figure 28C) is that maximal value o'clock appears in λ/4.
The conceptual view of the light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 230 that comprises aforesaid diffraction grating-optic modulating device has been shown among Figure 29.With reference to Figure 29, the light modulation portion 230 of the 4th work example comprises the light source 110 that is used to launch laser, be used to assemble convergence instrument lens (not shown) from the light of light source 110 emissions, the light that has passed through convergence instrument lens is introduced to the diffraction grating-optic modulating device 410 of this device, lens 403 and allow the spatial filter 404 that passes through from the light of diffraction grating-optic modulating device 410 emission, be used for forming the image formation lens (not shown) of image, and be used to scan the scanning mirror 405 that forms the luminous flux of lens by image from the single luminous flux that passes through spatial filter 404.
In light modulation portion 230 with above-mentioned configuration, when diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 is in off working state, be travelling electrode 422 be in as among Figure 28 A and Figure 28 C left side shown in state the time, the light that end face reflected of travelling electrode 422 and fixed electorde 421 is interdicted by spatial filter 404.On the other hand, when diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 in running order, promptly travelling electrode 422 be among Figure 28 B and Figure 28 C the right shown in state the time, travelling electrode 422 and 421 diffraction of fixed electorde ± 1 grade of (m Dif=1) diffraction light is by spatial filter 404.Aforesaid this configuration allows light is carried out ON/OFF control.The difference Δ h of the height between the end face of the end face of travelling electrode 422 and fixed electorde 421 1Can change by changing the voltage that travelling electrode 422 is applied.Therefore, can change the diffraction light intensity and realize gray-scale Control.
The 5th work example
The 5th work example is the modification of the second work example, and it is the 3-D image display device of the second and the 8th embodiment according to the present invention.The conceptual view of the 3-D image display device of the 5th work example has been shown among Figure 30.
With reference to Figure 30, the 3-D image display device of the 5th work example comprises light modulation portion 230, and it is different with the liquid crystal indicator of the 3-D image display device of the second work example.Particularly, light modulation portion 230 comprises: one-dimensional space photomodulator (particularly, diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401) is used to form the one dimension image that is divided into the individual part of P (for example, 1,920); Scanning optics (particularly, scanning mirror 405), be used for one dimension image formed by one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), that be divided into P part is carried out two-dimensional expansion (scanning), be divided into the two dimensional image of P * Q part with formation; And lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332, it is disposed on the formation plane of two dimensional image, is used for along launching the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image that is produced with the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction (particularly, amounting to M * N the order of diffraction).At this, lattice filter 332 produces M * N road diffraction light for each part of formed by optical scanning system (scanning mirror 405), as to be divided into P * Q part two dimensional image.Should be noted that lattice filter 332 other available amplitude gratings or phase grating constitute.
Parts according to the 3-D image display device of eighth embodiment of the invention below will be described.Particularly, the 3-D image display device 501 of the 5th work example comprises:
(A) light source 110;
(B) two dimensional image forms device 230, comprise be used to produce the one dimension image one-dimensional space photomodulator (particularly, diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), be used for the one dimension image that is produced by one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion with the scanning optics that produces two dimensional image (particularly, scanning mirror 405), and be arranged on the generation plane of two dimensional image, the diffraction light that is used to each pixel to produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction produces part (particularly, lattice filter 332);
(C) the first lens L 1, arranged on its front focal plane that diffraction light produces part (lattice filter 332);
(D) image restriction opening portion 533, it is disposed in the first lens L 1Back focal plane on, be used to allow the diffraction light (for example, its carrier frequency is the Fourier transform image corresponding with first-order diffraction of the Zero-order diffractive of plane wave component) of the predetermined order of diffraction to pass through;
(E) the second lens L 2, arranged image restriction opening portion 533 on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter OSF, it is disposed in the second lens L 2Back focal plane on, and have the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual (P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer) opening, be used for based on by the second lens L 2The conjugate image of formed two dimensional image, for producing, each open region amounts to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along directions X from the m level M road diffraction light to m ' order diffraction light (m and m ' are integer and M is a positive integer), and along the Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light (n and n ' are integer and N is a positive integer);
(G) the 3rd lens L 3, arranged over-sampling wave filter OSF on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter SF, it is disposed in the 3rd lens L 3Back focal plane on, and have total M * N opening 551, comprise along M opening 551 of directions X with along N opening 551 of Y direction, these openings can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens L 4, arranged spatial filter SF on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens L 5, its front focus is placed on the back focus place of the 4th lens.
Except aforementioned, the 3-D image display device of the 5th work example can be with above to combine the second described 3-D image display device of example of working similar on configuration and structure.Should be noted that one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), scanned-lens system 331, lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332 and the diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 of the 5th work in the example can be configured to respectively with the 4th work example in one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), scanned-lens system 331, lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332 and diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 similar.
The 6th work example
The 6th work example is the modification of the 3rd work example.The conceptual view of the 3-D image display device of the 6th work example has been shown among Figure 31.
With reference to Figure 31, the 3-D image display device of the 6th work example comprises light modulation portion 230, and it is different with the liquid crystal indicator of the 3-D image display device of the 3rd work example.Particularly, light modulation portion 230 comprises: one-dimensional space photomodulator (particularly, diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401) is used to form the one dimension image that is divided into the individual part of P (for example, 1,920); And scanning optics (particularly, scanning mirror 405), be used for one dimension image formed by one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), that be divided into P part is carried out two-dimensional expansion (scanning), be divided into the two dimensional image of P * Q part with formation.In addition, optical devices 635 are disposed in the scanning optics back.Optical devices 635 are disposed on the generation plane of two dimensional image, and along the spatial frequency of launching the two dimensional image that is produced with the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction (particularly, M * N order of diffraction).
Except aforementioned, the 3-D image display device of the 6th work example can be with above to combine the 3rd described 3-D image display device of example of working similar on configuration and structure.Therefore, for avoiding giving unnecessary details, omit the 7th work configuration of example and being repeated in this description of structure at this.Should be noted that one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), scanned-lens system 331, lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332 and the diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 of the 6th work in the example can be configured to respectively with the 4th work example in one-dimensional space photomodulator (diffraction grating-optic modulating device 401), scanned-lens system 331, lattice filter (diffraction grating wave filter) 332 and diffraction grating-optical modulation element 410 similar.
The 7th work example
The 7th work example is the modification of the first work example.The conceptual view of the 3-D image display device of the 7th work example has been shown among Figure 32.In the 3-D image display device of first, second or the 3rd work example, used the light-transmission type two dimensional image to form device 130,530 or 630.On the other hand, in the 3-D image display device of the 7th work example, reflection type optical modulating part (two dimensional image formation device) 130A, 530A or 630A have been used.Reflection type optical modulating part (two dimensional image formation device) 130A, 530A or 630A can constitute with reflection-type liquid-crystal display device for example, maybe can have configuration that a removable mirror is set in each opening (configuration that constitutes with the two-dimentional MEMS that arranges removable mirror two-dimensionally).Displacement/non-displacement by removable mirror can form two dimensional image, and has produced Fraunhofer diffraction by opening.Should be noted that and omitted optical devices among Figure 32.
In addition, in the 3-D image display device of the 7th work example, on z axle (optical axis), be provided with optical splitter 170.Optical splitter 170 have according to the difference of polarized light component come by or the function of reflection ray.Optical splitter 170 will reflect to reflection type optical modulating part (two dimensional image formation device) 130A, 530A or 630A from the light of light source 110 emissions.In addition, optical splitter 170 passes through the reflected light from light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 130A, 530A or 630A.In addition, the 3-D image display device of the 7th work example can combine first, second or the 3rd described 3-D image display device of example of working is similar with above on configuration and structure.Therefore, for avoiding giving unnecessary details, omit the 7th work configuration of example and being repeated in this description of structure at this.
Although abovely describe image-reproducing means of the present invention based on preferred work example, image-reproducing means of the present invention is not limited to these examples of preferably working.In addition, although abovely described 3-D image display device of the present invention based on preferred work example, 3-D image display device is not limited to first to the 7th work example.Although in all work examples, the lattice filter that constitutes the over-sampling wave filter constitutes with phase grating, and it also replacedly constitutes with amplitude grating.
And, between two dimensional image formation device 630 and optical devices 635, arrange for example two convex lens, so that forming device 630, two dimensional image is disposed on the front focal plane of first convex lens, the front focus of second convex lens is placed on the back focal plane of first convex lens, also is possible and optical devices 635 are disposed on the back focal plane of second convex lens.And it also is possible alternatively constituting each optical element 636 that forms optical devices 635 with concavees lens.In this case, virtual open region 637 is positioned in two dimensional image and forms device the place ahead (light source one side).In addition, optical element 636 can replace ordinary lens with Fresnel lens and constitutes.
In the first, the 4th and the 7th work example, light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 130 or 130A or diffraction light produce part and are disposed in lens (the first lens L that constitutes Fourier transform image forming portion 140 1) front focal plane on, and the Fourier transform image selects part to be disposed in these lens (first lens L 1) back focal plane on.But, meet in case of necessity, if allow the final 3-D view that obtains to degenerate because of the cross-talk that the spatial frequency with two dimensional image occurs, then light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 130 or 130A or diffraction light produce and partly can be disposed in from constituting lens (the first lens L of Fourier transform image forming portion 140 1) the position removed of front focal plane.In addition, the first lens L 1, the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3Be not limited to convex lens, but available alternatively suitable lens constitute.In addition, in the second, the 5th and the 7th work example, over-sampling wave filter OSF is disposed in lens (the 3rd lens L that constitutes Fourier transform image forming portion 540 (spatial filter SF) 3) front focal plane on, and the Fourier transform image selects part 550 to be disposed in these lens (the 3rd lens L 3) back focal plane on.But, meet in case of necessity, if allow the final 3-D view that obtains to degenerate because of the cross-talk that the spatial frequency with two dimensional image occurs, then over-sampling wave filter OSF can be disposed in from constituting lens (the 3rd lens L of Fourier transform image forming portion 540 3) position removed, perhaps the Fourier transform image selects part 550 (spatial filter SF) can be disposed in from these lens (the 3rd lens L 3) the position removed of back focal plane.In addition, the first lens L 1, the second lens L 2, the 3rd lens L 3, the 4th lens L 4With the 5th lens L 5In each all be not limited to convex lens, but can optionally constitute with suitable lens.In addition, in the 3rd, the 6th and the 7th work example, the focus that constitutes the optical element 636 of optical devices 635 is placed in lens (the first lens L that constitutes Fourier transform image forming portion 640 1) front focal plane on, and the Fourier transform image selects part to be disposed in these lens (first lens L 1) back focal plane on.But, meet in case of necessity, if allow the final 3-D view that obtains to degenerate because of the cross-talk that the spatial frequency with two dimensional image occurs, the focus that then constitutes the optical element 636 of optical devices 635 can be placed in from constituting lens (the first lens L of Fourier transform image forming portion 640 1) the position removed of front focal plane, perhaps the Fourier transform image selects part can be disposed in from these lens (first lens L 1) the position removed of back focal plane.In addition, the first lens L 1, the second lens L 2With the 3rd lens L 3In each all be not limited to convex lens, but can optionally constitute with suitable lens.
Although supposition is in first to the 7th work example, the light source in all scenario all is constituted as the monochromatic light of emission or the light source of monochromatic light almost, and light source is not limited to described this configuration.The wavelength band of light source 110 can expand on a plurality of frequency bands.But, in this example, for example, if with first work example 3-D image display device be example, the narrow band filter 171 of then preferably carrying out the wavelength selection is disposed between lamp optical system 120 and the light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 130, as shown in Figure 33 A.Thus, can classify and select wavelength band to extract monochromatic light.
Perhaps, the wavelength band of light source 110 can expand on the very wide frequency band.But, in this case, preferably with dichroic prism 172 with carry out the narrow band filter 171G that wavelength selects and be arranged between lamp optical system 120 and the light modulation portion (two dimensional image formation device) 130, as among Figure 33 B as seen.Particularly, dichroic prism 172 is towards mutual different direction reflect red and blue lights, and by comprising the light of green glow.Be used for classifying and select the narrow band filter 171G of green glow to be disposed in the exiting side that dichroic prism 172 comprises the beam projecting of green glow.
In addition, if as shown in Figure 34, be used for classifying and select the narrow band filter 171G of green glow to be disposed in the exiting side that dichroic prism 172 comprises the beam projecting of green glow, and be used for classifying and select the narrow band filter 171R of ruddiness to be disposed in the exiting side that dichroic prism 172 comprises the beam projecting of ruddiness, and be used for classifying and select the narrow band filter 171G of blue light to be disposed in the exiting side that dichroic prism 172 comprises the beam projecting of blue light, then configurablely can show the employed light source of trichromatic 3-D image display device.If used 3-D image display device with above-mentioned configuration, or the combination of the another light source that has used another combination of another light source of combination, transmitting green light of the light source of red-emitting and 3-D image display device and another 3-D image display device and emission blue light and another 3-D image display device is so that then can realize the colour demonstration with for example light combined prism combination from the image of 3-D image display device.Should be noted that and to use dichroic mirror to replace dichroic prism.In addition, also can be applied to second to the 7th work example naturally to the aforesaid modification of 3-D image display device.
In addition, the 3-D image display device of the second or the 5th embodiment and can be made up mutually according to the present invention according to the 3-D image display device of the 3rd or the 6th embodiment.
Although used particular term to describe preferred work example of the present invention, these descriptions only are for purposes of illustration, and should be appreciated that and can change and change, and can not depart from the spirit or scope of appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) has the light modulation portion of a plurality of pixels, be used for modulating from the light of described light source producing two dimensional image by described pixel, and along and the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from each the described pixel spatial frequency of launching the two dimensional image that is produced;
(C) Fourier transform image forming portion is used for the spatial frequency execution Fourier transform to the two dimensional image of launching from described light modulation portion, to produce the number Fourier transform image corresponding with described diffraction progression;
(D) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by described Fourier transform image forming part branch; And
(E) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of dividing selected Fourier transform image by described Fourier transform image selection portion.
2. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) has the light modulation portion of a plurality of pixels, be used for modulating from the light of described light source producing two dimensional image by described pixel, and along and the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from each the described pixel spatial frequency of launching the two dimensional image that is produced;
(C) image restriction and generation part, be used for spatial frequency execution Fourier transform to the two dimensional image of launching from described light modulation portion, to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression that produces from each described pixel, only select in the described Fourier transform image predetermined one, then selected Fourier transform image is carried out inverse fourier transform to produce the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that is produced by described modulating sections branch;
(D) have the over-sampling wave filter of a plurality of open regions, be used for along and the corresponding angle of diffraction of a plurality of orders of diffraction of producing from described open region launch the spatial frequency of the conjugate image of described two dimensional image;
(E) Fourier transform image forming portion, be used for the spatial frequency from the conjugate image of the two dimensional image of described over-sampling wave filter emission is carried out Fourier transform, to produce number and the corresponding Fourier transform image of diffraction progression from each described open region generation;
(F) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting producing corresponding with the required order of diffraction of Fourier transform image by described Fourier transform image forming part branch; And
(G) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of dividing selected Fourier transform image by described Fourier transform image selection portion.
3. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image with a plurality of pixels forms device, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light from described light source;
(C) optical devices, be used for forming from described two dimensional image the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of device incident along the angle of diffraction emission corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction, described optical devices comprise a plurality of optical elements that are arranged to two-dimensional matrix, each described optical element all has the light that incides described optical element is reflected so that described light is converged to the refractive power of any basically, and has the function of the phase grating of the phase place that is used to modulate the light that sees through described optical element;
(D) Fourier transform image forming portion is used for the spatial frequency execution Fourier transform to the two dimensional image of launching from described optical devices, to produce the number Fourier transform image corresponding with diffraction progression;
(E) the Fourier transform image is selected part, is used for selecting corresponding with the required order of diffraction of the Fourier transform image that produced by described Fourier transform image forming part branch; And
(F) conjugate image forms part, is used to form the conjugate image of dividing selected Fourier transform image by described Fourier transform image selection portion.
4. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, it has P * Q the opening that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by to each described opening control passing through from the light of described light source, reflection or diffraction produce two dimensional image, and based on described two dimensional image, for producing, each described opening amounts to M * N road diffraction light, comprise along described directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light, and along described Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P and Q are any positive integers, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that described two dimensional image forms device;
(D) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described first lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises M the opening of arranging along described directions X, and N the opening of arranging along described Y direction, described opening can open and closed condition between Be Controlled;
(E) second lens have been arranged described spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of described second lens.
5. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, it has a plurality of openings that are arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction, be used for by each described opening control is produced two dimensional image from the passing through of the light of described light source, reflection or diffraction, and, produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction for each described opening based on described two dimensional image;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that described two dimensional image forms device;
(D) image restriction opening portion, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described first lens, is used for only allowing the diffraction light of the predetermined order of diffraction by described image restriction opening portion;
(E) second lens have been arranged described image restriction opening portion on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described second lens, and has the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual open region, be used for to amount to M * N road diffraction light for each described open region produces based on the conjugate image of the two dimensional image that is produced by described second lens, comprise along described directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light, and along described Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(G) the 3rd lens have been arranged described over-sampling wave filter on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described the 3rd lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises M opening along described directions X, and along N opening of described Y direction, described opening can open and closed condition between Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens have been arranged described spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of described the 4th lens.
6. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image with a plurality of pixels forms device, is used for producing two dimensional image based on the light from described light source;
(C) optical devices are used for forming along the angle of diffraction corresponding with a plurality of orders of diffraction emission from described two dimensional image the spatial frequency of the two dimensional image of device incident, and described optical devices comprise the P that is arranged to two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual optical element, and each described optical element all has the light that incides described optical element is reflected described light is converged to basically the refractive power of a bit, and the function with phase grating of the phase place that is used to modulate the light that sees through described optical element, wherein P 0* Q 0It is any positive integer;
(D) first lens, the focus of having placed the described optical element in the described optical devices on its front focal plane;
(E) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described first lens, and has M * N opening, comprises M the opening of arranging along described directions X, and N the opening of arranging along described Y direction, and described opening can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(F) second lens have been arranged described spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(G) the 3rd lens, the back focus of having placed described second lens on its front focus.
7. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, and it comprises the one-dimensional space photomodulator that has P pixel along directions X, is used to produce the one dimension image; Scanning optics is used for the one dimension image that is produced by described one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion to produce two dimensional image; And diffraction light produces part, and it is disposed on the generation plane of described two dimensional image, is used to each described pixel to produce from m to m ' the M road diffraction light of level, and wherein m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that described diffraction light produces part;
(D) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described first lens, and has total M * N opening, comprise M opening along described directions X, and along N opening of described Y direction, wherein N is a positive integer, described opening can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(E) second lens have been arranged described spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(F) the 3rd lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of described second lens.
8. 3-D image display device comprises:
(A) light source;
(B) two dimensional image forms device, and it comprises one-dimensional space photomodulator, is used to produce the one dimension image; Scanning optics is used for the one dimension image that is produced by described one-dimensional space photomodulator is carried out two-dimensional expansion to produce two dimensional image; And diffraction light generation part, it is disposed on the generation plane of described two dimensional image, is used to each pixel to produce the diffraction light of a plurality of orders of diffraction;
(C) first lens have arranged on its front focal plane that described diffraction light produces part;
(D) image restriction opening portion, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described first lens, is used for only allowing the diffraction light of the predetermined order of diffraction by described image restriction opening portion;
(E) second lens have been arranged described image restriction opening portion on its front focal plane;
(F) over-sampling wave filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described second lens, and has the P that is arranged in two-dimensional matrix along directions X and Y direction 0* Q 0Individual open region, be used for amounting to M * N road diffraction light for each described open region produces based on coming by the conjugate image of the formed two dimensional image of described second lens, comprise along described directions X from the m level to the M road diffraction light of m ' order diffraction light, and along described Y direction from the n level to the N road diffraction light of n ' order diffraction light, wherein P 0And Q 0Be any positive integer, m and m ' are integers and M is a positive integer, and n and n ' are integers and N is a positive integer;
(G) the 3rd lens have been arranged described over-sampling wave filter on its front focal plane;
(H) spatial filter, it is disposed on the back focal plane of described the 3rd lens, and has total M * N opening, comprises M opening along described directions X, and along N opening of described Y direction, described opening can be between the opening and closing state Be Controlled;
(I) the 4th lens have been arranged described spatial filter on its front focal plane; And
(J) the 5th lens, its front focus is placed on the back focus of described the 4th lens.
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